{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:19:46Z","timestamp":1790651986272,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010795","name":"Chugai Pharmaceutical","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-025-00794-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T20:23:56Z","timestamp":1752783836000},"page":"1993-2009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Incidence and Risk Factors for Serious Infections in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A Claims Database Study in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"umin000051151","registry":"10.18810\/umin-japan"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9525-4254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noriko","family":"Isobe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuro","family":"Oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Kamei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiko","family":"Tsumuraya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akinori","family":"Yuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Nakasone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiko","family":"Asao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"794_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0135-7","volume":"6","author":"S Jarius","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jarius S, Paul F, Weinshenker BG, Levy M, Kim HJ, Wildemann B. Neuromyelitis optica. Nat Rev Dis Primer. 2020;6:1\u201332.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primer"},{"key":"794_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577761","volume":"362","author":"R Kadish","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kadish R, Clardy SL, Royston M, et al. Clinical burden of relapses in aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a single center cohort analysis. J Neuroimmunol. 2022;362: 577761.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"794_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws109","volume":"135","author":"J Kitley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kitley J, Leite MI, Nakashima I, et al. Prognostic factors and disease course in aquaporin-4 antibody-positive patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from the United Kingdom and Japan. Brain J Neurol. 2012;135:1834\u201349.","journal-title":"Brain J Neurol"},{"key":"794_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","volume":"85","author":"DM Wingerchuk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology. 2015;85:177\u201389.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"794_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2021.183772","volume":"1863","author":"SK Wright","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wright SK, Wassmer E, Vincent A. Pathogenic antibodies to AQP4: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Biochim Biophys Acta BBA Biomembr. 2021;1863: 183772.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta BBA Biomembr"},{"key":"794_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11910-z","volume":"271","author":"T K\u00fcmpfel","year":"2024","unstructured":"K\u00fcmpfel T, Giglhuber K, Aktas O, et al. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD)\u2014revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part II: attack therapy and long-term management. J Neurol. 2024;271:141\u201376.","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"794_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2012.06.002","volume":"1","author":"DJ Kimbrough","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kimbrough DJ, Fujihara K, Jacob A, et al. Treatment of neuromyelitis optica: review and recommendations. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2012;1:180\u20137.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"794_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-015-0378-x","volume":"17","author":"E Sherman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sherman E, Han MH. Acute and chronic management of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2015;17:48.","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"794_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13186","volume":"24","author":"H Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen H, Qiu W, Zhang Q, et al. Comparisons of the efficacy and tolerability of mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine as treatments for neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Eur J Neurol. 2017;24:219\u201326.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"794_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30078-8","volume":"19","author":"A Traboulsee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Traboulsee A, Greenberg BM, Bennett JL, et al. Safety and efficacy of satralizumab monotherapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19:402\u201312.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"794_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901747","volume":"381","author":"T Yamamura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamamura T, Kleiter I, Fujihara K, et al. Trial of satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:2114\u201324.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"794_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900866","volume":"381","author":"SJ Pittock","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pittock SJ, Berthele A, Fujihara K, et al. Eculizumab in aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:614\u201325.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"794_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30066-1","volume":"19","author":"M Tahara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tahara M, Oeda T, Okada K, et al. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (RIN-1 study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19:298\u2013306.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"794_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51451","volume":"8","author":"J Giovannelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giovannelli J, Ciron J, Cohen M, et al. A meta-analysis comparing first-line immunosuppressants in neuromyelitis optica. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2021;8:2025\u201337.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"794_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105502","volume":"84","author":"I Nakashima","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nakashima I, Nakahara J, Yasunaga H, et al. Real-world management of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder using satralizumab: results from a Japanese claims database. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;84: 105502.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"794_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31817-3","volume":"394","author":"BAC Cree","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cree BAC, Bennett JL, Kim HJ, et al. Inebilizumab for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (N-MOmentum): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase 2\/3 trial. Lancet. 2019;394:1352\u201363.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"794_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.04.005","volume":"335","author":"AE Coutinho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Coutinho AE, Chapman KE. The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids, recent developments and mechanistic insights. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011;335:2\u201313.