{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:23:26Z","timestamp":1792783406157,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009780","name":"Region Sk\u00e5ne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Lund University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012a77v79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early administration of beta-lactam antibiotics is a crucial part in the treatment of sepsis and septic shock. Beta-lactams demonstrate time-dependent killing and therefore it is important to optimize the time above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). An extra dose is recommended in threatening\/suspected\/confirmed septic shock. This study aimed to examine whether patients with suspected sepsis achieved adequate concentrations after the initial dose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A prospective observational study was conducted in patients with suspected sepsis at the emergency department, started on cefotaxime, piperacillin-tazobactam or meropenem. The primary endpoint was defined as trough serum concentration above EUCAST clinical breakpoints for\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., during the whole dosing interval, 100% \u0192\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u2009MIC. Primary objective was the percentage of patients reaching 100% \u0192\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u2009MIC. Secondary objectives were how an eventual extra dose and patients related factors affected target attainment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study included 60 patients with a median age of 78\u00a0years. Of all patients, 73% (44\/60) attained 100% \u0192\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u2009MIC. Nine patients received an extra dose of whom all attained target. Patients not attaining target were younger with median age (years) 68 vs 79 and had better renal function in terms of median creatinine (\u00b5mol\/l) 74 vs 121 and median eGFR (mL\/min) 84 vs 49.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, 27% (16\/60) of patients admitted to the emergency department with suspected sepsis did not meet the target of 100% \u0192\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u2009MIC. This suggests that the treatment regimens for patients admitted to the emergency department with suspected sepsis can be further improved.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-026-02785-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T15:56:43Z","timestamp":1774627003000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the B-lactam antibiotic concentration in the early phase of treatment of patients with suspected sepsis at the emergency department"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7916-328X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilja","family":"Areskog Lejbman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustav","family":"Torisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Resman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Sj\u00f6vall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2785_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","volume":"47","author":"L Evans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(11):1181\u2013247.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2785_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-021-02735-7","volume":"16","author":"F Gavelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gavelli F, Castello LM, Avanzi GC. Management of sepsis and septic shock in the emergency department. Intern Emerg Med. 2021;16(6):1649\u201361.","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"2785_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.054","volume":"90","author":"B Long","year":"2025","unstructured":"Long B, Gottlieb M. Emergency medicine updates: management of sepsis and septic shock. Am J Emerg Med. 2025;90:179\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2785_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.9803","volume":"332","author":"MH Abdul-Aziz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdul-Aziz MH, Hammond NE, Brett SJ, Cotta MO, De Waele JJ, Devaux A, et al. Prolonged vs intermittent infusions of \u03b2-Lactam antibiotics in adults with sepsis or septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2024;332(8):638\u201348.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"2785_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201609-1848OC","volume":"196","author":"VX Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu VX, Fielding-Singh V, Greene JD, Baker JM, Iwashyna TJ, Bhattacharya J, et al. The timing of early antibiotics and hospital mortality in sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196(7):856\u201363.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2785_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R223","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11869","volume":"16","author":"A D\u00edaz-Mart\u00edn","year":"2012","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Mart\u00edn A, Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez ML, Ferrer R, Ortiz-Leyba C, Piacentini E, Lopez-Pueyo MJ, et al. Antibiotic prescription patterns in the empiric therapy of severe sepsis: combination of antimicrobials with different mechanisms of action reduces mortality. Crit Care. 2012;16(6):R223.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2785_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.10.008","volume":"35","author":"JA Roberts","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roberts JA, Kirkpatrick CM, Roberts MS, Dalley AJ, Lipman J. First-dose and steady-state population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperacillin by continuous or intermittent dosing in critically ill patients with sepsis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;35(2):156\u201363.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"6","key":"2785_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70036-2","volume":"14","author":"JA Roberts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roberts JA, Abdul-Aziz MH, Lipman J, Mouton JW, Vinks AA, Felton TW, et al. Individualised antibiotic dosing for patients who are critically ill: challenges and potential solutions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(6):498\u2013509.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2785_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2203","volume":"109","author":"CB Landersdorfer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Landersdorfer CB, Nation RL. Key challenges in providing effective antibiotic therapy for critically ill patients with bacterial sepsis and septic shock. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021;109(4):892\u2013904.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2785_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/11318140-000000000-00000","volume":"49","author":"AA Udy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Udy AA, Roberts JA, Boots RJ, Paterson DL, Lipman J. Augmented renal clearance: implications for antibacterial dosing in the critically ill. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2010;49(1):1\u201316.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2785_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01719-23","volume":"68","author":"A Castro-Balado","year":"2024","unstructured":"Castro-Balado A, Varela-Rey I, Mejuto B, Mondelo-Garc\u00eda C, Zarra-Ferro I, Rodr\u00edguez-Jato T, et al. Updated antimicrobial dosing recommendations for obese patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2024;68(5):e0171923.