{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T15:22:14Z","timestamp":1778685734467,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-026-00909-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:55:24Z","timestamp":1774263324000},"page":"907-923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Managing Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis Across the Lifespan: A Narrative Review with Expert Opinion from Norway"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Cecilia Smith","family":"Simonsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marton","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stein Henry","family":"Bjelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilde-Marie","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Dugstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00d8ivind","family":"Torkildsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"14","key":"909_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","volume":"26","author":"C Walton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walton C, King R, Rechtman L, et al. Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Mult Scler. 2020;26(14):1816\u201321.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"909_CR2","unstructured":"MS Society. MS in the UK. Available at https:\/\/www.mssociety.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-12\/MS%20in%20the%20UK_2022.pdf (Accessed May 2025)."},{"issue":"4","key":"909_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12047-9","volume":"271","author":"A Habbestad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Habbestad A, Willumsen JS, Aarseth JH, et al. Increasing age of multiple sclerosis onset from 1920 to 2022: a population-based study. J Neurol. 2024;271(4):1610\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"909_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10279-7","volume":"268","author":"CS Simonsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simonsen CS, Flemmen H\u00d8, Broch L, et al. The course of multiple sclerosis rewritten: a Norwegian population-based study on disease demographics and progression. J Neurol. 2021;268(4):1330\u201341.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"909_CR5","unstructured":"Aarseth JH, Smedal T, Sk\u00e5r AB, Henriksen H, Wergeland S, Bergen H, Norwegian multiple sclerosis register and biobank Annual Report 2024 with plan for improvement measures for 2025. 15 June 2025. Available at https:\/\/www.helse-bergen.no\/4a6add\/contentassets\/5719ddac325e4519b73347e8ffaf13bf\/arsrappor2024_nmsrb_v_17_09_2025.pdf (Accessed December 2025; in Norwegian with English summary)."},{"issue":"8","key":"909_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-315238","volume":"88","author":"HMB Lunde","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lunde HMB, Assmus J, Myhr KM, B\u00f8 L, Grytten N. Survival and cause of death in multiple sclerosis: a 60-year longitudinal population study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017;88(8):621\u20135.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"909_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz055","volume":"142","author":"E Kingwell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kingwell E, Leray E, Zhu F, et al. Multiple sclerosis: effect of beta interferon treatment on survival. Brain. 2019;142(5):1324\u201333.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"9","key":"909_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa145","volume":"143","author":"PS Sorensen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sorensen PS, Sellebjerg F, Hartung HP, Montalban X, Comi G, Tintor\u00e9 M. The apparently milder course of multiple sclerosis: changes in the diagnostic criteria, therapy and natural history. Brain. 2020;143(9):2637\u201352.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"909_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghezzi A, Baroncini D, ZaffaroniM, Comi G. Pediatric versus adult MS: similar or different? Mult Scler Demyelinating Disord. 2017;2(5):https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40893-017-0022-6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40893-017-0022-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"909_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00289-7","volume":"22","author":"T Kuhlmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuhlmann T, Moccia M, Coetzee T, et al. Multiple sclerosis progression: time for a new mechanism-driven framework. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22(1):78\u201388.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"909_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-018-1026-3","volume":"18","author":"R Alroughani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alroughani R, Boyko A. Pediatric multiple sclerosis: a review. BMC Neurol. 2018;18(1):27.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"909_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.1008","volume":"78","author":"D Baroncini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baroncini D, Simone M, Iaffaldano P, et al. Risk of persistent disability in patients with pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(6):726\u201335.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"909_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh714","volume":"129","author":"C Confavreux","year":"2006","unstructured":"Confavreux C, Vukusic S. Age at disability milestones in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2006;129(Pt 3):595\u2013605.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"909_CR14","first-page":"445","volume":"8","author":"S Ghai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghai S, Kasilingam E, Lanzillo R, et al. Needs and experiences of children and adolescents with pediatric multiple sclerosis and their caregivers: a systematic review. Children (Basel). 