{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T19:49:38Z","timestamp":1774554578695,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023448","name":"Robert Koch-Institut","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023448","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immune recovery among people living with HIV (PWHIV) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) is determined analysing CD4 cell counts and the CD4\/CD8 ratio. Recovery to\u2009\u2265\u2009800 CD4 cells\/\u00b5l and CD4\/CD8 ratio\u2009\u2265\u20091 was associated with favourable outcomes. We investigated immune recovery over 10 years among ART-naive PWHIV on ART.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were obtained from two German HIV cohorts, the HIV-1 Seroconverter study and the ClinSurv-HIV study, between 2003 and 2018. We included ART-na\u00efve PWHIV starting with continuous ART and analysed CD4 cell counts and the CD4\/CD8 ratio. The time to reaching immune thresholds was investigated using Kaplan\u2013Meier analyses with inverse probability censoring weights.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 8,927 participants were included. At baseline, PWHIV had a median CD4 cell count of 257 (interquartile range [IQR] 124\u2013393) cells\/\u00b5l and CD4\/CD8 ratio of 0.26 (IQR 0.14\u20130.43). After ten years, median CD4 counts increased to 630 (IQR 474\u2013811) cells\/\u00b5l and CD4\/CD8 ratio to 0.84 (IQR 0.61\u20131.11). PWHIV with higher baseline CD4 values and without viral failure had higher median CD4 counts and CD4\/CD8 ratios. The cumulative probability of achieving a CD4 count\u2009\u2265\u2009800 cells\/\u00b5l and\/or CD4\/CD8 ratio\u2009\u2265\u20091 over 10 years of ART were 54% for the CD4 threshold, 53% for the CD4\/CD8 ratio threshold, and 32% for both thresholds. CD4 at baseline was identified as a predictor to achieve immune recovery in all models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early diagnosis and treatment, as well as effective antiviral therapy without viral failure, should be considered to achieve long-term immune recovery among PWHIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-026-02740-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T16:15:35Z","timestamp":1772122535000},"page":"959-970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term immune recovery under continuous antiretroviral therapy (ART) among ART-naive people living with HIV in two cohorts in 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SE has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from Abbvie, derCampus, Gilead, MSD, Novartis, Janssen, Provirex, Streamedup, and ViiV. SEs institution has received a research grant from Gilead and ViiV. BEOJ has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from ViiV\/GSK, Gilead, MSD, Janssen, AstraZeneca, Pfizer. BEOJ received travel support from Gilead and Pfizer. UK reports having received research grants from the German Federal Ministry of Health and from the German Federal Joint Committee. Moreover, he owns \u2018Exchange-traded fund\u2019 (ETF) shares, which may include stocks of companies involved in healthcare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained by PWHIV before participating in the HIV-1 Seroconverter study. 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