{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:22:04Z","timestamp":1792844524443,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Eisai Inc"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-025-00815-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T02:14:41Z","timestamp":1756260881000},"page":"1797-1826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Global Societal Burden of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease by Severity: a Targeted Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4304-3820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A.","family":"Cavaco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7101-0896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se Ryeong","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4488-7653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Bodnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7099-7075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Ferko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"815_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12901","volume":"19","author":"A Wimo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wimo A, Seeher K, Cataldi R, et al. The worldwide costs of dementia in 2019. Alzheimers Dement. 2022;19(7):2865\u201373.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210174","volume":"83","author":"N Sontheimer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sontheimer N, Konnopka A, K\u00f6nig HH. The excess costs of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. 2021;83(1):333\u201354.","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"815_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-022-00335-x","volume":"11","author":"AA Tahami Monfared","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tahami Monfared AA, Byrnes MJ, White LA, Zhang Q. The humanistic and economic burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurol Ther. 2022;11(2):525\u201351.","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"815_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205013666151116142302","volume":"13","author":"B Klimova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klimova B, Maresova P, Kuca K. Non-pharmacological approaches to the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease with respect to the rising treatment costs. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2016;13(11):1249\u201358.","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"815_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2023.09.008","volume":"40","author":"LX Tay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tay LX, Ong SC, Tay LJ, Ng t, Parumasivam T. Economic burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review. Value Health Reg Issues. 2024;40:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Value Health Reg Issues"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-022-01212-z","volume":"41","author":"L Jonsson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jonsson L, Tate A, Frisell O, Wimo A. The costs of dementia in Europe: an updated review and meta-analysis. Pharmacoeconomics. 2022;41(1):59\u201375.","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"15","key":"815_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S264688","volume":"2","author":"P Maresova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maresova P, Hruska J, Klimova B, Barakovic S, Krejcar O. Activities of daily living and associated costs in the most widespread neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2020;2(15):1841\u201362.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-89","volume":"8","author":"OV Forlenza","year":"2010","unstructured":"Forlenza OV, Diniz BS, Gattaz WF. Diagnosis and biomarkers of predementia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. BMC Med. 2010;8(1):89.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"815_CR9","unstructured":"Gauthier S, Webster C, Servaes S, Morais JA, Rosa-Neto P. World Alzheimer Report 2022: Life after diagnosis: Navigating treatment, care and support. London, England: Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International; 2022."},{"issue":"5","key":"815_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt.12.55","volume":"2","author":"GA Marshall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marshall GA, Amariglio RE, Sperling RA, Rentz DM. Activities of daily living: where do they fit in the diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease? Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2012;2(5):483\u201391.","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"815_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.41","volume":"9","author":"S Cohen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cohen S, Cummings J, Knox S, Potashman M, Harrison J. Clinical trial endpoints and their clinical meaningfulness in early stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2022;9(3):507\u201322.","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR12","volume":"16","author":"KL Lanct\u00f4t","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lanct\u00f4t KL, Boada M, Tariot PN, Dabbous F, Hahn-Pedersen J, Udayachalerm S, et al. Association between clinical dementia rating and clinical outcomes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). 2024;16(1): e12522.","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia (Amsterdam, The Netherlands)"},{"issue":"4","key":"815_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141134","volume":"43","author":"C Takizawa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Takizawa C, Thompson PL, Van Walsem A, Faure C, Maier WC. Epidemiological and economic burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic literature review of data across Europe and the United States of America. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;43(4):1271\u201384.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"815_CR14","first-page":"158","volume":"8","author":"FA Schmitt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schmitt FA, Wichems CH. A systematic review of assessment and treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Prim Care Compan J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;8(3):158\u20139.","journal-title":"Prim Care Compan J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"815_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610297004869","volume":"9","author":"S Auer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Auer S, Reisberg B. The GDS\/FAST staging system. