{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:11:20Z","timestamp":1792059080297,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Klinikum der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MPP) infections occur regularly every 1 to 3 years. A wave of infections was anticipated around late 2022 to early 2023. However, our data revealed a delayed onset, with a notable increase in cases in 2023\/24. This study describes pediatric MPP detections during this resurgence and explores clinical differences between MPP mono-detection and MPP with rhinovirus\/enterovirus (RV\/EV) co-detection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We retrospectively analyzed PCR-confirmed MPP detections in children aged 0\u201317 years presenting to a tertiary pediatric hospital between 2017 and 2024. Cases from 2017 to 2022 were used as descriptive historical background data (G1,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910), while the main analysis focused on the 2023\/24 cohort (G2,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200987). Within this cohort, children with MPP mono-detection were compared with those with MPP plus RV\/EV co-detection. Group comparisons were performed using chi-square or Fisher\u2019s exact test and t-test or Mann\u2013Whitney U test, as appropriate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten sporadic MPP detections occurred between 2017 and 2022, compared with 87 detections in 2023\/24, indicating a marked increase in hospital presentations. Because of the small historical group, comparisons with 2023\/24 were interpreted descriptively. In the 2023\/24 cohort, RV\/EV was the most frequent viral co-detection. Compared with children with MPP mono-detection, children with MPP plus RV\/EV co-detection were more often male, were less frequently febrile, and showed lower inflammatory parameters, including lower rates of elevated CRP and higher rates of leukopenia and neutropenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2023\/24, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections surged dramatically, accompanied by an unprecedented rise in Rhino\/Enterovirus coinfections especially in young, male patients. While these findings highlight a potentially important phenotypic pattern, further prospective studies are needed to clarify causality, temporal sequence, and distinct underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-026-02833-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T10:46:02Z","timestamp":1779878762000},"page":"2041-2051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Post-pandemic resurgence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its emerging link with Rhinovirus in children"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1688-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Brandlmeier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cora","family":"Nagl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9983-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jimmy","family":"Omony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3311-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Kolberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Meyer-B\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2902-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constanze","family":"Jakwerth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1652-8873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Schaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8411-1071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"von Both","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8731-4218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Maison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2833_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200603-350OC","volume":"175","author":"FW Arnold","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arnold FW, Summersgill JT, LaJoie AS, Peyrani P, Marrie TJ, Rossi P, et al. 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Constanze Jakwerth: PD Dr. Jakwerth reports grants from DFG Graduiertenkolleg RTG2668 (Project A1, Project-ID: 435874434), during the conduct of the study; grants from Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) for the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Max Zeller S\u00f6hne AG, Else-Kr\u00f6ner-Fresinius-Stiftung, and DFG Exzellenzinitiative TUM International Graduate School of Science and Engineering (IGSSE) (JADS-Project: PANORAMA), outside the submitted work. Bianca Schaub: BS reports consulting fees from GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Astra Zeneca, Sanofi; payment\/honoraria and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board from Sanofi.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Ethics committee of the Ludwig-Maximilian\u2019s University (LMU) Munich approved this study under project numbers 21\u20130334, 23\u20130061 and 24-1003.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}