2021;8(6):445.","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"909_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520959673","volume":"27","author":"MS Boesen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boesen MS, Blinkenberg M, Thygesen LC, Eriksson F, Magyari M. School performance, psychiatric comorbidity, and healthcare utilization in pediatric multiple sclerosis: a nationwide population-based observational study. Mult Scler. 2021;27(2):259\u201367.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"3","key":"909_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12964","volume":"58","author":"S Carroll","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carroll S, Chalder T, Hemingway C, Heyman I, Moss-Morris R. Understanding fatigue in paediatric multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of clinical and psychosocial factors. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58(3):229\u201339.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"909_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07281-y","volume":"45","author":"S Tarantino","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tarantino S, Proietti Checchi M, Papetti L, Monte G, Ferilli MAN, Valeriani M. Neuropsychological performances, quality of life, and psychological issues in pediatric onset multiple sclerosis: a narrative review. Neurol Sci. 2024;45(5):1913\u201330.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"909_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218215","volume":"14","author":"RA Marrie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marrie RA, O\u2019Mahony J, Maxwell CJ, et al. High rates of health care utilization in pediatric multiple sclerosis: a Canadian population-based study. PLoS One. 2019;14(6):e0218215.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"909_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-018-0243-7","volume":"12","author":"TP Cross","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cross TP, Shanks AK, Duffy LV, Rintell DJ. Families\u2019 experience of pediatric onset multiple sclerosis. J Child Adolesc Trauma. 2019;12(4):425\u201335.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Trauma"},{"issue":"11","key":"909_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514526942","volume":"20","author":"LE Charvet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Charvet LE, Cleary RE, Vazquez K, Belman AL, US Network for Pediatric MS. Social cognition in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (MS). Mult Scler. 2014;20(11):1478\u201384.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"2","key":"909_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26502","volume":"93","author":"CM Gaudioso","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gaudioso CM, Mar S, Casper TC, et al. MOG and AQP4 antibodies among children with multiple sclerosis and controls. Ann Neurol. 2023;93(2):271\u201384.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"909_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00270-4","volume":"24","author":"X Montalban","year":"2025","unstructured":"Montalban X, Lebrun-Fr\u00e9nay C, Oh J, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2025;24(10):850\u201365.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"909_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00047-6","volume":"8","author":"S Sharmin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharmin S, Roos I, Malpas CB, et al. Disease-modifying therapies in managing disability worsening in paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal analysis of global and national registries. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2024;8(5):348\u201357.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"909_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2024.02.389","volume":"180","author":"E Leray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leray E, Regaert C, Duguet E, Guillaume S, Pichetti S, Espagnacq M. Impact of multiple sclerosis on employment and income: insights from a random sample representative of private sector employees in France using longitudinal administrative data. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2024;180(8):754\u201365.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"7","key":"909_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06029-4","volume":"43","author":"T Guerra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guerra T, Pipoli A, Viterbo RG, et al. Predictors of unemployment status in people with relapsing multiple sclerosis: a single center experience. Neurol Sci. 2022;43(7):4387\u201392.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"909_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julian LJ, Vella L, Vollmer T, Hadjimichael O, Mohr DC. Employment in multiple sclerosis. Exiting and re-entering the work force. J Neurol. 2008;255(9):1354\u20131360.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0910-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"909_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-023-10149-9","volume":"34","author":"M Ponzio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ponzio M, Podda J, Pignattelli E, et al. Work difficulties in people with multiple sclerosis. J Occup Rehabil. 2024;34(3):606\u201317.","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"key":"909_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2024.04.002","volume":"16","author":"EEA van Egmond","year":"2024","unstructured":"van Egmond EEA, van der Hiele K, de Rooij MJ, et al. Longitudinal determinants of employment status in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. IBRO Neurosci Rep. 2024;16:518\u201326.","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"909_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024836","volume":"9","author":"M Wiberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wiberg M, Murley C, Tingh\u00f6g P, et al. Earnings among people with multiple sclerosis compared to references, in total and by educational level and type of occupation: a population-based cohort study at different points in time. BMJ Open. 2019;9(7):e024836.