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997;9(Suppl 1):167\u201371.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"78","key":"815_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"CW Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu CW, Bruinsma BG, Stern Y. Utility of the Dependence Scale in dementia: validity, meaningfulness, and health economic considerations. Alzheimer\u2019s Res Therapy. 2018;10(78):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res Therapy"},{"key":"815_CR17","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2024 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia J Alzheimer\u2019s Assoc 2024;19(4):1598\u2013695."},{"issue":"3","key":"815_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/14737167.2017.1313118","volume":"17","author":"A Deb","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deb A, Thornton JD, Sambamoorthi U, Innes K. Direct and indirect cost of managing Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias in the United States. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2017;17(3):189\u2013202.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"815_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.6432","volume":"181","author":"LH Nicholas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nicholas LH, Langa KM, Bynum JPW, Hsu JW. Financial presentation of Alzheimer disease and related dementias. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(2):220\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"815_CR20","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society U. The economic impact of dementia. Module 1: Annual costs of dementia. Alzheimer\u2019s Society. 2024."},{"issue":"2","key":"815_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-023-09597-0","volume":"34","author":"AD Ariesen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ariesen AD, Tuomainen RE, De Deyn PP, Tucha O, Koerts J. Let us talk money: subjectively reported financial performance of people living with neurodegenerative diseases-a systematic review. Neuropsychol Rev. 2024;34(2):668\u2013719.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212948","volume":"388","author":"CH van Dyck","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Dyck CH, Swanson CJ, Aisen P, Bateman RJ, Chen C, Gee M, et al. Lecanemab in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(1):9\u201321.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"815_CR23","unstructured":"Donanemab [Internet]. 2025 [cited January 8, 2025]. Available from: https:\/\/www.alzforum.org\/therapeutics\/donanemab."},{"issue":"2","key":"815_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-122392","volume":"36","author":"A Wimo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wimo A, Reed CC, Dodel R, Belger M, Jones RW, Happich M, et al. The GERAS study: a prospective observational study of costs and resource use in community dwellers with Alzheimer\u2019s disease in three European countries\u2013study design and baseline findings. J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis JAD. 2013;36(2):385\u201399.","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis JAD"},{"issue":"2","key":"815_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000558","volume":"37","author":"VJ Van Hezik-Wester","year":"2023","unstructured":"Van Hezik-Wester VJ, Handels RLH, Wolfs CAG, Kanters TA. Caregiver burden and quality of life across Alzheimer\u2019s disease severity stages. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2023;37(2):134\u201341.","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"815_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610215001349","volume":"28","author":"C Reed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reed C, Belger M, Vellas B, Andrews JS, Argimon JM, Bruno G, et al. Identifying factors of activities of daily living important for cost and caregiver outcomes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2016;28(2):247\u201359.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"815_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2019.09.012","volume":"31","author":"C Henderson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Henderson C, Knapp M, Nelis SM, Quinn C, Martyr A, Wu YT, et al. Use and costs of services and unpaid care for people with mild-to-moderate dementia: Baseline results from the IDEAL cohort study. Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia Trans Res Clin Intervent. 2019;31(5):685\u201396.","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia Trans Res Clin Intervent"},{"issue":"8","key":"815_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.02.005","volume":"11","author":"R Dodel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dodel R, Belger M, Reed C, Wimo A, Jones RW, Happich M, et al. Determinants of societal costs in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: GERAS study baseline results. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(8):933\u201345.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200350","volume":"78","author":"O Turro-Garriga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Turro-Garriga O, Vinas DV, Conde-Sala JL, Calvo-Perxas L, Cullell-Junca M, Mas-Vall-Llosera G, et al. Caregivers\u2019 sense of coherence: implications on direct and indirect costs of dementia care. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;78(1):117\u201326.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"815_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afab144","volume":"50","author":"V Jetsonen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jetsonen V, Kuvaja-Kollner V, Valimaki T, Selander T, Martikainen J, Koivisto AM. Total cost of care increases significantly from early to mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease: 5-year ALSOVA follow-up. Age Ageing. 2021;50(6):2116\u201322.