{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:34:52Z","timestamp":1788914092783,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014717","name":"National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82471474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014717","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-025-00733-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T02:47:42Z","timestamp":1743562062000},"page":"849-863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Efficacy and Safety Analysis of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Patients with Persistent Postural Perceptual Dizziness: A Single-Center, Single-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wenze","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maolin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuhang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongfa","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hairong","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yankun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linyan","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangmei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"733_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-170622","volume":"27","author":"JP Staab","year":"2017","unstructured":"Staab JP, Eckhardt-Henn A, Horii A, et al. Diagnostic criteria for persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD): consensus document of the committee for the Classification of Vestibular Disorders of the Barany Society. J Vestib Res-Equilib Orientat. 2017;27(4):191\u2013208.","journal-title":"J Vestib Res-Equilib Orientat"},{"key":"733_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-019-0336-9","author":"P Staibano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Staibano P, Lelli D, Tse D. A retrospective analysis of two tertiary care dizziness clinics: a multidisciplinary chronic dizziness clinic and an acute dizziness clinic. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40463-019-0336-9.","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"733_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09831-2","volume":"267","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Lee JO, Choi JY, Kim JS. Etiologic distribution of dizziness and vertigo in a referral-based dizziness clinic in South Korea. J Neurol. 2020;267(8):2252\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"733_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2017-001809","volume":"18","author":"S Popkirov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Popkirov S, Staab JP, Stone J. Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD): a common, characteristic and treatable cause of chronic dizziness. Pract Neurol. 2018;18(1):5\u201313.","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"733_CR5","volume":"3","author":"KE Webster","year":"2023","unstructured":"Webster KE, Harrington-Benton NA, Judd O, et al. Pharmacological interventions for persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;3: CD015188-CD015188.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"733_CR6","volume":"3","author":"KE Webster","year":"2023","unstructured":"Webster KE, Kamo T, Smith L, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;3: CD015333-CD015333.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"733_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3402736","volume":"40","author":"JP Staab","year":"2020","unstructured":"Staab JP. Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. Semin Neurol. 2020;40(1):130\u20137.","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"733_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-130494","volume":"23","author":"E Soto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Soto E, Vega R, Sese\u00f1a E. Neuropharmacological basis of vestibular system disorder treatment. J Vestib Res. 2013;23(3):119\u201337.","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"733_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371305800604","volume":"58","author":"ME Beutel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beutel ME, Scheurich V, Knebel A, et al. Implementing panic-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy into clinical practice. Can J Psychiatry. 2013;58(6):326\u201334.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"733_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-3447-y","volume":"272","author":"H Schaaf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schaaf H, Hesse G. Patients with long-lasting dizziness: a follow-up after neurotological and psychotherapeutic inpatient treatment after a period of at least 1 year. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;272(6):1529\u201335.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"8","key":"733_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7784-6","volume":"262","author":"C Lahmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lahmann C, Henningsen P, Dieterich M, Radziej K, Schmid G. Tailored care for somatoform vertigo\/dizziness: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial evaluating integrative group psychotherapy. J Neurol. 2015;262(8):1867\u201375.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"733_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12177","volume":"92","author":"K Limburg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Limburg K, Schmid-M\u00fchlbauer G, Sattel H, et al. Potential effects of multimodal psychosomatic inpatient treatment for patients with functional vertigo and dizziness symptoms\u2014a pilot trial. Psychol Psychother. 2019;92(1):57\u201373.","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother"},{"issue":"3","key":"733_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9900-6","volume":"13","author":"S Nigro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nigro S, Indovina I, Riccelli R, et al. Reduced cortical folding in multi-modal vestibular regions in persistent postural perceptual dizziness. Brain Imaging Behav. 2019;13(3):798\u2013809.","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"733_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.10.007","volume":"103","author":"S Wurthmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wurthmann S, Naegel S, Steinberg BS, et al. Cerebral gray matter changes in persistent postural perceptual dizziness. J Psychosom Res. 2017;103:95\u2013101.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"733_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.570","volume":"5","author":"P Popp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Popp P, Zu Eulenburg P, Stephan T, et al. Cortical alterations in phobic postural vertigo\u2014a multimodal imaging approach. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2018;5(6):717\u201329.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"733_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1622","volume":"10","author":"J Huber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huber J, Flanagin VL, Popp P, Zu Eulenburg P, Dieterich M. Network changes in patients with phobic postural vertigo. Brain Behav. 2020;10(6): e01622.","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"733_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12060753","volume":"12","author":"P Castro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Castro P, Bancroft MJ, Arshad Q, Kaski D. Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness (PPPD) from brain imaging to behaviour and perception. Brain Sci. 2022;12(6):753.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"733_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103330","volume":"37","author":"M Maywald","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maywald M, Pogarell O, Levai S, et al. Neurofunctional differences and similarities between persistent postural-perceptual dizziness and anxiety disorder. Neuroimage-Clin. 2023;37: 103330.","journal-title":"Neuroimage-Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"733_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7259-1","volume":"261","author":"R Schniepp","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schniepp R, Wuehr M, Huth S, Pradhan C, Brandt T, Jahn K. Gait characteristics of patients with phobic postural vertigo: effects of fear of falling, attention, and visual input. J Neurol. 2014;261(4):738\u201346.