{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T19:49:52Z","timestamp":1774554592860,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Odense University Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Few studies in humans have revealed differences in the inflammatory responses between biological sexes when encountering serious infections. Our study aimed to investigate how those differences were presented among sexes and age groups from 30\u00a0days before (D\u201330) through 30\u00a0days after (D30) a bloodstream infection (BSI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We did a retrospective population-based cohort study, including patients aged\u2009&gt;\u200915\u00a0years with their first-time BSI between 2007 and 2016.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Based on aggregated data, we computed daily mean levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and neutrophils in the D\u201330\/D30 period, separately for females and males within the age groups 15\u201349 and\u2009\u2265\u200950\u00a0years. For each age group, we used adjusted multilevel mixed effects linear regression analyses to detect differences in daily mean levels between females and males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 24,074 patients had 268,648 specimens with CRP and 138,482 with neutrophils. CRP and neutrophils peak values were significantly higher in females, reaching their highest values among the\u2009\u2265\u200950\u00a0years group. For all age groups, peak values occurred for CRP at D1 and for neutrophils at D0. Neutrophil values were more equal between the sexes, although higher levels were found in the\u2009\u2265\u200950\u00a0year age group among females after D\u20134.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Females and males with BSI exhibited different trajectories and different peak values close to the BSI episode, in particular in females in the\u2009\u2265\u200950-year age group. Severe infections, such as BSI, need further investigation regarding sex differences, stratified into age groups for expected female menopause.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-026-02732-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T16:48:27Z","timestamp":1768927707000},"page":"941-950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex and age differences of inflammatory biomarkers around a bloodstream infection: a population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9962-4108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathrine Sandager","family":"Budtz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7433-7656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Line Riis","family":"J\u00f8lving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7069-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"P\u00f3voa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7780-7131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stig L\u00f8nberg","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1497-6309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram Benny","family":"Dessau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5547-5498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens Kj\u00f8lseth","family":"M\u00f8ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4966-8453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Eugenio","family":"Coia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5611-2031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim Oren","family":"Gradel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2732_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","author":"SL Klein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klein SL, Flanagan KL. 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However, because microbiology data are legally considered to be medical chart data, we needed permission to use these (Danish Patient Safety Authority, Rec. No. 3-3013-945\/1 and 3-3013-945\/2). The project was listed in the Region of Southern Denmark\u2019s record (Rec. No. 25\/26772).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical considerations"}},{"value":"Agree.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Agree.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"Conceptualization: [Cathrine Sandager Budtz, Line Riis J\u00f8lving, and Kim Oren Gradel]; Methodology and formal analysis: [Kim Oren Gradel]; Writing -original draft preparation: [Cathrine Sandager Budtz]; Writing -review and editing: [Line Riis J\u00f8lving, Kim Oren Gradel, Pedro Pov\u00f3a, Ram Benny Christian Dessau, John Eugenio Coia, Jens Kj\u00f8lseth M\u00f8ller, Stig L\u00f8nberg Nielsen]; Resources: [Kim Oren Gradel and Line Riis J\u00f8lving]. Supervision: [Kim Oren Gradel and Line Riis J\u00f8lving].","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"CRediT taxonomy"}}]}}