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"3","key":"815_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000198","volume":"31","author":"TL Michaud","year":"2017","unstructured":"Michaud TL, High R, Charlton ME, Murman DL. Dependence stage and pharmacoeconomic outcomes in patients with Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2017;31(3):209\u201317.","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"815_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-014-0642-0","volume":"16","author":"J Darba","year":"2015","unstructured":"Darba J, Kaskens L, Lacey L. Relationship between global severity of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and costs of care in Spain; results from the co-dependence study in Spain. Eur J Health Econ. 2015;16(8):895\u2013905.","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"},{"issue":"3","key":"815_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160449","volume":"57","author":"C Reed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reed C, Happich M, Argimon JM, Haro JM, Wimo A, Bruno G, et al. What drives country differences in cost of Alzheimer\u2019s disease? An explanation from resource use in the GERAS study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;57(3):797\u2013812.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2017.31","volume":"5","author":"G Bruno","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bruno G, Mancini M, Bruti G, Dell\u2019Agnello G, Reed C. Costs and resource use associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Italy: results from an observational study. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2018;5(1):55\u201364.","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0371-6","volume":"16","author":"A Lenox-Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lenox-Smith A, Reed C, Lebrec J, Belger M, Jones RW. Resource utilisation, costs and clinical outcomes in non-institutionalised patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: 18-month UK results from the GERAS observational study. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16(1):195.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"815_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610217001211","volume":"29","author":"J Olazaran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olazaran J, Aguera-Ortiz L, Argimon JM, Reed C, Ciudad A, Andrade P, et al. Costs and quality of life in community-dwelling patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Spain: results from the GERAS II observational study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2017;29(12):2081\u201393.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"815_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-131556","volume":"42","author":"L Colucci","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colucci L, Bosco M, Fasanaro AM, Gaeta GL, Ricci G, Amenta F. Alzheimer\u2019s disease costs: what we know and what we should take into account. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;42(4):1311\u201324.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"815_CR38","unstructured":"Wickham H, Fran\u00e7ois R, Henry L, M\u00fcller K. dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation. R package version 076. 2018."},{"key":"815_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"Ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis","author":"H Wickham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wickham H. Ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2016."},{"issue":"43","key":"815_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","volume":"4","author":"H Wickham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wickham H, Averick M, Bryan J, Chang W, McGowan LD, Fran\u00e7ois R, et al. Welcome to the tidyverse. J Open Source Softw. 2019;4(43):1686.","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"815_CR41","unstructured":"Brunson JC, Read QD. ggalluvial: Alluvial Plots in \u2018ggplot2\u2019. R package version 0125. 2023."},{"issue":"8","key":"815_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301219837776","volume":"19","author":"D Cantarero-Prieto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cantarero-Prieto D, Leon PL, Blazquez-Fernandez C, Juan PS, Cobo CS. The economic cost of dementia: a systematic review. Dementia. 2020;19(8):2637\u201357.","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR43","first-page":"7","volume":"18","author":"Z Aajami","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aajami Z, Kebriaeezadeh A, Nikfar S. Direct and indirect cost of managing Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iran J Neurol. 2019;18(1):7\u201312.","journal-title":"Iran J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"815_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201285","volume":"80","author":"E Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu E, Liao Z, Fan W, Hu W, Tian G, Chen K, et al. The economic burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Zhejiang Province. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;80(2):539\u201353.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"815_CR45","first-page":"1065","volume":"29","author":"AAT Monfared","year":"2023","unstructured":"Monfared AAT, Hummel N, Chandak A, Khachatryan A, Zhang Q. Assessing out-of-pocket expenses and indirect costs for the Alzheimer disease continuum in the United States. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2023;29(9):1065\u201377.","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm"},{"issue":"8","key":"815_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-016-0842-x","volume":"18","author":"I Holmerov\u00e1","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holmerov\u00e1 I, Hort J, Rusina R, Wimo A, \u0160teffl M. Costs of dementia in the Czech Republic. Eur J Health Econ. 2017;18(8):979\u201386.","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"},{"issue":"5","key":"815_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.329606","volume":"69","author":"PU Malapur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Malapur PU, Kumar N, Khandelwal SK, Tripathi M. Cost of illness of major neurocognitive disorders in India. Neurol India. 2021;69(5):1265\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"4","key":"815_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007409","volume":"7","author":"SM Mattap","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mattap SM, Mohan D, McGrattan AM, Allotey P, Stephan BC, Reidpath DD, et al. The economic burden of dementia in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): a systematic review. BMJ Glob Health. 