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"733_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8482-3","volume":"264","author":"R Schniepp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schniepp R, M\u00f6hwald K, Wuehr M. Gait ataxia in humans: vestibular and cerebellar control of dynamic stability. J Neurol. 2017;264(Suppl 1):87\u201392.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"18","key":"733_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4274","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184274","volume":"10","author":"I Indovina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Indovina I, Passamonti L, Mucci V, Chiarella G, Lacquaniti F, Staab JP. Brain correlates of persistent postural-perceptual dizziness: a review of neuroimaging studies. J Clin Med. 2021;10(18):4274.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"733_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8894-8","volume":"265","author":"OE Eren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eren OE, Filippopulos F, Soenmez K, Moehwald K, Straube A, Schoeberl F. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation significantly improves quality of life in patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. J Neurol. 2018;265:63\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"733_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-018-0894-2","volume":"269","author":"U Palm","year":"2019","unstructured":"Palm U, Kirsch V, K\u00fcbler H, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for treatment of phobic postural vertigo: an open label pilot study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2019;269(2):269\u201372.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"733_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.868976","author":"JJ Im","year":"2022","unstructured":"Im JJ, Na S, Kang S, et al. A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD). Front Neurol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.868976.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"733_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2024.10.005","volume":"17","author":"Y Jia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jia Y, Wang H, Li D, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as add-on the rapyin persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. IBRO Neurosci Rep. 2024;17:382\u20138.","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"733_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10427-7","volume":"268","author":"S Min","year":"2021","unstructured":"Min S, Kim JS, Park HY. Predictors of treatment response to pharmacotherapy in patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. J Neurol. 2021;268(7):2523\u201332.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"733_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.05.005","volume":"58","author":"W Klomjai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Klomjai W, Katz R, Lackmy-Vall\u00e9e A. Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS). Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2015;58(4):208\u201313.","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"733_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002","volume":"131","author":"JP Lefaucheur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lefaucheur JP, Aleman A, Baeken C, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): an update (2014\u20132018). Clin Neurophysiol. 2020;131(2):474\u2013528.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"733_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00232","volume":"152","author":"KF Schulz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(11):726\u201332.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"733_CR30","volume":"1","author":"MN McDonnell","year":"2015","unstructured":"McDonnell MN, Hillier SL. Vestibular rehabilitation for unilateral peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1(1): Cd005397.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"733_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1990.01870040046011","volume":"116","author":"GP Jacobson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jacobson GP, Newman CW. The development of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990;116(4):424\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"733_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199905000-00009","volume":"78","author":"L Tesio","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tesio L, Alpini D, Cesarani A, Perucca L. Short form of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory: construction and validation through Rasch analysis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;78(3):233\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"9","key":"733_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002365","volume":"40","author":"KM Van De Wyngaerde","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van De Wyngaerde KM, Lee MK, Jacobson GP, Pasupathy K, Romero-Brufau S, McCaslin DL. The component structure of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI): a reappraisal. Otol Neurotol. 2019;40(9):1217\u201323.","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"733_CR34","first-page":"3","volume":"52","author":"GH Klem","year":"1999","unstructured":"Klem GH, L\u00fcders HO, Jasper HH, Elger C. The ten-twenty electrode system of the International Federation. The international federation of clinical neurophysiology. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1999;52:3\u20136.","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl"},{"key":"733_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120394","volume":"282","author":"M Tik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tik M, Vasileiadi M, Woletz M, et al. Concurrent TMS\/fMRI reveals individual DLPFC dose-response pattern. Neuroimage. 2023;282: 120394.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"11","key":"733_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.01.018","volume":"62","author":"JP O'Reardon","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019Reardon JP, Solvason HB, Janicak PG, et al. Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62(11):1208\u201316.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"733_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00026-3","volume":"10","author":"RLD Kan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kan RLD, Padberg F, Giron CG, et al. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on symptom domains in neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic review and cross-diagnostic meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2023;10(4):252\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"733_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yct.0000235924.60364.27","volume":"22","author":"DJ Schutter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schutter DJ, van Honk J. A standardized motor threshold estimation procedure for transcranial magnetic stimulation research. J ect. 2006;22(3):176\u20138.","journal-title":"J ect"}],"container-title":["Neurology and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00733-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00733-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00733-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T13:57:54Z","timestamp":1747663074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00733-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00733-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8253","2193-6536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8253","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Wenze Li, MD, Chang Liu, MD, Yuqing Zhang, PhD, Maolin Peng, B.Med, Xiuhang Luo, B.Med, Hongfa Zhang, MD, Hairong Lan, B.Med, Zhipeng Li, MD, Yankun Chen, MD, Zhen Li, MD, Zhimin Xiao, MD, Linyan Tong, MD, and Yangmei Chen, MD have nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University and the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry with registration number CTR2400093690. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients, parents\/legal guardians, or legally authorized representatives before study participation, in accordance with local regulations and the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Patients\/participants provided written informed consent to participate in this study. The individual's written informed consent has been obtained for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data contained herein.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}}]}}