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"909_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-025-04054-2","volume":"25","author":"R Dehghaniathar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dehghaniathar R, Faegh A, Hajiakhoundi F, Shakiba B, Najjar Z. Sexual dysfunction and quality of life across age groups in multiple sclerosis patients: a prospective cross-sectional analysis. BMC Neurol. 2025;25(1):42.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"909_CR31","unstructured":"National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. Multiple sclerosis in adults: management. In: Reference number: NG220. Published: 22 June 2022. Available at https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng220\/chapter\/Recommendations#ms-symptom-management-and-rehabilitation (Accessed December 2025)."},{"key":"909_CR32","unstructured":"European Union. Eurostat. In: Fertility statistics. February 2025. Available at https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=Fertility_statistics (Accessed May 2023)."},{"key":"909_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000745","volume":"25","author":"AM Langer-Gould","year":"2019","unstructured":"Langer-Gould AM. Pregnancy and family planning in multiple sclerosis. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2019;25:773\u201392.","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"909_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585251316474","volume":"31","author":"E Maillart","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maillart E, Rollot F, Leray E, et al. Pregnancy and birth outcomes in women with multiple sclerosis: comparison of the RESPONSE study to the general French population. Mult Scler. 2025;31:324\u201337.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"5","key":"909_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807303390501","volume":"339","author":"C Confavreux","year":"1998","unstructured":"Confavreux C, Hutchinson M, Hours MM, Cortinovis-Tourniaire P, Moreau T, Pregnancy in Multiple Sclerosis Group. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(5):285\u201391.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"909_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009374","volume":"94","author":"A Langer-Gould","year":"2020","unstructured":"Langer-Gould A, Smith JB, Albers KB, et al. Pregnancy-related relapses and breastfeeding in a contemporary multiple sclerosis cohort. Neurology. 2020;94(18):e1939\u201349.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"909_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.132","volume":"66","author":"A Langer-Gould","year":"2009","unstructured":"Langer-Gould A, Huang SM, Gupta R, et al. Exclusive breastfeeding and the risk of postpartum relapses in women with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(8):958\u201363.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"909_CR38","first-page":"34","volume":"12","author":"SF Wesley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wesley SF, Fabian M, Krieger S. Exploring patients\u2019 knowledge and misconceptions about multiple sclerosis and pregnancy. US Neurol. 2016;12:34\u20138.","journal-title":"US Neurol"},{"key":"909_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/01376517-200206000-00007","volume":"34","author":"SC Smeltzer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smeltzer SC. Reproductive decision making in women with multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Nurs. 2002;34:145\u201357.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Nurs"},{"key":"909_CR40","first-page":"2","volume":"8","author":"F Ghafoori","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghafoori F, Dehghan-Nayeri N, Khakbazan Z, Hedayatnejad M, Nabavi SM. Pregnancy and motherhood concerns surrounding women with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative content analysis. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2020;8:2\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery"},{"issue":"1","key":"909_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000200222","volume":"14","author":"EE Kelly","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kelly EE, Engel C, Pearsall R, et al. Multiple sclerosis and family planning: a survey study of the patient experience. Neurol Clin Pract. 2024;14(1):e200222.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"909_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585251315077","volume":"31","author":"CS Simonsen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Simonsen CS, Flemmen H\u00d8, Broch L, et al. Reduced childbirth rates in multiple sclerosis from the prodromal phase: evidence from a population-based cohort study. Mult Scler. 2025;31(4):398\u2013407.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"2","key":"909_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2018-002060","volume":"19","author":"R Dobson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dobson R, Dassan P, Roberts M, Giovannoni G, Nelson-Piercy C, Brex PA. UK consensus on pregnancy in multiple sclerosis: \u201cAssociation of British Neurologists\u201d guidelines. Pract Neurol. 2019;19(2):106\u201314.","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"909_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241228103","volume":"30","author":"J Hillert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hillert J, Bove R, Haddad LB, et al. Expert opinion on the use of contraception in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2024;30(9):1093\u2013106.