2022;7(4): e007409.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"815_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12430","volume":"15","author":"JM Chandler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chandler JM, Rentz DM, Zagar A, Kim Y, Schwartz RL, Fillit H. Disease progression and costs at the 3-year follow-up of the GERAS-US study. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2023;15(2): e12430.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (N Y)"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000461577","volume":"7","author":"RW Jones","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jones RW, Lebrec J, Kahle-Wrobleski K, Dell\u2019Agnello G, Bruno G, Vellas B, et al. Disease progression in mild dementia due to Alzheimer disease in an 18-month observational study (GERAS): the impact on costs and caregiver outcomes. Dementia Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra. 2017;7(1):87\u2013100.","journal-title":"Dementia Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra"},{"issue":"3","key":"815_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2017.09.019","volume":"21","author":"T Rapp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rapp T, Andrieu S, Chartier F, Deberdt W, Reed C, Belger M, et al. Resource use and cost of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in France: 18-month results from the GERAS observational study. Value Health. 2018;21(3):295\u2013303.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-00969-x","volume":"14","author":"V Dauphinot","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dauphinot V, Potashman M, Levitchi-Benea M, Su R, Rubino I, Krolak-Salmon P. Economic and caregiver impact of Alzheimer\u2019s disease across the disease spectrum: a cohort study. Alzheimer\u2019s Res Therapy. 2022;14(1):34.","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"815_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4198","volume":"30","author":"S Schaller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schaller S, Mauskopf J, Kriza C, Wahlster P, Kolominsky-Rabas PL. The main cost drivers in dementia: a systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;30(2):111\u201329.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"815_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2021.1922369","volume":"37","author":"M Nakanishi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nakanishi M, Igarashi A, Ueda K, Brnabic AJM, Matsumura T, Meguro K, et al. Costs and resource use of community-dwelling patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Japan: 18-month results from the GERAS-J study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2021;37(8):1331\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190811","volume":"74","author":"M Nakanishi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nakanishi M, Igarashi A, Ueda K, Brnabic AJM, Treuer T, Sato M, et al. Costs and resource use associated with community-dwelling patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Japan: baseline results from the prospective observational GERAS-J study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;74(1):127\u201338.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"815_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052717","volume":"18","author":"H Oba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oba H, Kadoya Y, Okamoto H, Matsuoka T, Abe Y, Shibata K, et al. The economic burden of dementia: evidence from a survey of households of people with dementia and their caregivers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(5):2717.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"815_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gresentz CR, Mitchell JM, Rodriguez B, Turner RS, van der Klaauw W. The financial consequences of undiagnosed memory disorders. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports. 2024(1106).","DOI":"10.59576\/sr.1106"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-230032","volume":"7","author":"H Takechi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Takechi H, Yoshino H. Health care resource use and social costs in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep. 2023;7(1):731\u20138.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-231259","volume":"99","author":"AA Tahami Monfared","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tahami Monfared AA, Khachatryan A, Hummel N, Kopiec A, Martinez M, Zhang R, et al. Assessing quality of life, economic burden, and independence across the Alzheimer\u2019s disease continuum using patient-caregiver dyad surveys. J Alzheimers Dis. 2024;99(1):191\u2013206.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"815_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-191212","volume":"75","author":"RL Robinson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robinson RL, Rentz DM, Andrews JS, Zagar A, Kim Y, Bruemmer V, et al. Costs of early stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the United States: cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort study (GERAS-US). J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;75(2):437\u201350.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"815_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.3819","volume":"28","author":"P Gillespie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gillespie P, O\u2019Shea E, Cullinan J, Lacey L, Gallagher D, Ni Mhaolain A. The effects of dependence and function on costs of care for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment in Ireland. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;28(3):256\u201364.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"815_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190166","volume":"69","author":"X Yan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yan X, Li F, Chen S, Jia J. Associated factors of total costs of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a cluster-randomized observational study in China. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;69(3):795\u2013806.