{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:48:48Z","timestamp":1792014528902,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-026-03019-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:08:39Z","timestamp":1792012119000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From early recognition to precision medicine: advances in the diagnosis and management of adult sepsis and septic shock\u2014a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2264-108X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazal","family":"Koca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9941-3109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pinar","family":"Ayvat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"3019_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103864","volume":"94","author":"T Lafon","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lafon T, Weingart M, Vaidie J, Calfee CS, Jacob ST, Freund Y, et al. Challenges in early detection and prognostication of sepsis: new approaches from the emergency department and intensive care unit. EClinicalMedicine. 2026;94:103864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103864.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"3019_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-026-02852-5","author":"T Rahmel","year":"2026","unstructured":"Rahmel T, Siegler BH, Weigand MA, Meybohm P, David S, Brunkhorst F, et al. The evolution of sepsis care: from protocol-driven management to personalized intensive care. Infection. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-026-02852-5.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"3019_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tkae073","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkae073","volume":"13","author":"A Kolodyazhna","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kolodyazhna A, Wiersinga WJ, van der Poll T. Aiming for precision: personalized medicine through sepsis subtyping. Burns Trauma. 2025;13:tkae073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/burnst\/tkae073.","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"3019_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64249","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.64249","volume":"16","author":"P Konjety","year":"2024","unstructured":"Konjety P, Chakole VG. Beyond the horizon: a comprehensive review of contemporary strategies in sepsis management encompassing predictors, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic advances. Cureus. 2024;16:e64249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.64249.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"3019_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-025-08291-4","volume":"52","author":"EP Plata-Menchaca","year":"2026","unstructured":"Plata-Menchaca EP, Iba T, Ferrer R. Update on sepsis and septic shock: from bundles to precision medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2026;52:324\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-025-08291-4.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3019_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-026-08361-1","volume":"52","author":"HC Prescott","year":"2026","unstructured":"Prescott HC, Antonelli M, Alhazzani W, M\u00f8ller MH, Alshamsi F, Azevedo LCP, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2026. Intensive Care Med. 2026;52:863\u2013936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-026-08361-1.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3019_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1703058","volume":"376","author":"CW Seymour","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC, Friedrich ME, Iwashyna TJ, Phillips GS, et al. Time to treatment and mortality during mandated emergency care for sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:2235\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1703058.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3019_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.06.015","volume":"129","author":"LY Leung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leung LY, Huang HL, Hung KKC, Leung CY, Lam CC, Lo RS, et al. Door-to-antibiotic time and mortality in patients with sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med. 2024;129:48\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.06.015.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"3019_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03883-0","volume":"26","author":"Y Im","year":"2022","unstructured":"Im Y, Kang D, Ko RE, Lee YJ, Lim SY, Park S, et al. Time-to-antibiotics and clinical outcomes in patients with sepsis and septic shock: a prospective nationwide multicenter cohort study. Crit Care. 2022;26:19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-021-03883-0.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"3019_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2022.2761","volume":"157","author":"KM Reitz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reitz KM, Kennedy J, Li SR, Handzel R, Tonetti DA, Neal MD, et al. Association between time to source control in sepsis and 90-day mortality. JAMA Surg. 2022;157:817\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamasurg.2022.2761.","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"3019_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0227652","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227652","volume":"15","author":"G Husab\u00f8","year":"2020","unstructured":"Husab\u00f8 G, Nilsen RM, Flaatten H, Sollig\u00e5rd E, Frich JC, Bondevik GT, et al. Early diagnosis of sepsis in emergency departments, time to treatment, and association with mortality: an observational study. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0227652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0227652.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3019_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","volume":"315","author":"M Singer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315:801\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.0287.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3019_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0289","volume":"315","author":"M Shankar-Hari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shankar-Hari M, Phillips GS, Levy ML, Seymour CW, Liu VX, Deutschman CS, et al. Developing a new definition and assessing new clinical criteria for septic shock: for the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315:775\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.0289.