{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T16:01:47Z","timestamp":1789142507816,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015661","name":"UCB Pharma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-023-00474-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T12:02:37Z","timestamp":1680782557000},"page":"1081-1101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Patient Pathway to Diagnosis of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD): Findings from a Multinational Survey of 204 Patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8350-8234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Santoro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoya","family":"Panahloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Lefelar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Palace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000062","volume":"2","author":"SS Zamvil","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zamvil SS, Slavin AJ. Does MOG Ig-positive AQP4-seronegative opticospinal inflammatory disease justify a diagnosis of NMO spectrum disorder? Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2015;2(1): e62.","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.0720001.x","volume":"72","author":"TG Johns","year":"1999","unstructured":"Johns TG, Bernard CC. The structure and function of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurochem. 1999;72(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"474_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0112-x","volume":"15","author":"M Reindl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reindl M, Waters P. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in neurological disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15(2):89\u2013102.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"474_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.885218","volume":"13","author":"E Sechi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sechi E, Cacciaguerra L, Chen JJ, Mariotto S, Fadda G, Dinoto A, et al. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): a review of clinical and mri features, diagnosis, and management. Front Neurol. 2022;13: 885218.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"474_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9122-2","volume":"266","author":"R Wynford-Thomas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wynford-Thomas R, Jacob A, Tomassini V. Neurological update: MOG antibody disease. J Neurol. 2019;266(5):1280\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"474_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628642094513","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286420945135","volume":"13","author":"H Hegen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hegen H, Reindl M. Recent developments in MOG-IgG associated neurological disorders. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2020;13:1756286420945135.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"474_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.20.24061","volume":"216","author":"M Shahriari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shahriari M, Sotirchos ES, Newsome SD, Yousem DM. MOGAD: how it differs from and resembles other neuroinflammatory disorders. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2021;216(4):1031\u20139.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"3","key":"474_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2017-001787","volume":"19","author":"M Jury\u0144czyk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jury\u0144czyk M, Jacob A, Fujihara K, Palace J. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease: practical considerations. Pract Neurol. 2019;19(3):187\u201395.","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0717-1","volume":"13","author":"S Jarius","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I, Borisow N, Asgari N, Pitarokoili K, et al. MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 1: frequency, syndrome specificity, influence of disease activity, long-term course, association with AQP4-IgG, and origin. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13(1):279.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"474_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7020042","volume":"7","author":"MA Lana-Peixoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lana-Peixoto MA, Talim N. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and anti-MOG syndromes. Biomedicines. 2019;7(2):42.","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"issue":"12","key":"474_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx276","volume":"140","author":"M Jurynczyk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jurynczyk M, Messina S, Woodhall MR, Raza N, Everett R, Roca-Fernandez A, et al. Clinical presentation and prognosis in MOG-antibody disease: a UK study. Brain. 2017;140(12):3128\u201338.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"474_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.07.025","volume":"25","author":"R Narayan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Narayan R, Simpson A, Fritsche K, Salama S, Pardo S, Mealy M, et al. MOG antibody disease: a review of MOG antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018;25:66\u201372.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"474_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26549","volume":"93","author":"C Valencia-Sanchez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valencia-Sanchez C, Guo Y, Krecke KN, Chen JJ, Redenbaugh V, Montalvo M, et al. Cerebral cortical encephalitis in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Ann Neurol. 2023;93(2):297\u2013302.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"474_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1250","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007096","volume":"92","author":"PJ Waters","year":"2019","unstructured":"Waters PJ, Komorowski L, Woodhall M, Lederer S, Majed M, Fryer J, et al. A multicenter comparison of MOG-IgG cell-based assays. Neurology. 2019;92(11):e1250\u20135.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010100","volume":"22","author":"W Ambrosius","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ambrosius W, Michalak S, Kozubski W, Kalinowska A. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: current insights into the disease pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;22(1):100.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1144-2","volume":"15","author":"S Jarius","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jarius S, Paul F, Aktas O, Asgari N, Dale RC, de Seze J, et al. MOG encephalomyelitis: international recommendations on diagnosis and antibody testing. J Neuroinflammation. 2018;15(1):134.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"474_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","volume":"85","author":"DM Wingerchuk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, Cabre P, Carroll W, Chitnis T, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology. 2015;85(2):177\u201389.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"474_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000694","volume":"32","author":"K Fujihara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fujihara K. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: still evolving and broadening. Curr Opin Neurol. 2019;32(3):385\u201394.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"474_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.540156","volume":"11","author":"AG Filippatou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Filippatou AG, Mukharesh L, Saidha S, Calabresi PA, Sotirchos ES. AQP4-IgG and MOG-IgG related optic neuritis-prevalence, optical coherence tomography findings, and visual outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2020;11: 540156.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"474_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3399505","volume":"39","author":"S Prasad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prasad S, Chen J. What you need to know about AQP4, MOG, and NMOSD. Semin Neurol. 2019;39(6):718\u201331.","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"474_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103778","volume":"61","author":"E Carnero Contentti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carnero Contentti E, Rojas JI, Criniti J, Lopez PA, Daccach Marques V, Soto de Castillo I, et al. Towards imaging criteria that best differentiate MS from NMOSD and MOGAD: Large multi-ethnic population and different clinical scenarios. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2022;61:103778.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord."},{"key":"474_CR22","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2022). ICD-11: International classification of diseases (11th revision). https:\/\/icd.who.int\/."},{"issue":"12","key":"474_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10026-y","volume":"267","author":"DH Whittam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Whittam DH, Karthikeayan V, Gibbons E, Kneen R, Chandratre S, Ciccarelli O, et al. Treatment of MOG antibody associated disorders: results of an international survey. J Neurol. 2020;267(12):3565\u201377.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"474_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2012-000237","volume":"12","author":"J Palace","year":"2012","unstructured":"Palace J, Leite MI, Jacob A. A practical guide to the treatment of neuromyelitis optica. Pract Neurol. 2012;12(4):209\u201314.","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"474_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009758","volume":"95","author":"JJ Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen JJ, Flanagan EP, Bhatti MT, Jitprapaikulsan J, Dubey D, Lopez Chiriboga ASS, et al. Steroid-sparing maintenance immunotherapy for MOG-IgG associated disorder. Neurology. 2020;95(2):e111\u201320.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02612-6","volume":"22","author":"SO Seneviratne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seneviratne SO, Marriott M, Ramanathan S, Yeh W, Brilot-Turville F, Butzkueven H, et al. Failure of alemtuzumab therapy in three patients with MOG antibody associated disease. BMC Neurol. 2022;22(1):84.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"474_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12630","volume":"12","author":"S Healy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Healy S, ElHadd KT, Gibbons E, Whittam D, Griffiths MJ, Jacob A, et al. Treatment of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G\u2013associated disease. Clin Exp Neuroimmunol. 2021;12:22\u201341.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"474_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8","volume":"22","author":"B Banwell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Banwell B, Bennett JL, Marignier R, Kim HJ, Brilot F, Flanagan EP, et al. Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22(3):268\u201382.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"474_CR29","unstructured":"The MOG Project. How we support the MOGAD Community 2022 https:\/\/mogproject.org\/about\/. Accessed 10 Mar 2023."},{"key":"474_CR30","unstructured":"QuestionPro. Homepage. https:\/\/www.questionpro.com\/. Accessed 2 Mar 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"474_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12500","volume":"11","author":"CP Austin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Austin CP, Cutillo CM, Lau LPL, Jonker AH, Rath A, Julkowska D, et al. Future of rare diseases research 2017\u20132027: an IRDiRC perspective. Clin Transl Sci. 2018;11(1):21\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"474_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6456","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116456","volume":"19","author":"J Benito-Lozano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benito-Lozano J, Arias-Merino G, G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00ednez M, Ancochea-D\u00edaz A, Aparicio-Garc\u00eda A, Posada de la Paz M, et al. Diagnostic process in rare diseases: determinants associated with diagnostic delay. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(11):6456.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"474_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.12.018","volume":"153","author":"JK Stoller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stoller JK. The Challenge of Rare Diseases. Chest. 2018;153(6):1309\u201314.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"474_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e674","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000674","volume":"7","author":"M Reindl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reindl M, Schanda K, Woodhall M, Tea F, Ramanathan S, Sagen J, et al. International multicenter examination of MOG antibody assays. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020;7(2):e674.","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"7","key":"474_CR35","first-page":"489","volume":"5","author":"N Levin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Levin N, Mor M, Ben-Hur T. Patterns of misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Isr Med Assoc J. 2003;5(7):489\u201390.","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"474_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00960","volume":"11","author":"E Parrotta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parrotta E, Kister I. The expanding clinical spectrum of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody associated disease in children and adults. Front Neurol. 2020;11:960.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"18","key":"474_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003884","volume":"88","author":"B Aubert-Broche","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aubert-Broche B, Weier K, Longoni G, Fonov VS, Bar-Or A, Marrie RA, et al. Monophasic demyelination reduces brain growth in children. Neurology. 2017;88(18):1744\u201350.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"474_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx041","volume":"140","author":"G Longoni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Longoni G, Brown RA, MomayyezSiahkal P, Elliott C, Narayanan S, Bar-Or A, et al. White matter changes in paediatric multiple sclerosis and monophasic demyelinating disorders. Brain. 2017;140(5):1300\u201315.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"474_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2016.01.008","volume":"20","author":"S Shilo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shilo S, Michaeli O, Shahar E, Ravid S. Long-term motor, cognitive and behavioral outcome of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2016;20(3):361\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"474_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-017-9343-7","volume":"27","author":"KLO Burton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burton KLO, Williams TA, Catchpoole SE, Brunsdon RK. Long-term neuropsychological outcomes of childhood onset acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM): a meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev. 2017;27(2):124\u201333.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"474_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-021-00285-w","volume":"10","author":"N Law","year":"2021","unstructured":"Law N, Davio K, Blunck M, Lobban D, Seddik K. The Lived experience of myasthenia gravis: a patient-led analysis. Neurol Ther. 2021;10(2):1103\u201325.","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"474_CR42","unstructured":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Surveys and Other Research Studies 2023. https:\/\/www.nationalmssociety.org\/Research\/Participate-in-Research-Studies\/Surveys#section-6. Accessed 10 Mar 2023."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-023-00490-9","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000}}],"container-title":["Neurology and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40120-023-00474-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40120-023-00474-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40120-023-00474-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]],"date-time":"2023-12-10T04:30:29Z","timestamp":1702182629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40120-023-00474-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-023-00474-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8253","2193-6536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8253","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 May 2023","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-023-00490-9","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-023-00490-9","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}