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"11","key":"909_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.3331","volume":"80","author":"J M\u00fcller","year":"2023","unstructured":"M\u00fcller J, Cagol A, Lorscheider J, et al. Harmonizing definitions for progression independent of relapse activity in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. JAMA Neurol. 2023;80(11):1232\u201345.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"909_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241266180","volume":"30","author":"L Prosperini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prosperini L, Ruggieri S, Haggiag S, Tortorella C, Gasperini C. Disability patterns in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis on RAW and PIRA in the real-world context. Mult Scler. 2024;30(10):1309\u201321.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"909_CR47","unstructured":"MS Society. Information for employers. Available at https:\/\/www.mssociety.org.uk\/living-with-ms\/working-and-ms\/information-for-employers (accessed May 2025)."},{"key":"909_CR48","unstructured":"European Multiple Sclerosis Platform. A practical toolkit for employers. Available at https:\/\/emsp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/PPP-Working-Out-MS-in-the-Workplace-Toolkit-Jan2016.pdf (Accessed May 2025)."},{"issue":"2","key":"909_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14020081","volume":"14","author":"R De Masi","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Masi R, Orlando S, De Donno A. The age-related efficacy of dimethyl fumarate and natalizumab in the real-world management of multiple sclerosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(2):81.","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"909_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00577","volume":"8","author":"AM Weideman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weideman AM, Tapia-Maltos MA, Johnson K, Greenwood M, Bielekova B. Meta-analysis of the age-dependent efficacy of multiple sclerosis treatments. Front Neurol. 2017;8:577.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"14","key":"909_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231199820","volume":"29","author":"SLS Jacober","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jacober SLS, Disanto G, Sacco R, et al. Interplay between age and disease-modifying treatments in influencing infection risk in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2023;29(14):1765\u201375.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"4","key":"909_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000213967","volume":"105","author":"S Al-Araji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Al-Araji S, Moccia M, Jha A, et al. Effectiveness of disease-modifying therapies in patients with late-onset relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2025;105(4):e213967.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"909_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.106236","volume":"94","author":"CM Lambert","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lambert CM, Hussain T, Peters J, Longbrake EE. Real-world infection risk in multiple sclerosis patients on long-term immunomodulatory treatments. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2025;94:106236.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"909_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492678","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1492678","volume":"15","author":"M Bayounis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bayounis M, Bin Mahfooz M, Assiri M, et al. Risk of malignancy and the use of disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis: exploring the role of DMT in a multi-center study. Front Neurol. 2024;15:1492678.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"909_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1575653","volume":"16","author":"T Glenn","year":"2025","unstructured":"Glenn T, Berger JR, McEntire CRS. Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Front Neurol. 2025;16:1575653.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"909_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16566","volume":"32","author":"CS Simonsen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Simonsen CS, Flemmen H\u00d8, Broch L, et al. The influence of menopause on multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2025;32(1):e16566.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"909_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-023-01326-7","volume":"24","author":"S Hsu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hsu S, Bove R. Hormonal therapies in multiple sclerosis: a review of clinical data. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2024;24:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"909_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S334719","volume":"15","author":"L Lorefice","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lorefice L, D\u2019Alterio MN, Firinu D, Fenu G, Cocco E. Impact of menopause in patients with multiple sclerosis: current perspectives. Int J Womens Health. 2023;15:103\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"key":"909_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smith Simonsen C, Moen MH, Celius EG. Lower threshold for hormone therapy in women with multiple sclerosis. Tidsskr Nodr Legeforen. 