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3019_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202009-1130OC","volume":"18","author":"MT Wayne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wayne MT, Molling D, Wang XQ, Hogan CK, Seelye S, Liu VX, et al. Measurement of sepsis in a national cohort using three different methods to define baseline organ function. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021;18:648\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202009-1130OC.","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"3019_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0288","volume":"315","author":"CW Seymour","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, Brunkhorst FM, Rea TD, Scherag A, et al. Assessment of clinical criteria for sepsis: for the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315:762\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.0288.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3019_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.20328","volume":"317","author":"EP Raith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raith EP, Udy AA, Bailey M, McGloughlin S, MacIsaac C, Bellomo R, et al. Prognostic accuracy of the SOFA score, SIRS criteria, and qSOFA score for in-hospital mortality among adults with suspected infection admitted to the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2017;317:290\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.20328.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3019_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201604-0854OC","volume":"195","author":"MM Churpek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Churpek MM, Snyder A, Han X, Sokol S, Pettit N, Howell MD, et al. Quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, and early warning scores for detecting clinical deterioration in infected patients outside the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:906\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201604-0854OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3019_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.10.058","volume":"37","author":"OA Usman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Usman OA, Usman AA, Ward MA. Comparison of SIRS, qSOFA, and NEWS for the early identification of sepsis in the Emergency Department. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37:1490\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.10.058.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"3019_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8081128","volume":"8","author":"L Mellhammar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mellhammar L, Linder A, Tverring J, Christensson B, Boyd JH, Sendi P, et al. NEWS2 is superior to qSOFA in detecting sepsis with organ dysfunction in the Emergency Department. J Clin Med. 2019;8:1128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8081128.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"3019_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2019.01.012","volume":"51","author":"J Luo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luo J, Jiang W, Weng L, Peng J, Hu X, Wang C, et al. Usefulness of qSOFA and SIRS scores for detection of incipient sepsis in general ward patients: a prospective cohort study. J Crit Care. 2019;51:13\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2019.01.012.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"3019_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2024.052","volume":"15","author":"RPK Lam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lam RPK, Dai Z, Lau EHY, Ip CYT, Chan HC, Zhao L, et al. Comparing 11 early warning scores and three shock indices in early sepsis prediction in the emergency department. World J Emerg Med. 2024;15:273\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2024.052.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Med"},{"key":"3019_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/NDTY2403","volume":"28","author":"S Goodacre","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goodacre S, Sutton L, Ennis K, Thomas B, Hawksworth O, Iftikhar K, et al. Prehospital early warning scores for adults with suspected sepsis: the PHEWS observational cohort and decision-analytic modelling study. Health Technol Assess. 2024;28:1\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/NDTY2403.","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"3019_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2018-008765","volume":"28","author":"NL Downing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Downing NL, Rolnick J, Poole SF, Hall E, Wessels AJ, Heidenreich P, et al. Electronic health record-based clinical decision support alert for severe sepsis: a randomised evaluation. BMJ Qual Saf. 2019;28:762\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjqs-2018-008765.","journal-title":"BMJ Qual Saf"},{"key":"3019_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.25982","volume":"333","author":"YM Arabi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arabi YM, Alsaawi A, Alzahrani M, Al Khathaami AM, AlHazme RH, Al Mutrafy A, et al. Electronic sepsis screening among patients admitted to hospital wards: a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial. JAMA. 2025;333:763\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2024.25982.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3019_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000234","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2017-000234","volume":"4","author":"DW Shimabukuro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shimabukuro DW, Barton CW, Feldman MD, Mataraso SJ, Das R. Effect of a machine learning-based severe sepsis prediction algorithm on patient survival and hospital length of stay: a randomised clinical trial. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2017;4:e000234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjresp-2017-000234.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"3019_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01895-z","volume":"28","author":"KE Henry","year":"2022","unstructured":"Henry KE, Adams R, Parent C, Soleimani H, Sridharan A, Johnson L, et al. Factors driving provider adoption of the TREWS machine learning-based early warning system and its effects on sepsis treatment timing. Nat Med. 2022;28:1447\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-01895-z.