{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T19:50:08Z","timestamp":1740167408828,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599782400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-020-00335-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T16:02:49Z","timestamp":1599840169000},"page":"737-755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Emerging Viral and Bacterial Infections: Within an Era of Opioid Epidemic"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6002-7219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica F.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Legaspi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6692-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guy GP, Jr, Zhang K, Bohm MK, et al. Vital signs: changes in opioid prescribing in the United States, 2006\u20132015.\u00a0MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.\u00a02017;66(26)\u00a0https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/66\/wr\/mm6626a4.htm?s_cid=mm6626a4_w.","key":"335_CR1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6626a4"},{"key":"335_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000625","volume":"54","author":"CS Florence","year":"2016","unstructured":"Florence CS, Zhou C, Luo F, Xu L. The economic burden of prescription opioid overdose, abuse, and dependence in the United States, 2013. Med Care. 2016;54:901\u20136.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"unstructured":"Wide-ranging online data for epidemiologic research (WONDER). Atlanta, GA: CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2020. https:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov.","key":"335_CR3"},{"key":"335_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13797","author":"AJ Saxon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saxon AJ. The unmet challenges of co-occurring alcohol and opioid use. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.13797.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"335_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1151\/spp021113","volume":"1","author":"TR Kosten","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kosten TR, George TP. The neurobiology of opioid dependence: implications for treatment. Sci Pract Perspect. 2002;1(1):13\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1151\/spp021113.","journal-title":"Sci Pract Perspect"},{"unstructured":"Hedegaard H, Mini\u00f1o AM, Warner M.\u00a0Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999\u20132018.pdf icon\u00a0NCHS Data Brief, no 356. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2020.","key":"335_CR6"},{"issue":"43","key":"335_CR7","first-page":"1487","volume":"60","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2011","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers\u2014United States, 1999\u20132008. MMWR MorbMortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(43):1487\u201392.","journal-title":"MMWR MorbMortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"39","key":"335_CR8","first-page":"849","volume":"63","author":"RA Rudd","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rudd RA, Paulozzi LJ, Bauer MJ, et al. Increases in heroin overdose deaths\u201428 states, 2010 to 2012. MMWR MorbMortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(39):849.","journal-title":"MMWR MorbMortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"335_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6533a2","volume":"65","author":"RM Gladden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gladden RM, Martinez P, Seth P. Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths\u201427 states, 2013\u20132014. MMWR MorbMortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:837\u201343.","journal-title":"MMWR MorbMortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"335_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6634a2","volume":"66","author":"JK O\u2019Donnell","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell JK, Gladden RM, Seth P. Trends in deaths involving heroin and synthetic opioids excluding methadone, and law enforcement drug product reports, by census region\u2014United States, 2006\u20132015. MMWR MorbMortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:897\u2013903.","journal-title":"MMWR MorbMortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"335_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6643e1","volume":"66","author":"JK O\u2019Donnell","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell JK, Halpin J, Mattson CL, Goldberger BA, Gladden RM. Deaths involving fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and U-47700\u201410 states, July\u2013December 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:1197\u2013202.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"335_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.13.215","volume":"6","author":"RS Vardanyan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vardanyan RS, Hruby VJ. Fentanyl-related compounds and derivatives: current status and future prospects for pharmaceutical applications. Future Med Chem. 2014;6(4):385\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4155\/fmc.13.215.","journal-title":"Future Med Chem"},{"unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration. 2019 National Drug Threat Assessment. Drug Enforcement Administration Strategic Intelligence Section, U.S. Department of Justice. Published December 2019. https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-01\/2019-NDTA-final-01-14-2020_Low_Web-DIR-007-20_2019.pdf. Accessed March 17, 2020","key":"335_CR13"},{"unstructured":"SAMHSA, 2011. Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. NSDUH Series H-41, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11-4658, Rockville, MD.","key":"335_CR14"},{"key":"335_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6911a4","volume":"69","author":"N Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson N, Kariisa M, Seth P, et al. Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths\u2014United States, 2017\u20132018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:290\u20137.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"335_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2011.05.014","volume":"23","author":"SE Lankenau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lankenau SE, Teti M, Silva K, Jackson BJ, Harocopos A, Treese M. Initiation into prescription opioid misuse amongst young injection drug users. Int J Drug Policy. 