2025;145: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4045\/tidsskr.25.0070. (Available at https:\/\/tidsskriftet.no\/en\/2025\/05\/perspectives\/lower-threshold-hormone-therapy-women-multiple-sclerosis Accessed September 2025).","DOI":"10.4045\/tidsskr.25.0070"},{"issue":"8","key":"909_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-025-01115-5","volume":"21","author":"A van der Walt","year":"2025","unstructured":"van der Walt A, Strijbis EMM, Bridge F, et al. Advancing multiple sclerosis management in older adults. Nat Rev Neurol. 2025;21(8):432\u201348.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"909_CR61","volume":"22","author":"JS Brand","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brand JS, Smith KA, Piehl F, Olsson T, Montgomery S. Risk of serious infections in multiple sclerosis patients by disease course and disability status: results from a Swedish register-based study. Brain Behav Immun. 2022;22:100470.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"909_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00184-3","volume":"22","author":"JS Graves","year":"2023","unstructured":"Graves JS, Krysko KM, Hua LH, Absinta M, Franklin RJM, Segal BM. Ageing and multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22(1):66\u201377.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"909_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01451-2","volume":"8","author":"Z Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Z, Liang Q, Ren Y, et al. Immunosenescence: molecular mechanisms and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8:200.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"909_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2023.1234572","volume":"4","author":"S Thakolwiboon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thakolwiboon S, Mills EA, Yang J, et al. Immunosenescence and multiple sclerosis: inflammaging for prognosis and therapeutic consideration. Front Aging. 2023;4:1234572.","journal-title":"Front Aging"},{"key":"909_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241272938","volume":"30","author":"EM Coerver","year":"2024","unstructured":"Coerver EM, Ka\u00e7ar S, Ciccarelli O, et al. Aging is associated with reduced inflammatory disease activity independent of disease duration in relapsing multiple sclerosis trial populations. Mult Scler. 2024;30:1296\u2013308.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"909_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1334","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012603","volume":"97","author":"MW Koch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koch MW, Mostert J, Zhang Y, et al. Association of age with contrast-enhancing lesions across the multiple sclerosis disease spectrum. Neurology. 2021;97:e1334\u201342.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"909_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-020-01046-2","volume":"20","author":"B Zeydan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeydan B, Kantarci OH. Impact of age on multiple sclerosis disease activity and progression. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2020;20:24.","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"909_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.145805","volume":"79","author":"H Tremlett","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tremlett H, Zhao Y, Joseph J, Devonshire V, UBCMS Clinic Neurologists. Relapses in multiple sclerosis are age- and time-dependent. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:1368\u201374.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"909_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231168043","volume":"29","author":"S Otero-Romero","year":"2023","unstructured":"Otero-Romero S, Lebrun-Fr\u00e9nay C, Reyes S, et al. ECTRIMS\/EAN consensus on vaccination in people with multiple sclerosis: improving immunization strategies in the era of highly active immunotherapeutic drugs. Mult Scler. 2023;29(8):904\u201325.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"909_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1197195","volume":"14","author":"RA Marrie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marrie RA, Fisk JD, Fitzgerald K, et al. Etiology, effects and management of comorbidities in multiple sclerosis: recent advances. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1197195.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"909_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105943","volume":"92","author":"HA Frank","year":"2024","unstructured":"Frank HA, Chao M, Tremlett H, et al. Comorbidities and their association with outcomes in the multiple sclerosis population: a rapid review. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;92:105943.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"909_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209135","volume":"102","author":"A Salter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salter A, Lancia S, Kowalec K, Fitzgerald KC, Marrie RA. Investigating the prevalence of comorbidity in multiple sclerosis clinical trial populations. Neurology. 2024;102:e209135.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"909_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241260550","volume":"30","author":"G Mallucci","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mallucci G, Monti MC, Ponzio M, Borrelli P, Montomoli C, Bergamaschi R. Impact of multiple sclerosis comorbidities on quality of life and job activity. Mult Scler. 2024;30(8):1047\u201355.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"909_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102815","volume":"50","author":"A Ostolaza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ostolaza A, Corroza J, Ayuso T. Multiple sclerosis and aging: comorbidity and treatment challenges. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;50:102815.