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"794_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211069068","volume":"28","author":"C Tur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tur C, Dubessy AL, Otero-Romero S, et al. The risk of infections for multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder disease-modifying treatments: Eighth European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis Focused Workshop Review. April 2021. Mult Scler J. 2022;28:1424\u201356.","journal-title":"Mult Scler J."},{"key":"794_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2019.02.006","volume":"49","author":"A Dinh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dinh A, Davido B, Duran C, et al. Urinary tract infections in patients with neurogenic bladder. Med Mal Infect. 2019;49:495\u2013504.","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"794_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim SH, Park NY, Kim KH, Hyun JW, Kim HJ. Rituximab-Induced Hypogammaglobulinemia and Risk of Infection in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: A 14-Year Real-Life Experience. Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation [Internet] 2022 [cited 2023 Nov 30];9. Available from: https:\/\/nn.neurology.org\/content\/9\/5\/e1179","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001179"},{"key":"794_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628642110567","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211056710","volume":"14","author":"H Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang H, Zhou J, Li Y, et al. Adverse events of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2021;14:17562864211056710.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"794_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51136","volume":"7","author":"BL Vollmer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vollmer BL, Wallach AI, Corboy JR, Dubovskaya K, Alvarez E, Kister I. Serious safety events in rituximab-treated multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2020;7:1477\u201387.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"794_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-024-00640-7","author":"T Yamamura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yamamura T, Isobe N, Kawachi I, et al. Safety and effectiveness of satralizumab in japanese patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a 6-month interim analysis of post-marketing surveillance. Neurol Ther. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-024-00640-7.","journal-title":"Neurol. Ther."},{"key":"794_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2014.08.202","volume":"275","author":"F Cheng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheng F, George J, Rocha J, et al. Risk factors for immunosuppression-associated infections in aquaporin-4 antibody mediated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. J Neuroimmunol. 2014;275:76\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"794_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102800","volume":"50","author":"M Sharifian-Dorche","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharifian-Dorche M, Sahraian MA, Fadda G, et al. COVID-19 and disease-modifying therapies in patients with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system: a systematic review. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;50: 102800.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"794_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4154","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084154","volume":"23","author":"K Giglhuber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Giglhuber K, Berthele A. Adverse events in NMOSD therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:4154.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"794_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2023.578066","volume":"377","author":"V Mears","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mears V, Jakubecz C, Seeco C, Woodson S, Serra A, Abboud H. Predictors of hypogammaglobulinemia and serious infections among patients receiving ocrelizumab or rituximab for treatment of MS and NMOSD. J Neuroimmunol. 2023;377: 578066.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"794_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104025","volume":"66","author":"T Yamamura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yamamura T, Weinshenker B, Yeaman MR, et al. Long-term safety of satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) from SAkuraSky and SAkuraStar. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2022;66: 104025.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"794_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujita R, Aratake Y, Nakata K, Fujii C, Kondo T. Urosepsis risk in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients administered satralizumab. Intern Med. 2023;62(22):3317\u201320. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC10713369\/, https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/internalmedicine\/62\/22\/62_1642-23\/_article","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.1642-23"},{"key":"794_CR30","first-page":"107","volume":"20","author":"Y Long","year":"2012","unstructured":"Long Y, Gao C, Qiu W, et al. Helicobacter pylori Infection in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis. Neuro Immuno Modulation. 2012;20:107\u201312.","journal-title":"Neuro Immuno Modulation"},{"key":"794_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2504","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201260","volume":"99","author":"P Barreras","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barreras P, Vasileiou ES, Filippatou AG, et al. Long-term effectiveness and safety of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and MOG antibody disease. Neurology. 2022;99:e2504\u201316.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"794_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628642311811","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864231181177","volume":"16","author":"I Nakashima","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nakashima I, Nakahara J, Yokote H, et al. Long-term safety and effectiveness of eculizumab in patients with aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a 2-year interim analysis of post-marketing surveillance in Japan. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2023;16:17562864231181176.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"794_CR33","unstructured":"Medical Data Vision. Medical Data Vision Co., Ltd. [Internet]. Med. Data Vis. Co Ltd [cited 2024 Sep 18];Available from: https:\/\/en.mdv.co.jp\/"},{"key":"794_CR34","unstructured":"Japanese Society for Pharmacoepidemiology. Survey of Japanese databases in Japan available for clinical\/pharmaco- epidemiology 2021 [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.jspe.jp\/mt-static\/FileUpload\/files\/JSPE_DB_TF_E.pdf"},{"key":"794_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40801-022-00296-5","volume":"9","author":"T Laurent","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laurent T, Simeone J, Kuwatsuru R, et al. Context and considerations for use of two japanese real-world databases in japan: medical data vision and Japanese medical data center. Drugs Real World Outcomes. 2022;9:175\u201387.","journal-title":"Drugs Real World Outcomes"},{"issue":"3","key":"794_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000694","volume":"32","author":"K Fujihara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fujihara K. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: still evolving and broadening. Curr Opin Neurol. 2019;32(3):385\u201394.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"794_CR37","unstructured":"World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki- Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2023 Oct 18];Available from: https:\/\/www.wma.net\/what-we-do\/medical-ethics\/declaration-of-helsinki\/"},{"key":"794_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyac034","volume":"52","author":"J Eba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eba J, Nakamura K. Overview of the ethical guidelines for medical and biological research involving human subjects in Japan. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2022;52:539\u201344.","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"794_CR39","unstructured":"Act on the Protection of Personal Information Act No. 57 of 2003) [Internet]. 2021;Available from: https:\/\/www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp\/en\/laws\/view\/4241\/en"},{"key":"794_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.37737\/ace.22004","volume":"4","author":"N Atsushi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Atsushi N, Eiko Y, Masaki N, et al. Validation study of algorithms to identify malignant tumors and serious infections in a japanese administrative healthcare database. Ann Clin Epidemiol. 2022;4:20\u201331.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"794_CR41","first-page":"61","volume":"14","author":"FI Mahoney","year":"1965","unstructured":"Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Md State Med J. 1965;14:61\u20135.","journal-title":"Md State Med J"},{"key":"794_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.02.12","volume":"6","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Reinikainen J, Adeleke KA, Pieterse ME, Groothuis-Oudshoorn CGM. Time-varying covariates and coefficients in Cox regression models. Ann Transl Med. 2018;6:121\u2013121.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"794_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26049","volume":"89","author":"DM Wingerchuk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wingerchuk DM, Fujihara K, Palace J, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of eculizumab in aquaporin-4 IgG-positive NMOSD. Ann Neurol. 2021;89:1088\u201398.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"794_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.94253","volume":"16","author":"J Casqueiro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J, Alves C. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: a review of pathogenesis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16:S27-36.","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"794_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000336","volume":"5","author":"W Abu-Ashour","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abu-Ashour W, Twells L, Valcour J, et al. The association between diabetes mellitus and incident infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017;5: e000336.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"794_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06102-x","volume":"67","author":"RIG Holt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Holt RIG, Cockram CS, Ma RCW, Luk AOY. Diabetes and infection: review of the epidemiology, mechanisms and principles of treatment. Diabetologia. 2024;67:1168.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"794_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001235","volume":"7","author":"TR Riley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Riley TR, George MD. Risk for infections with glucocorticoids and DMARDs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. RMD Open. 2021;7: e001235.","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"794_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.08.004","volume":"42","author":"J Youssef","year":"2016","unstructured":"Youssef J, Novosad S, Winthrop K. Infection risk and safety of corticosteroid use. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2016;42:157\u201376.","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"794_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-022-02869-9","volume":"24","author":"K Abe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abe K, Ishikawa Y, Kita Y, et al. Association of low-dose glucocorticoid use and infection occurrence in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2022;24:179.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"794_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203319860579","volume":"28","author":"VR Pimentel-Quiroz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pimentel-Quiroz VR, Ugarte-Gil MF, Harvey GB, et al. Factors predictive of serious infections over time in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: data from a multi-ethnic, multi-national Latin American lupus cohort. Lupus. 2019;28:1101\u201310.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"794_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.106176","volume":"92","author":"N Yamazaki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yamazaki N, Misu T, Matsumoto Y, et al. The real-world impact of biologics for NMOSD: a retrospective single-center study compared with natural course and conventional treatments in Japanese. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;92: 106176.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"794_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.3365","volume":"77","author":"G Luna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luna G, Alping P, Burman J, et al. Infection risks among patients with multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod, natalizumab, rituximab, and injectable therapies. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(2):184\u201391.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"794_CR53","unstructured":"MHLW Grant Report: Evaluation of diagnostic criteria, classification of severity, validity of guidelines, and patients\u2019 QOL of neuroimmunological diseases [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/mhlw-grants.niph.go.jp\/project\/147378"}],"container-title":["Neurology and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00794-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00794-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00794-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T12:03:20Z","timestamp":1758369800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00794-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00794-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8253","2193-6536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8253","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Noriko Isobe received speaker honoraria from Biogen Japan, Novartis Pharma, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, UCB Japan, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Teijin Pharma, argenx, and Chugai Pharmaceutical and research grants from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Novartis Pharma, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Biogen Japan, Sumitomo Pharma, CSL Behring, Eisai, Kyowa Kirin, and Japan Blood Products Organization. Tetsuro Oda, Tomohiro Yamaguchi, Shinichi Matsuda, Yuta Kamei, Takahiko Tsumuraya, Akinori Yuri, and Ayako Nakasone are employees of Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Keiko Asao was an employee of IQVIA Solutions Japan G.K. at the time of study conduct and is currently the president and shareholder of Kappa Medical K.K.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Japanese Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Biological Research Involving Human Subjects. We utilized anonymized information that was processed in compliance with the regulations outlined in the Japanese Act on the Protection of Personal Information. As such, consent from the subjects for its use was not deemed necessary. The protocol was pre-registered in the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry\u00a0(UMIN-CTR: UMIN000051151) and approved by the non-profit organization MINS\u2019 Research Ethics Committee on 2\u00a0February\u00a02023 (MINS-REC-230205).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}