{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T10:52:27Z","timestamp":1793962347237,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006483","name":"AbbVie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006483","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-025-00827-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T08:42:18Z","timestamp":1759567338000},"page":"2491-2506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Improvement in Motor Consistency and Stability with Foslevodopa\/Foscarbidopa in Advanced Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Post Hoc Analysis of Two Phase 3 Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3176-6466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajesh","family":"Pahwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7441-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Aldred","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3944-1327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Soileau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2921-8348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G.","family":"Standaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3085-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor S. C.","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6496-7400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Kimber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6914-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene A.","family":"Malaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3126-5111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Santos-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7472-953X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5171-1166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tove","family":"Henriksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwini","family":"Parab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1467-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connie H.","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4854-6873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio F.","family":"Facheris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Spiegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Harmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Zamudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2815-0505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. Ray","family":"Chaudhuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"827_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","volume":"17","author":"GBD 2016 Parkinson's Disease Collaborators","year":"2018","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Parkinson's Disease Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(11):939\u201353","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"827_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1502165","volume":"34","author":"A Antonini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Antonini A, Stoessl AJ, Kleinman LS, et al. Developing consensus among movement disorder specialists on clinical indicators for identification and management of advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: a multi-country Delphi-panel approach. Curr Med Res Opin. 2018;34(12):2063\u201373","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"827_CR3","first-page":"4047392","volume":"2017","author":"MR Luquin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luquin MR, Kulisevsky J, Martinez-Martin P, Mir P, Tolosa ES. Consensus on the definition of advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: a neurologists-based Delphi study (CEPA study). Parkinsons Dis. 2017;2017:4047392","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"827_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.09.024","volume":"80","author":"PA LeWitt","year":"2020","unstructured":"LeWitt PA, Chaudhuri KR. Unmet needs in Parkinson disease: motor and non-motor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020;80(Suppl 1):S7\u201312","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"827_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.107123","volume":"129","author":"K Poplawska-Domaszewicz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Poplawska-Domaszewicz K, Qamar MA, Falup Pecurariu C, Chaudhuri KR. Recognition and characterising non-motor profile in early onset Parkinson\u2019s disease (EOPD). Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2024;129:107123","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"827_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhuri KR, Poplawska-Domaszewicz K, Subramanian I, Jost WH. Non-motor Parkinson: subtypes, biomarkers, stepped care and a journal! J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-025-02895-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-025-02895-2"},{"issue":"8","key":"827_CR7","first-page":"504","volume":"40","author":"G DeMaagd","year":"2015","unstructured":"DeMaagd G, Philip A. Parkinson\u2019s disease and its management: part 1: disease entity, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis. P T. 2015;40(8):504\u201332","journal-title":"P T"},{"issue":"2","key":"827_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000001470","volume":"42","author":"A Bestetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bestetti A, Capozza A, Lacerenza M, Manfredi L, Mancini F. Delayed gastric emptying in advanced Parkinson disease: correlation with therapeutic doses. Clin Nucl Med. 2017;42(2):83\u20137","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"827_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.8.1083","volume":"64","author":"AH Schapira","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schapira AH. Treatment options in the modern management of Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2007;64(8):1083\u20138","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"827_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-024-00635-4","volume":"13","author":"K Poplawska-Domaszewicz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Poplawska-Domaszewicz K, Batzu L, Falup-Pecurariu C, Chaudhuri KR. Subcutaneous levodopa: a new engine for the vintage molecule. Neurol Ther. 2024;13(4):1055\u201368","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"827_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70293-X","volume":"13","author":"CW Olanow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Olanow CW, Kieburtz K, Odin P, et al. Continuous intrajejunal infusion of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel for patients with advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomised, controlled, double-blind, double-dummy study. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(2):141\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"827_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-022-00332-0","volume":"11","author":"R Pahwa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pahwa R, Aldred J, Gupta N, et al. Patterns of daily motor-symptom control with carbidopa\/levodopa enteral suspension versus oral carbidopa\/levodopa therapy in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical trial post hoc analyses. Neurol Ther. 2022;11(2):711\u201323.","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"827_CR13","unstructured":"AbbVie Inc. Produodopa (foscarbidopa and foslevodopa solution for infusion) prescribing information. Summary of product characteristics. 2023. Accessed 11 March 2025. https:\/\/www.abbviepro.com\/gb\/en\/neuroscience\/parkinsons\/products\/produodopa-home\/prescribing-information.html."},{"key":"827_CR14","unstructured":"Abbvie, Inc. Vyalev (foscarbidopa and foslevodopa injection for subcutaneous use) prescribing information. 2024. Accessed 11 March 2025. https:\/\/www.rxabbvie.com\/pdf\/vyalev_pi.pdf."},{"issue":"4","key":"827_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212813","volume":"11","author":"M Rosebraugh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosebraugh M, Liu W, Neenan M, Facheris MF. Foslevodopa\/foscarbidopa is well tolerated and maintains stable levodopa and carbidopa exposure following subcutaneous infusion. J Parkinsons Dis. 2021;11(4):1695\u2013702.","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"827_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2022.03.012","volume":"97","author":"M Rosebraugh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rosebraugh M, Stodtmann S, Liu W, Facheris MF. Foslevodopa\/foscarbidopa subcutaneous infusion maintains equivalent levodopa exposure to levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel delivered to the jejunum. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2022;97:68\u201372.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"827_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00400-8","volume":"21","author":"MJ Soileau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soileau MJ, Aldred J, Budur K, et al. Safety and efficacy of continuous subcutaneous foslevodopa-foscarbidopa in patients with advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(12):1099\u2013109.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"827_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-023-00533-1","volume":"12","author":"J Aldred","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aldred J, Freire-Alvarez E, Amelin AV, et al. Continuous subcutaneous foslevodopa\/foscarbidopa in Parkinson\u2019s disease: safety and efficacy results from a 12-month, single-arm, open-label, phase 3 study. Neurol Ther. 2023;12(6):1937\u201358.","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"827_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20248","volume":"19","author":"RA Hauser","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hauser RA, Deckers F, Lehert P. Parkinson\u2019s disease home diary: further validation and implications for clinical trials. Mov Disord. 2004;19(12):1409\u201313.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"827_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200003000-00003","volume":"23","author":"RA Hauser","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hauser RA, Friedlander J, Zesiewicz TA, et al. A home diary to assess functional status in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2000;23(2):75\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"827_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.034553","volume":"75","author":"P Chan\u00e1","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chan\u00e1 P, Kuntsmann C, Reyes-Parada M, S\u00e1ez-Briones P. Delayed early morning turn \u201cON\u201d in response to a single dose of levodopa in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: pharmacokinetics should be considered. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(12):1782\u20133.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"827_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2023.2176220","volume":"23","author":"A Lees","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lees A, Tolosa E, Stocchi F, et al. Optimizing levodopa therapy, when and how? Perspectives on the importance of delivery and the potential for an early combination approach. Expert Rev Neurother. 2023;23(1):15\u201324.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"1","key":"827_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12350","volume":"4","author":"S Isaacson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Isaacson S, Lew M, Ondo W, Hubble J, Clinch T, Pagan F. Apomorphine subcutaneous injection for the management of morning akinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2017;4(1):78\u201383.