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2785_CR12","unstructured":"Svensk infektionsl\u00e4karf\u00f6rening. V\u00e5rdprogam Sepsis och Septisk chock [Guidelines for sepsis and septic chock] [Internet]. Svensk infektionsl\u00e4karf\u00f6rening; 2022. https:\/\/infektion.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/vardprogram_sepsis_maj-2023.pdf. Cited 27 May 2025."},{"issue":"7","key":"2785_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad305","volume":"10","author":"A Tilanus","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tilanus A, Drusano G. Optimizing the use of Beta-Lactam antibiotics in clinical practice: a test of time. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023;10(7):ofad305.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2785_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06050-1","volume":"46","author":"MH Abdul-Aziz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdul-Aziz MH, Alffenaar JC, Bassetti M, Bracht H, Dimopoulos G, Marriott D, et al. Antimicrobial therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill adult patients: a position paper(). Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(6):1127\u201353.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2785_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf130","volume":"50","author":"VH Tam","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tam VH, McKinnon PS, Akins RL, Rybak MJ, Drusano GL. Pharmacodynamics of cefepime in patients with Gram-negative infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;50(3):425\u20138.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"2785_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2008.04.003","volume":"40","author":"BR Widgren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Widgren BR, Jourak M. Medical emergency triage and treatment system (METTS): a new protocol in primary triage and secondary priority decision in emergency medicine. J Emerg Med. 2011;40(6):623\u20138.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2785_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2017.1293840","volume":"49","author":"M Rosenqvist","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rosenqvist M, Fagerstrand E, Lanbeck P, Melander O, \u00c5kesson P. Sepsis alert - a triage model that reduces time to antibiotics and length of hospital stay. Infect Dis Lond. 2017;49(7):507\u201313.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Lond"},{"issue":"10","key":"2785_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2022.2081717","volume":"54","author":"F Sj\u00f6vall","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6vall F, Edstr\u00f6m M, Walther S, Hanberger H. A nationwide evaluation of antibiotics consumption in Swedish intensive care units. Infect Dis (Lond). 2022;54(10):713\u201321.","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2785_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05068-x","volume":"44","author":"IA Lejbman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lejbman IA, Torisson G, Resman F, Sj\u00f6vall F. Higher target attainment for B-lactam antibiotics in patients with Gram-negative bloodstream infections when four times actual minimum inhibitory concentrations and epidemiological cutoff values are applied compared to clinical breakpoints. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2025;44(5):1129\u201337.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2785_CR20","unstructured":"FASS. Cefotaxim Stragen [Internet ]. FASS; 2022. https:\/\/www.fass.se\/LIF\/product?userType=0&nplId=20040916002532. Cited 10 Jan 2023."},{"key":"2785_CR21","unstructured":"FASS. Piperacillin\/Tazobactam Fresenius Kabi [Internet]. FASS; 2022. https:\/\/www.fass.se\/LIF\/product?userType=0&nplId=20070720000011#. Cited 10 Jan 2023."},{"key":"2785_CR22","unstructured":"FASS. Meropenem SUN [Internet]. FASS; 2022. https:\/\/www.fass.se\/LIF\/product?nplId=20190425000052&userType=0#. Cited 10 Jan 2023."},{"key":"2785_CR23","unstructured":"EUCAST. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters [Internet]. V\u00e4xsj\u00f6: EUCAST; 2025. https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/fileadmin\/eucast\/pdf\/breakpoints\/v_15.0_Breakpoint_Tables.pdf. Updated 1 Jan 2025. Cited 13 Nov 2025."},{"key":"2785_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","volume":"95","author":"PA Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O\u2019Neal L, et al. The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"2","key":"2785_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377\u201381.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"2785_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.833189","volume":"13","author":"AV Berry","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berry AV, Kuti JL. Pharmacodynamic thresholds for Beta-Lactam antibiotics: a story of mouse versus man. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:833189.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2785_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu027","volume":"58","author":"JA Roberts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roberts JA, Paul SK, Akova M, Bassetti M, De Waele JJ, Dimopoulos G, et al. DALI: defining antibiotic levels in intensive care unit patients: are current \u03b2-lactam antibiotic doses sufficient for critically ill patients? Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(8):1072\u201383.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2785_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050870","author":"A Legg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Legg A, Carmichael S, Chai MG, Roberts JA, Cotta MO. Beta-lactam dose optimisation in the Intensive Care Unit: targets, therapeutic drug monitoring and toxicity. Antibiotics. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12050870.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2785_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4920","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.12.4920-4927.2005","volume":"49","author":"VH Tam","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tam VH, Schilling AN, Neshat S, Poole K, Melnick DA, Coyle EA. Optimization of meropenem minimum concentration\/MIC ratio to suppress in vitro resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(12):4920\u20137.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"2785_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad284","volume":"78","author":"Y Zerbib","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zerbib Y, Gaulin C, Bodeau S, Batteux B, Lemaire-Hurtel AS, Maizel J, et al. Neurological burden and outcomes of excessive \u03b2-lactam serum concentrations of critically ill septic patients: a prospective cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2023;78(11):2691\u20135.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2785_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071505","author":"C Roger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roger C, Louart B. Beta-lactams toxicity in the intensive care unit: an underestimated collateral damage? Microorganisms. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9071505.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"3","key":"2785_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaf013","volume":"80","author":"AK Smekal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Smekal AK, Swartling M, Furebring M, Giske CG, J\u00f6nsson S, Lipcsey M, et al. Short, extended and continuous infusion of \u03b2-lactams: predicted impact on target attainment and risk for toxicity in an ICU patient cohort. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2025;80(3):876\u201384.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"2785_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v14.i3.102667","volume":"14","author":"C Tee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tee C, Ngai M, See KC. Antimicrobial dosing considerations in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a review. World J Nephrol. 2025;14(3):102667.","journal-title":"World J Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2785_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9091","volume":"14","author":"FS Taccone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taccone FS, Laterre PF, Dugernier T, Spapen H, Delattre I, Wittebole X, et al. Insufficient \u03b2-lactam concentrations in the early phase of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care. 2010;14(4):R126.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2785_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.70050","volume":"69","author":"M H\u00e4gglund","year":"2025","unstructured":"H\u00e4gglund M, Brink M, Martin US, Bremell D, Svensson CJ. Plasma trough concentrations of Beta-Lactam antibiotics in the early phase of septic shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2025;69(6):e70050.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"2785_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx330","volume":"73","author":"F Sj\u00f6vall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6vall F, Alobaid AS, Wallis SC, Perner A, Lipman J, Roberts JA. Maximally effective dosing regimens of meropenem in patients with septic shock. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(1):191\u20138.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"2785_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.12.017","volume":"45","author":"A Huttner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huttner A, Von Dach E, Renzoni A, Huttner BD, Affaticati M, Pagani L, et al. Augmented renal clearance, low \u03b2-lactam concentrations and clinical outcomes in the critically ill: an observational prospective cohort study. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015;45(4):385\u201392.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"4","key":"2785_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.14382","volume":"68","author":"I Areskog Lejbman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Areskog Lejbman I, Torisson G, Resman F, Sj\u00f6vall F. Beta-lactam antibiotic concentrations in critically ill patients with standard and adjusted dosages: a prospective observational study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2024;68(4):530\u20137.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"2785_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1671","volume":"142","author":"AA Udy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Udy AA, Varghese JM, Altukroni M, Briscoe S, McWhinney BC, Ungerer JP, et al. Subtherapeutic initial \u03b2-lactam concentrations in select critically ill patients: association between augmented renal clearance and low trough drug concentrations. Chest. 2012;142(1):30\u20139.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"2785_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-3187-2","volume":"40","author":"JJ De Waele","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Waele JJ, Carrette S, Carlier M, Stove V, Boelens J, Claeys G, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring-based dose optimisation of piperacillin and meropenem: a randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(3):380\u20137.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2785_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01818-17","author":"A Fournier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fournier A, Eggimann P, Pantet O, Pagani JL, Dupuis-Lozeron E, Pannatier A, et al. Impact of real-time therapeutic drug monitoring on the prescription of antibiotics in burn patients requiring admission to the Intensive Care Unit. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.01818-17.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"12","key":"2785_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6165","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00951-13","volume":"57","author":"G Wong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wong G, Briscoe S, Adnan S, McWhinney B, Ungerer J, Lipman J, et al. Protein binding of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients: can we successfully predict unbound concentrations? Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(12):6165\u201370.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2785_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030515","author":"P Gandia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gandia P, Decheiver S, Picard M, Guilhaumou R, Baklouti S, Concordet D. Hypoalbuminemia and pharmacokinetics: when the misunderstanding of a fundamental concept leads to repeated errors over decades. Antibiotics. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12030515.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2785_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229210","volume":"15","author":"L Mellhammar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mellhammar L, Linder A, Tverring J, Christensson B, Boyd JH, \u00c5kesson P, et al. Scores for sepsis detection and risk stratification - construction of a novel score using a statistical approach and validation of RETTS. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(2):e0229210.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2785_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-017-0399-4","volume":"25","author":"\u00c5 Askim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Askim \u00c5, Moser F, Gustad LT, Stene H, Gundersen M, \u00c5svold BO, et al. Poor performance of quick-SOFA (qSOFA) score in predicting severe sepsis and mortality - a prospective study of patients admitted with infection to the emergency department. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2017;25(1):56.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"}],"container-title":["Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-026-02785-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s15010-026-02785-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-026-02785-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T09:07:48Z","timestamp":1791018468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s15010-026-02785-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["2785"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-026-02785-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-8126","1439-0973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-8126","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was supported by the Swedish Research Council no 2019\u201305908, 2024-06075 and Sk\u00e5ne Region research grants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Funding","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (2019-03067).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. If the patient was incapacitated due to their acute illness, the patient\u2019s next of kin was informed about the study and could opt-out of participation. Informed consent was later obtained in patients who regained mental capacity.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}