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"909_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104084","volume":"67","author":"M Staniki\u0107","year":"2022","unstructured":"Staniki\u0107 M, Salmen A, Chan A, et al. Association of age and disease duration with comorbidities and disability: a study of the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Registry. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2022;67:104084.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"909_CR76","unstructured":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Maintaining cognitive health in MS. Available at https:\/\/www.nationalmssociety.org\/managing-ms\/living-with-ms\/cognitive-health. (Accessed December 2025)."},{"issue":"18","key":"909_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200366","volume":"98","author":"JH Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang JH, Graves JS. Cancer screening in patients with multiple sclerosis: are we doing enough? Neurology. 2022;98(18):737\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"909_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae409","volume":"148","author":"G Androdias","year":"2025","unstructured":"Androdias G, L\u00fcnemann JD, Maillart E, et al. De-escalating and discontinuing disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2025;148(5):1459\u201378.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"909_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1197212","volume":"14","author":"G Macaron","year":"2023","unstructured":"Macaron G, Larochelle C, Arbour N, et al. Impact of aging on treatment considerations for multiple sclerosis patients. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1197212.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"909_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000960","volume":"34","author":"HP Hartung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hartung HP, Meuth SG, Miller DM, Comi G. Stopping disease-modifying therapy in relapsing and progressive multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2021;34(4):598\u2013603.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"909_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20130081","volume":"71","author":"GS Olival","year":"2013","unstructured":"Olival GS, Cavenaghi VB, Serafim V, Thomaz RB, Tilbery CP. Medication withdrawal may be an option for a select group of patients in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2013;71:516\u201320.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"3S","key":"909_CR82","first-page":"76","volume":"29","author":"E Coerver","year":"2023","unstructured":"Coerver E, Fung WH, De Beukelaar J, Bouvy W, Canta L, Gerlach O, et al. Discontinuation of first-line disease-modifying therapy in stable multiple sclerosis (DOT-MS): an early terminated multicenter randomized controlled trial. Mult Scler J. 2023;29(3S):76.","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"issue":"5","key":"909_CR83","first-page":"490","volume":"81","author":"G Jouvenot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jouvenot G, Courbon G, Lefort M, et al. Effects of high-efficacy therapy discontinuation vs continuation in patients with non-active multiple sclerosis aged over 50. Lancet Neurol. 2024;81(5):490\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"909_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1926","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201029","volume":"99","author":"I Roos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roos I, Malpas C, Leray E, et al. Disease reactivation after cessation of disease-modifying therapy in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2022;99:e1926\u201344.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"909_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00154-0","volume":"22","author":"JR Corboy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corboy JR, Fox RJ, Kister I, et al. Risk of new disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis who continue or discontinue disease-modifying therapies (DISCOMS): a multicentre, randomised, single-blind, phase 4, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22:568\u201377.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3S","key":"909_CR86","first-page":"356","volume":"29","author":"J Corboy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corboy J, Engebretson E, Cutter G, et al. DISCOntinuation of disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis (DISCOMS): primary results of the extension trial. Mult Scler J. 2023;29(3S):356.","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"909_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muller J, Sharmin S, Buzzard K, et al. Treatment de-escalation in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis\u2014an observational study. Abstract CS7 published at the 2025 ANZAN Annual Scientific Meeting. BMJ Neurol Open. 2025;7(Suppl 1):A6.2\u2013A6. Available at https:\/\/neurologyopen.bmj.com\/content\/7\/Suppl_1\/A6.2 (Accessed December 2025).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjno-2025-ANZAN.15"},{"key":"909_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106552","volume":"100","author":"C Goldschmidt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Goldschmidt C, Glassman J, Ly B, et al. De-escalation of disease modifying therapies: a retrospective, observational single center study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2025;100:106552.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"909_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70042","volume":"32","author":"F Elberling","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elberling F, Mahler MR, Pontieri L, Sellebjerg F, DMSG Study Group. De-escalation of disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis-a Danish nationwide cohort study. Eur J Neurol. 2025;32(2):e70042.