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Gianmarco Abbadessa has\u00a0received\u00a0travel grants and\/or honoraria for speaking\/advisory boards from Merck and Novartis. Assunta Bianco\u00a0has received honoraria for speaking, advisory board from Biogen, Novartis, Merck Serono, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Alexion. Alessandro Dinoto received research grants from the Autoimmune Encephalitis Alliance and Encephalitis International, and traveling grants from Horizon, Novartis, and UCB. Sara Mariotto\u00a0has\u00a0received speaking honoraria\/compensation for participation to advisory board from UCB, Alexion, Amgen, Roche, TSF, Dynamics and supported grant from the Italian Ministry of Health, Lundbeck, Euroimmun, TSF, GJF, FISM. Massimiliano Di Filippo participated on advisory boards and steering committees for and received speaker or writing honoraria, research support and funding for travelling from Alexion, Amgen, BMS, Bayer, Biogen Idec, Genzyme, Horizon, Janssen, Merck, Mylan, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Siemens Healthineers, Teva and Viatris. Raffaele Iorio has received consultancy fees and speaker honoraria from Alexion, Ad Scientiam, Amgen, Apellis, Argenx, Dianthus\u00a0Therapeutics, Jonhson & Johnson, Merck, Novartis UCB. Elisabetta Signoriello received funding for consulting, travel, or speaker honoraria and has served as an expert in advisory boards from Roche; none related to this work. Giorgia Teresa Maniscalco received speaking honoraria from and travel support from Alexion, Amgen, Biogen, Bristol. Merck, Novartis and Roche. Diego Centonze acted as an Advisory Board member and received honoraria for speaking or consultation fees from Alexion, Almirall, Amicus, Bayer, Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Chiesi, GW Pharmaceuticals, Horizon, Janssen, Lundbeck, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme, Viatris, and Teva. He is also the Principal Investigator in clinical trials of Biogen, BMS, Merck Serono, Mitsubishi, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Actelion. His preclinical and clinical research was supported by grants from Bayer Schering, BMS, Biogen, Celgene, Lundbeck, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva. Federica Azzolini, Sara Carta, Gabriele Di Sante, Gabriela Constantin, Roberta Magliozzi, Rosella Mechelli, Claudio Procaccini declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}