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3019_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01894-0","volume":"28","author":"R Adams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adams R, Henry KE, Sridharan A, Soleimani H, Zhan A, Rawat N, et al. Prospective, multi-site study of patient outcomes after implementation of the TREWS machine learning-based early warning system for sepsis. Nat Med. 2022;28:1455\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-01894-0.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3019_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.2626","volume":"181","author":"A Wong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wong A, Otles E, Donnelly JP, Krumm A, McCullough J, DeTroyer-Cooley O, et al. External validation of a widely implemented proprietary sepsis prediction model in hospitalized patients. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181:1065\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.2626.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"3019_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e260181","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.0181","volume":"9","author":"A Wong","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wong A, Currey D, Schwinne M, Park-Egan B, Meyer S, Gutting A, et al. Multicenter prospective validation of an updated proprietary sepsis prediction model. JAMA Netw Open. 2026;9:e260181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.0181.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3019_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2422823","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.22823","volume":"7","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Ko RE, Lim SY, Park S, Suh GY, Lee YJ. Sepsis alert systems, mortality, and adherence in emergency departments: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2422823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.22823.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3019_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-025-09569-5","volume":"40","author":"S Ein Alshaeba","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ein Alshaeba S, Marhoffer EA, Holleck JL, Theisen-Toupal J, Grimshaw AA, Gunderson CG. The effect of early warning systems for sepsis on mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2025;40:3463\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-025-09569-5.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"3019_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinsp.2025.100848","volume":"81","author":"A Silvinato","year":"2026","unstructured":"Silvinato A, Lucato dos Santos C, Amorim E, Floriano I, Paci\u00eancia LEM, Trist\u00e3o LS, et al. C-reactive protein in adult sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin (Sao Paulo). 2026;81:100848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinsp.2025.100848.","journal-title":"Clin (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"3019_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155402","volume":"92","author":"T Ghatak","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ghatak T, Pal A, Rochwerg B, Samanta S, Kumar A, Sajjad SA, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of serum procalcitonin for sepsis in critically ill adults: a systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis. J Crit Care. 2026;92:155402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155402.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"3019_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.70109","volume":"81","author":"S Rafiq","year":"2026","unstructured":"Rafiq S, Shi C, Ghosal S, Dark P, Felton T, Kontopantelis E, et al. Clinical effectiveness of procalcitonin- or C-reactive protein-guided antibiotic discontinuation protocols for adult patients who are critically ill with sepsis: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaesthesia. 2026;81:556\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anae.70109.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"3019_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.26458","volume":"333","author":"P Dark","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dark P, Hossain A, McAuley DF, Brealey D, Carlson G, Clayton JC, et al. Biomarker-guided antibiotic duration for hospitalized patients with suspected sepsis: the ADAPT-Sepsis randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2025;333:682\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2024.26458.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3019_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00433-3","volume":"14","author":"S Todd","year":"2026","unstructured":"Todd S, Euden J, Condie J, PRONTO Trial Group, et al. Procalcitonin testing combined with NEWS2 evaluation compared with usual care based on NEWS2 for identification of sepsis and antibiotic initiation in the emergency department in England and Wales (PRONTO): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2026;14:417\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00433-3.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"3019_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1026","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000001026","volume":"6","author":"HR O\u2019Neal Jr","year":"2024","unstructured":"O\u2019Neal HR Jr, Sheybani R, Janz DR, Scoggins R, Jagneaux T, Walker JE, et al. Validation of a novel, rapid sepsis diagnostic for Emergency Department use. Crit Care Explor. 2024;6:e1026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCE.0000000000001026.","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"key":"3019_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000007087","volume":"54","author":"AF Shorr","year":"2026","unstructured":"Shorr AF, Kollef MH, Wunderink RG, Jauregui-Peredo LE, Bernard AC, Kim HK, et al. Diagnostic performance of point-of-care immunoassay measurements of pancreatic stone protein for sepsis detection in ICU patients: a prospective, multicenter, biomarker-blinded study. Crit Care Med. 2026;54:1147\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000007087.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3019_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-026-05431-6","volume":"45","author":"ML Cant\u00f3n-Bulnes","year":"2026","unstructured":"Cant\u00f3n-Bulnes ML, Garc\u00eda-Garmendia JL, Estella A, Fern\u00e1ndez-Galilea A, Blanco I, Estecha-Foncea MA, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of SeptiCyte RAPID to discriminate sepsis from non-infectious critical illness in patients meeting sepsis criteria according to Sepsis-3 definition at ICU admission. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2026;45:1605\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-026-05431-6.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"3019_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4044","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03933-y","volume":"31","author":"O Liesenfeld","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liesenfeld O, Arora S, Aufderheide TP, Clements CM, DeVos E, Fischer M, et al. Clinical validation of an AI-based blood testing device for diagnosis and prognosis of acute infection and sepsis. Nat Med. 2025;31:4044\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-025-03933-y.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3019_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-026-04457-0","author":"MA ter Voert","year":"2026","unstructured":"ter Voert MA, Lu J, Hincapi\u00e9-Osorno C, van der Aart TJ, Ter Horst S, \u00dcnal M, et al. Real-world clinical evaluation of the Inflammatix TriVerity test for sepsis at the emergency department: an Acutelines study. Intern Emerg Med. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-026-04457-0.","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"3019_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-024-04820-z","volume":"43","author":"Y Caspar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Caspar Y, Deves A, Richarme C, Le Marechal M, Ponderand L, Mounayar AL, et al. Clinical impact and cost-consequence analysis of ePlex blood culture identification panels for the rapid diagnosis of bloodstream infections: a single-center randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2024;43:1193\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-024-04820-z.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"3019_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa528","volume":"73","author":"R Banerjee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Banerjee R, Komarow L, Virk A, Rajapakse N, Schuetz AN, Dylla B, et al. Randomized trial evaluating clinical impact of RAPid IDentification and susceptibility testing for Gram-negative bacteremia: RAPIDS-GN. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:e39\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa528.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3019_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e227","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf677","volume":"82","author":"DC Gaston","year":"2026","unstructured":"Gaston DC, Humphries RM, Lewis AA, Gatto CL, Wang L, Nelson GE, et al. Effect of direct-from-blood bacterial testing on antibiotics administration in adults presenting with acute infection: a randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2026;82:e227\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaf677.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3019_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2025.116846","volume":"112","author":"J Berger","year":"2025","unstructured":"Berger J, Pandya D, Colson J, Martinez OV, Anderson AD, Camargo JF. What am I? microbiology of culture-positive, BioFire blood culture identification 2 panel-negative bloodstream infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2025;112:116846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2025.116846.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"3019_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07725-1","volume":"632","author":"TH Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim TH, Kang J, Jang H, Joo H, Lee GY, Kim H, et al. Blood culture-free ultra-rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Nature. 2024;632:893\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07725-1.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3019_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01237-2","volume":"7","author":"KL Kalantar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kalantar KL, Neyton L, Abdelghany M, Mick E, Jauregui A, Caldera S, et al. Integrated host-microbe plasma metagenomics for sepsis diagnosis in a prospective cohort of critically ill adults. Nat Microbiol. 2022;7:1805\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-022-01237-2.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"3019_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-026-08521-3","volume":"52","author":"T Brenner","year":"2026","unstructured":"Brenner T, Skarabis A, Schaller SJ, von Groote T, Putensen C, G\u00fcnther U, et al. Effects of a clinical metagenomics intervention on clinical outcomes, healthcare costs, and health-related quality of life in patients with sepsis or septic shock: results of the randomized-controlled DigiSep trial. Intensive Care Med. 2026;52:1635\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-026-08521-3.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3019_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106565","volume":"91","author":"T Brenner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brenner T, Decker SO, Vainshtein Y, Grumaz S, Manoochehri M, Fei\u00dft M, et al. Improved pathogen identification in sepsis or septic shock by clinical metagenomic sequencing. J Infect. 2025;91:106565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106565.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"3019_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciag481","author":"PD Tamma","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tamma PD, Bonomo RA, Heil EL, Justo JA, Satlin MJ, Mathers AJ. Infectious Diseases Society of America 2026 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciag481.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3019_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2418923","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.18923","volume":"7","author":"C Rhee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rhee C, Chen T, Kadri SS, Lawandi A, Yek C, Walker M, et al. Trends in empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic use for suspected community-onset sepsis in US hospitals. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2418923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.18923.