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His preclinical and clinical research was supported by grants from Almirall, Bayer Schering, BMS, Biogen, Celgene, Lundbeck, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. Massimiliano Calabrese received speaker honoraria or consultation fees from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Serono, Novartis, Amgen and Roche and received research support from the Progressive MS Alliance and Italian Minister of Health and Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Serono, Novartis, and Roche. Eleonora Cocco received compensation for travel grants, participation in advisory boards, and\/or speaking activities from Alexion, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, Neuraxpharm, Merck Serono, Sanofi, Roche, BMS Celgene, Janssen, Sandoz, and Novartis; and serves as PI in clinical trials for Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and BMS. Roberta di Turi received honoraria for participation in advisory boards from Sanofi. Pietro Osvaldo Annovazzi received honoraria for lecturing and participation in advisory boards, and\/or travel expenses for attending congresses and meetings from Alexion, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, BMS-Celgene, Janssen, Juvis\u00e9, Lundbeck, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Viatris. Paola Cavalla received compensation for travel grants, participation in advisory boards, and\/or speaking activities from Alexion, Biogen, BMS Celgene, Merck-Serono, Neuraxpharm, Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis and Roche; and serves as principal investigator in clinical trials for Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi-Genzyme. Elena Colombo reports travel expenses, speaker honoraria, and advisory board work from Sanofi, Biogen, Novartis, Merck, Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Juvis\u00e9, Alexion, Amgen, Neuraxpharm. Antonella Conte acted as an Advisory Board member and received honoraria for speaking or consultation fees from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, BMS, Lundbeck, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme. She is also the principal investigator in clinical trials of Biogen, BMS, Merck, Roche, Sanofi. Cinzia Cordioli received personal compensation for speaking and advisory board and travel grants from Merck, Biogen, Roche, Novartis. Diana Ferraro has received honoraria for speaking and\/or advisory boards and\/or for travel from Alexion, Amgen, Binding Site, Biogen, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi. Matilde Inglese received honoraria for speaking or consultation fees from Alexion, Amgen, Biogen, BMS, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme. She serves as ECTRIMS executive committee General Secretary. Giorgia Teresa Maniscalco received compensation for travel grants, participation in advisory boards, and\/or speaking activities from Alexion, Amgen, Biogen, Merck Serono, Sanofi, Roche, and Novartis. Girolama Alessandra Marfia received compensation for travel grants, participation in advisory boards, and\/or speaking activities from Alexion, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, Neuraxpharm, Merck Serono, Sanofi, Roche, BMS Celgene, Janssen, and Novartis; and serves as principal investigator in clinical trials for Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and BMS. Marcello Moccia has received research support from the MUR PNRR Extended Partnership (MNESYS no. PE00000006, and DHEAL-COM no. PNC-E3-2022-23683267) and by Campania Region. NeuroDiaTE Project (CUP E65E24002260002); and honoraria from Alexion, Biogen, BMS, Ipsen, Janssen, Juvis\u00e9, Merck, Novartis, Neuraxpharm, Roche, Sandoz, and Sanofi-Genzyme. Damiano Paolicelli has received honoraria for advisory board membership and speaking activities, travel support, research grants, consulting fees, or clinical trial support from Alexion, Amgen, Biogen, BMS-Celgene, Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, Neuraxpharm and Roche. Paolo Ragonese acted as an advisory board member and received honoraria for speaking or consultation fees from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Horizon, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi. Emilio Portaccio received compensation for travel grants, participation in advisory boards, and\/or speaking activities from Biogen, Merck Serono, Sanofi, Teva, Roche, BMS Celgene, Janssen, and Novartis; and serves on the editorial board of\n                      Frontiers in Neurology\n                      and\n                      Brain Sciences\n                      . Rocco Totaro acted as an advisory board member and received honoraria for speaking or consultation fees from Alexion, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, BMS, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme. Principal investigator in clinical trials of Biogen, BMS, Merck, Roche, Sanofi. Ignazio Roberto Zarbo reports travel expenses, speaker honoraria, and advisory board work from Biogen, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Juvis\u00e9, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Alexion, Amgen, Almirall, Coloplast. Maria Vittoria Azzi is an employee of Sanofi and may hold shares and\/or stock options in the company. Francesco Patti has received personal compensation for speaking activities or serving on advisory boards for Almirall, Alexion, Amgen, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi; has received research grants from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi FISM, Reload Association (Onlus), Italian Health Ministry and University of Catania.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No ethical committee approval was required for this study. All the databases used in the study are property of IQVIA\u00ae and are accessible by its employees at any time.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}