2012;23:37\u201344.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"335_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.007","volume":"132","author":"CM Jones","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jones CM. Heroin use and heroin use risk behaviors among nonmedical users of prescription opioid pain relievers\u2014United States, 2002\u20132004 and 2008\u20132010. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132(1\u20132):95\u2013100.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"335_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1508490","volume":"374","author":"WM Compton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Compton WM, Jones CM, Baldwin GT. Relationship between nonmedical prescription-opioid use and heroin use. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(2):154\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1508490.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"335_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2012.704591","volume":"44","author":"KM Peavy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peavy KM, Banta-Green CJ, Kingston S, Hanrahan M, Merrill JO, Coffin PO. \u201cHooked on\u201d prescription-type opiates prior to using heroin: results from a survey of exchange clients. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2012;44:259\u201365.","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"335_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2019.01.001","author":"J Lyden","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lyden J, Binswanger IA. The United States opioid epidemic. Semin Perinatol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.semperi.2019.01.001.","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"335_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy809","author":"AD Wiese","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wiese AD, Griffin MR, Schaffner W, et al. Long-acting opioid use and the risk of serious infections: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciy809.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"335_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-018-0393-0","volume":"15","author":"AJ Schranz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schranz AJ, Barrett J, Hurt CB, Malvestutto C, Miller WC. Challenges facing a rural opioid epidemic: treatment and prevention of HIV and hepatitis\u00a0C. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2018;15:245\u201354.","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"9776","key":"335_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60358-9","volume":"377","author":"E Krupitsky","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krupitsky E, Nunes EV, Ling W, Illeperuma A, Gastfriend DR, Silverman BL. Injectable extended-release naltrexone for opioid dependence: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9776):1506\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60358-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"335_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230701373834","volume":"26","author":"AE Gibson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gibson AE, Degenhardt LJ. Mortality related to pharmacotherapies for opioid dependence: a comparative analysis of coronial records. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2007;26(4):405\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09595230701373834.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"335_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw416","volume":"63","author":"AJ Low","year":"2016","unstructured":"Low AJ, Mburu G, Welton NJ, et al. Impact of opioid substitution therapy on antiretroviral therapy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(8):1094\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciw416.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"335_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000192066.86410.8c","volume":"19","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"2005","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC, Perlis T, Arasteh K, et al. Reductions in hepatitis\u00a0C virus and HIV infections among injecting drug users in New York City, 1990\u20132001. AIDS. 2005;19(Suppl 3):S20\u2013S2525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.aids.0000192066.86410.8c.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"9","key":"335_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2019.06.003","volume":"41","author":"EL Winstanley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Winstanley EL, Stover AN. The impact of the opioid epidemic on children and adolescents. Clin Ther. 2019;41(9):1655\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2019.06.003.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"unstructured":"Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.aidsinfo.nih.gov\/ContentFiles\/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf. Accessed March 28, 2020","key":"335_CR28"},{"unstructured":"HIV: Statistics overview. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; November 21, 2019. www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/statistics\/overview\/index.html. Accessed March 28, 2020","key":"335_CR29"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"335_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-006-9204-5","volume":"11","author":"MD Kipke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kipke MD, Weiss G, Wong CF. Residential status as a risk factor for drug use and HIV risk among young men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2007;11(6 Suppl):56\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-006-9204-5.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"335_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0754-7","volume":"19","author":"D Crooks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crooks D, Tsui J, Anderson B, et al. Differential risk factors for HIV drug and sex risk-taking among non-treatment-seeking hospitalized injection drug users. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(3):405\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-014-0754-7.