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3019_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202899","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2899","volume":"3","author":"C Rhee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rhee C, Kadri SS, Dekker JP, Danner RL, Chen HC, Fram D, et al. Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in culture-proven sepsis and outcomes associated with inadequate and broad-spectrum empiric antibiotic use. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e202899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2899.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3019_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.9779","volume":"332","author":"JM Dulhunty","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dulhunty JM, Brett SJ, De Waele JJ, Rajbhandari D, Billot L, Cotta MO, et al. Continuous vs intermittent \u03b2-lactam antibiotic infusions in critically ill patients with sepsis: the BLING III randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2024;332:629\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2024.9779.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3019_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.9803","volume":"332","author":"MH Abdul-Aziz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdul-Aziz MH, Hammond NE, Brett SJ, Cotta MO, De Waele JJ, Devaux A, et al. Prolonged vs intermittent infusions of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics in adults with sepsis or septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2024;332:638\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2024.9803.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3019_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06609-6","volume":"48","author":"S Hagel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hagel S, Bach F, Brenner T, Bracht H, Brinkmann A, Annecke T, et al. Effect of therapeutic drug monitoring-based dose optimization of piperacillin\/tazobactam on sepsis-related organ dysfunction in patients with sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48:311\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-021-06609-6.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3019_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06921-9","volume":"48","author":"TMJ Ewoldt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ewoldt TMJ, Abdulla A, Rietdijk WJR, Muller AE, de Winter BCM, Hunfeld NGM, et al. Model-informed precision dosing of beta-lactam antibiotics and ciprofloxacin in critically ill patients: a multicentre randomised clinical trial. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48:1760\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-022-06921-9.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3019_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00686-2","volume":"24","author":"LE L\u00f3pez-Cort\u00e9s","year":"2024","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Cort\u00e9s LE, Delgado-Valverde M, Moreno-Mellado E, Goikoetxea Aguirre J, Guio Carri\u00f3n L, Blanco Vidal MJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of a structured de-escalation from antipseudomonal \u03b2-lactams in bloodstream infections due to Enterobacterales (SIMPLIFY): an open-label, multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;24:375\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00686-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"3019_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2404991","volume":"392","author":"BALANCE Investigators, for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada Clinical Research Network, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, and the Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Network","year":"2025","unstructured":"BALANCE Investigators, for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada Clinical Research Network, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, and the Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Network. Antibiotic treatment for 7 versus 14 days in patients with bloodstream infections. N Engl J Med. 2025;392:1065\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2404991.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3019_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-025-07840-1","volume":"51","author":"A Mekontso Dessap","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mekontso Dessap A, AlShamsi F, Belletti A, De Backer D, Delaney A, M\u00f8ller MH, et al. European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) 2025 clinical practice guideline on fluid therapy in adult critically ill patients: part 2-the volume of resuscitation fluids. Intensive Care Med. 2025;51:461\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-025-07840-1.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3019_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212663","volume":"388","author":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury Clinical Trials Network","year":"2023","unstructured":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury Clinical Trials Network. Early restrictive or liberal fluid management for sepsis-induced hypotension. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:499\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2212663.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3019_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2202707","volume":"386","author":"TS Meyhoff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meyhoff TS, Hjortrup PB, Wetterslev J, Sivapalan P, Laake JH, Cronhjort M, et al. Restriction of intravenous fluid in ICU patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:2459\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2202707.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3019_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.04.025","volume":"158","author":"IS Douglas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Douglas IS, Alapat PM, Corl KA, Exline MC, Forni LG, Holder AL, et al. Fluid Response Evaluation in Sepsis Hypotension and Shock: a randomized clinical trial. Chest. 2020;158:1431\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2020.04.025.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3019_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.0071","volume":"321","author":"G Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez G, Ospina-Tasc\u00f3n GA, Petri Damiani L, Estenssoro E, Dubin A, Hurtado J, et al. Effect of a resuscitation strategy targeting peripheral perfusion status vs serum lactate levels on 28-day mortality among patients with septic shock: the ANDROMEDA-SHOCK randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321:654\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2019.0071.