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"815_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa N, Ferlicoq L, Derumeaux-Burel H, Rapp T, Garnault V, Gillette-Guyonnet S, et al. Comparison of informal care time and costs in different age-related dementias: a review. BioMed Res Int 2013;2013(852368).","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/852368"},{"key":"815_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000249311.80411.93","volume":"67","author":"J Lopez-Bastida","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lopez-Bastida J, Serrano-Aguilar P, Perestelo-Perez L, Oliva-Moreno J. Social-economic costs and quality of life of Alzheimer disease in the Canary Islands, Spain. Neurology. 2006;67:2186\u201391.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"815_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2019.04.1937","volume":"22","author":"K Kongpakwattana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kongpakwattana K, Dejthevaporn C, Krairit O, Dilokthornsakul P, Mohan D, Chaiyakunapruk N. A real-world evidence analysis of associations among costs, quality of life, and disease-severity indicators of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Thailand. Value Health. 2019;22(10):1137\u201345.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2017.06.004","volume":"33","author":"RM Ruiz-Adame","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruiz-Adame RM, Correa M, Burton K. The opportunity costs of caring for people with dementia in Southern Spain. Gac Sanit. 2019;33(1):17\u201323.","journal-title":"Gac Sanit"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-023-00451-w","volume":"8","author":"L Gomez Maldonado","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gomez Maldonado L, de Mora-Figueroa R, Lopez-Angarita A, Maravilla-Herrera P, Merino M. Cost of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Spain according to disease severity. PharmacoEconomics - Open. 2024;8(1):103\u201314.","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics - Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"815_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.53","volume":"9","author":"R Martins","year":"2022","unstructured":"Martins R, Kotsopoulos N, Michalowsky B, Pemberton-Ross P, Urbich M, Connolly MP. Evaluation of the fiscal costs and consequences of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Germany: microsimulation of patients\u2019 and caregivers\u2019 pathways. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2022;9(4):758\u201368.","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171028","volume":"63","author":"P Maresova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maresova P, Dolejs J, Kuca K. Call for a uniform strategy of collecting Alzheimer\u2019s disease costs: a review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis JAD. 2018;63(1):227\u201338.","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis JAD"},{"issue":"3","key":"815_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160484","volume":"54","author":"P Maresova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maresova P, Klimova B, Novotny M, Kuca K. Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases: expected economic impact on Europe-a call for a uniform European strategy. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;54(3):1123\u201333.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.07.150","volume":"13","author":"A Wimo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wimo A, Guerchet M, Ali GC, Wu YT, Prina AM, Winblad B, et al. The worldwide costs of dementia 2015 and comparisons with 2010. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"3","key":"815_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2021.17","volume":"8","author":"MK Kliess","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kliess MK, Martins R, Connolly MP. Major cost drivers in assessing the economic burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a structured, rapid review. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2021;8(3):362\u201370.","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"815_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193209","volume":"13","author":"C Ferretti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferretti C, Sarti FM, Nitrini R, Ferreira FF, Brucki SMD. An assessment of direct and indirect costs of dementia in Brazil. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(3): e0193209.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"815_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230471","volume":"95","author":"H Fukuda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fukuda H, Kanzaki H, Murata F, Maeda M, Ikeda M, Michalowsky B. Disease burden and progression in patients with new-onset mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease identified from Japanese claims data: evidence from the LIFE study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2023;95(4):1559\u201372.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"815_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220415","volume":"91","author":"J Chandler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chandler J, Kubisiak J. Clinical and economic assessment in early-stage dementia by severity and amyloid-beta status: a 5-year retrospective claims study of GERAS-US patients. J Alzheimers Dis. 2023;91(2):753\u201365.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"815_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1204629","volume":"368","author":"MD Hurd","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hurd MD, Martorell P, Delavande A, Mullen KJ, Langa KM. Monetary costs of dementia in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(14):1326\u201334.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"815_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12400","volume":"18","author":"KH Long","year":"2022","unstructured":"Long KH, Smith C, Petersen R, Emerson J, Ransom J, Mielke MM, et al. Medical and nursing home costs: from cognitively unimpaired through dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2022;18(3):393\u2013407.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"9","key":"815_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1017\/S104161021500040X","volume":"27","author":"C Chiatti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chiatti C, Furneri G, Rimland JM, Demma F, Bonfranceschi F, Cassetta L, et al. The economic impact of moderate stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Italy: evidence from the UP-TECH randomized trial. Int Psychogeriatr. 