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"unstructured":"Viral hepatitis surveillance\u2014United States, 2015. Atalnta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; November 2016. www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/pdf\/library\/reports\/surveillance\/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2015-vol-27.pdf. Accessed April 19, 2020.","key":"335_CR32"},{"unstructured":"Hepatitis\u00a0C Prevalence Estimates 2013\u20132016. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; November 6, 2018. www.cdc.gov\/nchhstp\/newsroom\/2018\/hepatitis-c-prevalence-estimates.html. Accessed March 28, 2020","key":"335_CR33"},{"unstructured":"Hepatitis\u00a0C Online. Seattle, WA; University of Washington; July 17, 2018. www.hepatitisc.uw.edu. Accessed March 28, 2020.","key":"335_CR34"},{"issue":"5","key":"335_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-015-0016-2","volume":"40","author":"M Schulte","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schulte M, Hser Y, Saxon A, et al. Risk factors associated with HCV among opioid-dependent patients in a multisite study. J Community Health. 2015;40(5):940\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-015-0016-2.","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"unstructured":"HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis\u00a0C. www.hcvguidelines.org. HVCGuidelines.org website. Accessed March 28, 2020.","key":"335_CR36"},{"issue":"6","key":"335_CR37","first-page":"474","volume":"92","author":"K Ramakrishnan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramakrishnan K, Salinas R, Higuita N, et al. Skin and soft tissue infections. Am Fam Physician. 2015 Sep 15;92(6):474\u201383.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"2","key":"335_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu296","volume":"59","author":"D Stevens","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stevens D, Bisno A, Chambers H, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. CID. 2014;59(2):e10\u201352.","journal-title":"CID"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadri A, Wilner B, Hernandez A, et al. Geographic trends, patient characteristics, and outcomes of infective endocarditis associated with drug abuse in the United States from 2002 to 2016. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(19):e012969.","key":"335_CR39","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012969"},{"key":"335_CR40","first-page":"1435","volume":"132","author":"L Baddour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baddour L, Wilson W, Bayer A, et al. Infective endocarditis in adults: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications. A scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. AHA. 2015;132:1435\u201386.","journal-title":"AHA"},{"issue":"6B","key":"335_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(85)90386-9","volume":"78","author":"E Wald","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wald E. Risk factors for osteomyelitis. Am J Med. 1985;78(6B):206\u201312.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"335_CR42","first-page":"1027","volume":"84","author":"J Hatzenbuehler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hatzenbuehler J, Pulling T. Diagnosis and management of osteomyelitis. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(9):1027\u201333.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"6","key":"335_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ482","volume":"61","author":"E Berbari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berbari E, Kanj S, Kowalski T, et al. 2015 Infectiou Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of native vertebral osteomyelitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(6):e26\u201346.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"335_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz133","volume":"220","author":"TA Schwetz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwetz TA, Calder T, Rosenthal E, Kattakuzhy S, Fauci AS. Opioids and infectious diseases: a converging public health crisis. J Infect Dis. 2019;220(3):346\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiz133.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"335_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1174706","volume":"42","author":"WA Zule","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zule WA, Oramasionwu C, Evon D, et al. Event-level analyses of sex-risk and injection-risk behaviors among nonmedical prescription opioid users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016;42(6):689\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00952990.2016.1174706.","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"unstructured":"HIV and people who inject drugs. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; February 6,2020. www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/group\/hiv-idu.html. Accessed March 28, 2020","key":"335_CR46"},{"issue":"75 Suppl 3","key":"335_CR47","first-page":"S392","volume":"2017","author":"BE Hoots","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoots BE, Finlayson TJ, Broz D, Paz-Bailey G. Antiretroviral therapy use among HIV-infected people who inject drugs\u201420 cities, United States, 2009\u20132015. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999;2017(75 Suppl 3):S392\u2013S396396.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"335_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12695","volume":"20","author":"DC Griffith","year":"2019","unstructured":"Griffith DC, Farmer C, Gebo KA, et al. Uptake and virological outcomes of single- versus multi-tablet antiretroviral regimens among treatment-na\u00efve youth in the HIV Research Network. HIV Med. 2019;20(2):169\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hiv.12695.","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"335_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2016.1268238","volume":"38","author":"EC Williams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williams EC, Joo YS, Lipira L, Glass JE. Psychosocial stressors and alcohol use, severity, and treatment receipt across human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status in a nationally representative sample of US residents. Subst Abus. 2017;38(3):269\u201377.","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"issue":"7","key":"335_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1740-7","volume":"21","author":"HM Crane","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crane HM, McCaul ME, Chander G, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with hazardous alcohol use among persons living with HIV across the US in the current era of antiretroviral treatment. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(7):1914\u201325.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"335_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1886-3","volume":"21","author":"LAJ Scott-Sheldon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scott-Sheldon LAJ, Carey KB, Johnson BT, Carey MP, MASH Research Team. behavioral interventions targeting alcohol use among people living with HIV\/AIDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(Suppl 2):126\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-017-1886-3.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"335_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000540","volume":"29","author":"M Helleberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Helleberg M, May MT, Ingle SM, et al. Smoking and life expectancy among HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America. AIDS. 2015;29(2):221\u20139.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"335_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1585-5","volume":"21","author":"CR Lesko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lesko CR, Tong W, Moore RD, Lau B. Retention, antiretroviral therapy use and viral suppression by history of injection drug use among HIV-infected patients in an urban HIV clinical cohort. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(4):1016\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-016-1585-5.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"335_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4210-2","volume":"17","author":"RM Fernandes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fernandes RM, Cary M, Duarte G, et al. Effectiveness of needle and syringe programmes in people who inject drugs\u2014an overview of systematic reviews. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-017-4210-2.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"unstructured":"Syringe Services Programs (SSPs). Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; May 23, 2019. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ssp\/syringe-services-programs-faq.html","key":"335_CR55"},{"issue":"8","key":"335_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2003.036517","volume":"95","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"2005","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC, et al. HIV incidence among injection drug users in New York City, 1990 to 2002: use of serologic test algorithm to assess expansion of HIV prevention services. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(8):1439\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"335_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000192066.86410.8c","volume":"19","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"2005","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC, et al. Reductions in hepatitis\u00a0C virus and HIV infections among injecting drug users in New York City, 1990\u20132001. Aids. 2005;19:S20\u2013S2525.","journal-title":"Aids"},{"unstructured":"New hepatitis\u00a0C infections nearly tripled over five years [press release]. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; May 11, 2017. www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2017\/p-hepatitis-c-infections-tripled.html. Accessed March 28, 2020.","key":"335_CR58"},{"issue":"12","key":"335_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30375-3","volume":"5","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Degenhardt L, Peacock A, Colledge S, et al. Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review [published correction appears in Lancet Glob Health. 2017 Nov 15]. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(12):e1192\u2013e1207207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30375-3.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"335_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2017.66022","volume":"13","author":"D Salemovic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salemovic D, Pesic-Pavlovic I, Jevtovic D, et al. Intravenous drug use\u2014an independent predictor for HCV genotypes 3 and 4 infection among HIV\/HCV co-infected patients. Arch Med Sci. 2017;13(3):652\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/aoms.2017.66022.","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"335_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.07.021","volume":"47","author":"BL Norton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Norton BL, Fleming J, Bachhuber MA, et al. High HCV cure rates for people who use drugs treated with direct acting antiviral therapy at an urban primary care clinic. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;47:196\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.07.021.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"335_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(17)30406-3","volume":"66","author":"AH Litwin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Litwin AH, Agyemang L, Akiyama M, et al. The PREVAIL Study: intensive models of HCV care for people who inject drugs. J Hepatol. 2017;66:S72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-8278(17)30406-3.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"22","key":"335_CR63","first-page":"625","volume":"67","author":"K Jackson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jackson K, Bohm M, Brooks J, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among persons who inject drugs\u2014six sites, 2005\u20132016. MMWR. 2018;67(22):625\u20138.","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"issue":"3","key":"335_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(02)00017-X","volume":"16","author":"J Ebright","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ebright J, Pieper B. Skin and soft tissue infections in injection drug users. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2002;16(3):697\u2013712.