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3019_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.20402","volume":"334","author":"The ANDROMEDA-SHOCK-2 Investigators for the ANDROMEDA Research Network","year":"2025","unstructured":"The ANDROMEDA-SHOCK-2 Investigators for the ANDROMEDA Research Network. Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), and Latin American Intensive Care Network (LIVEN). Personalized hemodynamic resuscitation targeting capillary refill time in early septic shock: the ANDROMEDA-SHOCK-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2025;334:1988\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2025.20402.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3019_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201806-1034OC","volume":"199","author":"C Permpikul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Permpikul C, Tongyoo S, Viarasilpa T, Trainarongsakul T, Chakorn T, Udompanturak S. Early use of norepinephrine in septic shock resuscitation (CENSER): a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199:1097\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201806-1034OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3019_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1312173","volume":"370","author":"P Asfar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel JF, Grelon F, Megarbane B, Anguel N, et al. High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1583\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1312173.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3019_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0930","volume":"323","author":"F Lamontagne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lamontagne F, Richards-Belle A, Thomas K, Harrison DA, Sadique MZ, Grieve RD, et al. Effect of reduced exposure to vasopressors on 90-day mortality in older critically ill patients with vasodilatory hypotension: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;323:938\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.0930.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3019_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1214103","volume":"368","author":"C Gu\u00e9rin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gu\u00e9rin C, Reignier J, Richard JC, Beuret P, Gacouin A, Boulain T, et al. Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2159\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1214103.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3019_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421801","volume":"342","author":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network","year":"2000","unstructured":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1301\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM200005043421801.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3019_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2000741","volume":"383","author":"STARRT-AKI Investigators, for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, the United Kingdom Critical Care Research Group, the Canadian Nephrology Trials Network, and the Irish Critical Care Trials Group","year":"2020","unstructured":"STARRT-AKI Investigators, for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, the United Kingdom Critical Care Research Group, the Canadian Nephrology Trials Network, and the Irish Critical Care Trials Group. Timing of initiation of renal-replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:240\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2000741.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3019_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803213","volume":"379","author":"SD Barbar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barbar SD, Clere-Jehl R, Bourredjem A, Hernu R, Montini F, Bruy\u00e8re R, et al. Timing of renal-replacement therapy in patients with acute kidney injury and sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:1431\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1803213.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3019_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.20231","volume":"334","author":"B Jung","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jung B, Jabaudon M, De Jong A, Bitker L, Audard J, Klouche K, et al. Sodium bicarbonate for severe metabolic acidemia and acute kidney injury: the BICARICU-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2025;334:2000\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2025.20231.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3019_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1705835","volume":"378","author":"B Venkatesh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Venkatesh B, Finfer S, Cohen J, Rajbhandari D, Arabi Y, Bellomo R, et al. Adjunctive glucocorticoid therapy in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:797\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1705835.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3019_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1705716","volume":"378","author":"D Annane","year":"2018","unstructured":"Annane D, Renault A, Brun-Buisson C, Megarbane B, Quenot JP, Siami S, et al. Hydrocortisone plus fludrocortisone for adults with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:809\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1705716.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3019_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2200644","volume":"386","author":"F Lamontagne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lamontagne F, Masse MH, Menard J, Sprague S, Pinto R, Heyland DK, et al. Intravenous vitamin C in adults with sepsis in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:2387\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2200644.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3019_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.14618","volume":"320","author":"RP Dellinger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dellinger RP, Bagshaw SM, Antonelli M, Foster DM, Klein DJ, Marshall JC, et al. Effect of targeted polymyxin B hemoperfusion on 28-day mortality in patients with septic shock and elevated endotoxin level: the EUPHRATES randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;320:1455\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2018.14618.