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"}],"container-title":["Neurology and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00827-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00827-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00827-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T10:45:22Z","timestamp":1763376322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00827-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00827-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8253","2193-6536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8253","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Rajesh Pahwa has received consulting fees from AbbVie, ACADIA, Acorda, Adamas, Cynapses, Global Kinetics, Lundbeck, Neurocrine, Pfizer, Sage, Sunovion, Teva Neuroscience, and US World Meds; and received research grants from AbbVie, Adamas, Avid, Biotie, Boston Scientific, Civitas, Cynapses, Kyowa, National Parkinson Foundation, NIH\/NINDS, and Parkinson Study Group. Jason Aldred has been a consultant and received honorarium from AbbVie, Acorda, Adamas, Allergan, Boston Scientific, Teva, Medtronic, and US World Meds; and received research support from AbbVie, Abbott, Acadia, Biogen, Boston Scientific, Denali, Impax\/Amneal, Neuroderm, NINDS, Novartis, Sunovion, and Theravance. Michael J Soileau has received advisory\/consulting fees from AbbVie, Abbott, Amneal, Merz, Medtronic, Neurocrine, and Supernus; received research support from AbbVie, Cerevel, Cerevance, CND Lifesciences, Intra-Cellular, Jazz, Praxis Precision Medicine, Scion, and Teva; has served on the speaking bureau for AbbVie, Amneal, Biogen, and Kyowa Kirin; and has received grant support from the Huntington\u2019s Disease Society of America (HDSA). David G Standaert is a member of the Faculty of the University of Alabama at Birmingham and is supported by endowment and University funds; is an investigator in studies funded by AbbVie, Inc., the American Parkinson Disease Association, the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson Research, The National Parkinson Foundation, Alabama Department of Commerce, Alabama Innovation Fund, Genetech, the Department of Defense, and NIH grant P50NS108675; has has a clinical practice and is compensated for his services through the University of Alabama Health Services Foundation; and serves as deputy editor for the journal\n                      Movement Disorders\n                      and is compensated for this role by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society. In addition, since 1 January 2022, he has served as a consultant for or received honoraria from AbbVie Inc., Alnylam Pharmaceutics, Appello, Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Inc., BlueRock Therapeutics, Coave Therapeutics Curium Pharma, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Eli Lilly USA, Sanofi-Aventis, Kenai Therapeutics, Guidepoint, Intrance Therapeutics, CVS\/Pharmacy and Theravance, Inc.; and has also received book royalties from McGraw-Hill Publishers. Victor S C Fung receives a salary from NSW Health; has received unrestricted research grants from the Michael J Fox Foundation, AbbVie, and Merz; and receives royalties from Health Press Ltd and Taylor and Francis Group LLC. Thomas Kimber has\u00a0received travel support from Medtronic to participate in a workshop on deep brain stimulation; and is on advisory boards and\/or has received remuneration for speaking engagements from AbbVie, Allergan, Seqirus, and Teva. Irene A Malaty has participated in research funded by AbbVie, Emalex, Neuroderm, Praxis, Revance, and SAGE; has received consulting fees from AbbVie; and has received travel compensation or honoraria from Medscape and royalties from Robert Rose publishers. Diego Santos-Garc\u00eda has received honoraria for educational presentations; has served as an advisor for AbbVie, Arch\u00edmedes, Bial, Esteve, Italfarmaco, KRKA, Lundbeck, Merz, Stada, Teva, UCB, and Zambon; and has received grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness co-founded by ISCIII. Camille Carroll has received advisory, consulting, or lecture fees from AbbVie, Bial, Britannia, InMuneBio, Merz, Mission Therapeutics, and Roche; and has recieved research funding from Parkinson's UK, Edmond J Safra Foundation, National Institute of Health and Care Research, Michael J Fox Foundation, and Cure Parkinson's. Tove Henriksen has received honoraria for speaker-related activities from AbbVie, Britannia, Convatec, Nordic Infucare, and Neuroderm; serves on a data monitoring committee for Lundbeck; and is a principal investigator for an AbbVie-sponsored study. Ashwini Parab, Connie H Yan, Amy Spiegel, Linda Harmer, and Jorge Zamudio are full-time employees of AbbVie and may hold AbbVie stock or stock options. Maurizio F Facheris is a former employee of AbbVie and may hold AbbVie stock or stock options; he is currently employed by Vanqua Bio. K Ray Chaudhuri reports receiving advisory board fees for AbbVie, Bial, Cynapsus, GKC, Lobsor, Profile, Roche, Scion, Stada, Sunovion, Therevance, UCB, and Zambon, as well as honoraria for lectures for AbbVie, Britannia, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bial, Kyowa Kirin, Novartis, SK Pharma, UCB, and Zambon; has received grants from Bial, EU Horizon 2020, NIHR, Parkinson\u2019s Foundation, Parkinson\u2019s UK, and Wellcome Trust; has received royalties or licenses (ongoing) from Oxford (book), Cambridge publishers (book), MAPI institute (KPPS, PDSS 2); and has received payment for expert testimony for the General Medical Council (UK).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"These studies were conducted in accordance with their respective protocols, International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines, and guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. These studies were approved by independent ethics committees or institutional review boards at each study site (independent ethics committee\/institutional review board details have been previously published for the OLT [\n                      \n                      ], and are provided in the supplementary appendix for the RCT). Participants and their caregivers (if applicable) provided written informed consent before screening. These studies were registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04380142 and NCT03781167). Permissions were obtained to use the scales employed in this study (e.g., PD Hauser diary, Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}