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"909_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223231172920","volume":"14","author":"AB Ben-Zacharia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ben-Zacharia AB, Lee JM, Kahle JS, Lord B. Shared decision-making in multiple sclerosis physical symptomatic care: a systematic review. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2023;14:20406223231172920.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"key":"909_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurup M, Williams L, Davis E. Eliciting the hidden symptoms in multiple sclerosis. In: Abstract 092 at the 2021 meeting of the Association of British Neurologists [Available at https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/content\/93\/6\/A129.2. (Accessed May 2025)].","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-ABN.417"},{"issue":"2","key":"909_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-024-00584-y","volume":"13","author":"A Barrett","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barrett A, Olayinka-Amao O, Ziemssen T, Bharadia T, Henke C, Kamudoni P. Understanding the symptoms and impacts experienced by people with relapsing-remitting ms: a qualitative investigation using semi-structured interviews. Neurol Ther. 2024;13(2):449\u201364.","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"909_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/scs.70028","volume":"39","author":"SG Roikjaer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Roikjaer SG, Beck M, Asgari N, Skou ST, Tang LH, Simon\u00ff C. Navigating loss and growth in chronic illness: an interview study on physical activity and well-being. Scand J Caring Sci. 2025;39(2):e70028.","journal-title":"Scand J Caring Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"909_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2019-129","volume":"24","author":"S Damanabi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Damanabi S, Salimzadeh Z, Kalankesh LR, Shaafi S, Ferdousi R. Exploring self-management needs of persons with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study for mobile application development. Int J MS Care. 2022;24(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"key":"909_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205520762311735","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076231173531","volume":"9","author":"G Giovannoni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Giovannoni G, Alvarez E, Tutton E, et al. Development and usability testing of your MS questionnaire: a patient-based digital tool to monitor symptoms of multiple sclerosis. Digit Health. 2023;9:20552076231173532.","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"909_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104609","volume":"72","author":"A G\u00f3mez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2023","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-L\u00f3pez A, Benito-Le\u00f3n J, Labiano-Fontcuberta A, Moreno-Garc\u00eda S, Salgado-C\u00e1mara P. Impact of a specific consultation for patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis on the response to their unmet care needs: a cross-sectional study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023;72:104609.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"909_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104024","volume":"65","author":"E Altunisik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Altunisik E, Firat YE, Kiyak Keceli Y. Content and quality analysis of videos about multiple sclerosis on social media: the case of YouTube. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2022;65:104024.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"909_CR98","unstructured":"Pettigrew M. Social media and MS: pros and cons. In: MS Focus magazine. 2016. Available at https:\/\/www.msfocusmagazine.org\/Magazine\/Magazine-Items\/Exclusive-Content\/2019\/Social-media-and-MS-Pros-and-cons. (Accessed December 2025)."}],"container-title":["Neurology and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40120-026-00909-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40120-026-00909-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40120-026-00909-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T15:05:22Z","timestamp":1778684722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40120-026-00909-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-026-00909-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8253","2193-6536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8253","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Stein Henry Bjelland has received fees for consultancy, advisory board and clinical trials from Novartis, Biogen, Merck, Teva, Genzyme\/Sanofi, Roche. Marton K\u00f6nig has participated in advisory boards and received speaker honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi. Cecilia Smith Simonsen has received unrestricted research grant from Sanofi and Novartis, advisory board and\/or speaker honoraria from Sanofi, Merck, Ipsen and Novartis. Hilde-Marie Andersen is an employee of Merck AS, Oslo, Norway an affiliate of Merck KGaA. Tobias Dugstad declares no conflicts of interest. \u00d8ivind Torkildsen has participated in advisory boards and received speaker honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Teva, Roche, Sanofi, and Bristol Myers Squibb and has participated in clinical trials organised by Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This review article is based on previously conducted studies and the clinical expertise of the authors in treating pwMS. No new clinical studies were performed by the authors. No pwMS-specific efficacy or safety data were reported; therefore, institutional review board (IRB)\/ethics approval was not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}