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3019_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.5791","volume":"321","author":"CW Seymour","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seymour CW, Kennedy JN, Wang S, Chang CCH, Elliott CF, Xu Z, et al. Derivation, validation, and potential treatment implications of novel clinical phenotypes for sepsis. JAMA. 2019;321:2003\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2019.5791.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3019_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05256-3","volume":"29","author":"RBE van Amstel","year":"2025","unstructured":"van Amstel RBE, Rademaker E, Kennedy JN, Bos LDJ, Peters-Sengers H, Butler JM, et al. Clinical subtypes in critically ill patients with sepsis: validation and parsimonious classifier model development. Crit Care. 2025;29:58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-025-05256-3.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"3019_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106125","volume":"124","author":"JN Kennedy","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kennedy JN, Iyer S, Nauka PC, Reitz KM, Chang J, Tang L, et al. Fuzzy classification of sepsis subtypes and implications for trajectory and treatment. EBioMedicine. 2026;124:106125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106125.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"3019_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-025-02628-3","volume":"53","author":"T Bracht","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bracht T, Weber M, Kappler K, Palmowski L, Bayer M, Schork K, et al. Machine learning identifies clinical sepsis phenotypes that translate to the plasma proteome. Infection. 2025;53:2779\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-025-02628-3.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"3019_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)00046-1","volume":"4","author":"EE Davenport","year":"2016","unstructured":"Davenport EE, Burnham KL, Radhakrishnan J, Humburg P, Hutton P, Mills TC, et al. Genomic landscape of the individual host response and outcomes in sepsis: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4:259\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)00046-1.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"3019_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30294-1","volume":"5","author":"BP Scicluna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scicluna BP, van Vught LA, Zwinderman AH, Wiewel MA, Davenport EE, Burnham KL, et al. Classification of patients with sepsis according to blood genomic endotype: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5:816\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30294-1.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"3019_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003084","volume":"46","author":"TE Sweeney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sweeney TE, Azad TD, Donato M, Haynes WA, Perumal TM, Henao R, et al. Unsupervised analysis of transcriptomics in bacterial sepsis across multiple datasets reveals three robust clusters. Crit Care Med. 2018;46:915\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003084.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3019_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00542-7","volume":"4","author":"JG Chenoweth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chenoweth JG, Brandsma J, Striegel DA, Genzor P, Chiyka E, Blair PW, et al. Sepsis endotypes identified by host gene expression across global cohorts. Commun Med (Lond). 2024;4:120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-024-00542-7.","journal-title":"Commun Med (Lond)"},{"key":"3019_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-026-06559-0","author":"N Chi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chi N, Mu S, Jin X, Zhang G, Gao M, Guo Y, et al. Multi-cohort consensus clustering identifies three distinct transcriptomic endotypes in sepsis. BMC Bioinformatics. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12859-026-06559-0.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"3019_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201807-1419OC","volume":"199","author":"DB Antcliffe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Antcliffe DB, Burnham KL, Al-Beidh F, Santhakumaran S, Brett SJ, Hinds CJ, et al. Transcriptomic signatures in sepsis and a differential response to steroids. From the VANISH randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199:980\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201807-1419OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3019_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100817","volume":"3","author":"K Leventogiannis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leventogiannis K, Kyriazopoulou E, Antonakos N, Kotsaki A, Tsangaris I, Markopoulou D, et al. Toward personalized immunotherapy in sepsis: the PROVIDE randomized clinical trial. Cell Rep Med. 2022;3:100817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100817.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"3019_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.24175","volume":"335","author":"EJ Giamarellos-Bourboulis","year":"2026","unstructured":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Kotsaki A, Kotsamidi I, Efthymiou A, Koutsoukou V, Ehler J, et al. Precision immunotherapy to improve sepsis outcomes: the ImmunoSep randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2026;335:775\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2025.24175.","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-026-03019-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s15010-026-03019-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-026-03019-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:08:40Z","timestamp":1792012120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s15010-026-03019-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["3019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-026-03019-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-8126","1439-0973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-8126","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 September 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This article is a narrative review and does not involve new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}