2015;27(9):1563\u201372.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"815_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190426","volume":"70","author":"YH El-Hayek","year":"2019","unstructured":"El-Hayek YH, Wiley RE, Khoury CP, Daya RP, Ballard C, Evans AR, et al. Tip of the iceberg: assessing the global socioeconomic costs of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias and strategic implications for stakeholders. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;70(2):323\u201341.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"815_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-021-01079-6","volume":"39","author":"TJ Mattingly 2nd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mattingly TJ 2nd, McQueen RB, Lin PJ. Contextual considerations and recommendations for estimating the value of Alzheimer\u2019s disease therapies. Pharmacoeconomics. 2021;39(10):1101\u20137.","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"815_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2023.123","volume":"10","author":"S Cohen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cohen S, van Dyck CH, Gee M, Doherty T, Knaekiyo M, Dhadda S, et al. Lecanemab clarity AD: quality-of-life results from a randomized, double-blind phase 3 trial in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2023;10(4):771\u20137.","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0298-y","volume":"16","author":"A Goren","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goren A, Montgomery W, Kahle-Wrobleski K, Nakamura T, Ueda K. Impact of caring for persons with Alzheimer\u2019s disease or dementia on caregivers\u2019 health outcomes: findings from a community based survey in Japan. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220239","volume":"91","author":"A Kenne Malaha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kenne Malaha A, Thebaut C, Achille D, Preux PM, Guerchet M, Vandepitte S. Costs of dementia in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. J Alzheimers Dis. 2023;91(1):115\u201328.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"815_CR84","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"Q Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Q, Xiao X, Zhang J, Jiang D, Wilson A, Qian B, et al. The experiences of East Asian dementia caregivers in filial culture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"815_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.12.006","volume":"14","author":"J Jia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jia J, Wei C, Chen S, Tang Y, Qin W, Zhao L, et al. The cost of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in China and re-estimation of costs worldwide. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14(4):483\u201391.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"815_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.05.001","volume":"61","author":"J Gaskin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gaskin J, Gomes J, Darshan S, Krewski D. Burden of neurological conditions in Canada. Neurotoxicology. 2017;61:2\u201310.","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR87","first-page":"254","volume":"19","author":"NA Razi Modh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Razi Modh NA, Minhat HS, Zulkefli Mohd NA, Ahmad N, Mohd TAMT, Jaafar H. A systematic review on Caregiver\u2019s Burden among Caregivers of Dementia patients in Malaysia. Malaysian J Med Health Sci. 2023;19(1):254\u201362.","journal-title":"Malaysian J Med Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-221220","volume":"95","author":"JM Inoriza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Inoriza JM, Carreras M, Coderch J, Turro-Garriga O, Saez M, Garre-Olmo J. A 14-year longitudinal analysis of healthcare expenditure on dementia and related factors (DEMENCOST study). J Alzheimers Dis. 2023;95(1):131\u201347.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12578","volume":"18","author":"MJ Prados","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prados MJ, Liu Y, Jun H, Lam J, Mattke S. Projecting the long-term societal value of a disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the United States. Alzheimers Dement. 2022;18(1):142\u201351.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"9","key":"815_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000002172","volume":"101","author":"T Jia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jia T, Stapleton F, Iqbal F, Showyin J, Roy D, Roy M, et al. Comparison of eye drop retention time using fluorophotometry in three commercially available lubricant eye drops. Optom Vis Sci. 2024;101(9):603\u20137.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"815_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2014.01.001","volume":"116","author":"C Gerves","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gerves C, Chauvin P, Bellanger MM. Evaluation of full costs of care for patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease in France: the predominant role of informal care. Health Policy. 2014;116(1):114\u201322.","journal-title":"Health Policy"}],"container-title":["Neurology and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00815-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00815-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00815-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T12:03:14Z","timestamp":1758369794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00815-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00815-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8253","2193-6536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8253","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Carolyn Bodnar and Se Ryeong Jang are employees of Eisai. Nicole Ferko, Maria Cavaco and Christopher Olsen have nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article is based on previously published literature and does not contain any newly conducted studies based on human participants or animals as performed by any of the authors; thus, no ethics approvals were required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}