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"7198","key":"335_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7198.1591","volume":"318","author":"A Dupuy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dupuy A, Benchikhi H, Roujeau J, et al. Risk factors for erysipelas of the leg (cellulitis): case-control study. BMJ. 1999;318(7198):1591\u20134.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"335_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-252","volume":"13","author":"G Ray","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ray G, Suaya J, Baxter R. Incidence, microbiology, and patient characteristics of skin and soft-tissue infections in a US population: a retrospective population-based study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:252.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"335_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1086\/313703","volume":"30","author":"I Binswanger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Binswanger I, Kral A, Bluthenthal R, et al. High prevalence of abscesses and cellulitis among community-recruited injection drug users in San Francisco. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30(3):579\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"335_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3109\/00952991003592311","volume":"36","author":"K Phillips","year":"2010","unstructured":"Phillips K, Stein M. Risk practices associated with bacterial infections among injection drug users in Denver, CO. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2010;36(2):92\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"335_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.13-5-511","volume":"13","author":"T Lavender","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lavender T, McCarron B. Acute infections in intravenous drug users. Clin Med. 2013;13:511\u20133.","journal-title":"Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"335_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.8825","volume":"316","author":"AB Raff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raff AB, Kroshinsky D. Cellulitis: a review. JAMA. 2016;316(3):325\u201337.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"335_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1989.01670180051004","volume":"125","author":"P Bernard","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bernard P, Bedane C, Denis F, et al. Streptococcal cause of erysipelas and cellulitis in adults. A microbiologic study using a direct immunofluorescence technique. Arch Dermatol. 1989;125(6):779.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"335_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181e8d635","volume":"89","author":"A Jeng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jeng A, Beheshti M, Li J, et al. The role of beta-hemolytic streptococci in causing diffuse, nonculturable cellulitis: a prospective investigation. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010;89(4):217.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"335_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S279","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.Supplement_2.S279","volume":"20","author":"P Summanen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Summanen P, Talan D, Strong C, et al. Bacteriology of skin and soft-tissue infections: comparison of infections in intravenous drug users and individuals with no history of intravenous drug use. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20(suppl 2):S279.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"335_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055356","volume":"355","author":"G Moran","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moran G, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz R, et al. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(7):666.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"335_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.011","volume":"71","author":"S Deo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deo S, Raza S, Kalra A, et al. Admissions for infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(14):1596\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"335_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.1602","volume":"3","author":"L Njoroge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Njoroge L, Al-Kindi S, Koromia G, et al. Changes in the association of rising infective endocarditis with mortality in people who inject drugs. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3(8):779\u201380.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"335_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2016.08.010","volume":"32","author":"L Hartman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hartman L, Barnes E, Bachmann L, et al. Opiate injection-associated infective endocarditis in the Southeastern United States. Am J Med Sci. 2016;32(6):603\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"9403","key":"335_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15266-X","volume":"363","author":"P Moreillon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moreillon P, Que Y. Infective endocarditis. Lancet. 2004;363(9403):139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"15","key":"335_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430150125013","volume":"155","author":"J Matthew","year":"1995","unstructured":"Matthew J, Addai T, Anand A, et al. Clinical features, site of involvement, bacteriologic findings, and outcomes of infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(15):1641.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"335_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/15.6.910","volume":"15","author":"J Bisbe","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bisbe J, Miro J, Moreno A, et al. Disseminated candidiasis in addict who use brown heroin: report of 83 cases and review. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;15(6):910.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"335_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.2.203","volume":"151","author":"R Shekar","year":"1985","unstructured":"Shekar R, Rice T, Zierdt C, et al. Outbreak of endocarditis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype O11 among pentazocine and tripelennamine abusers in Chicago. J Infect Dis. 1985;151(2):203.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"335_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-125-12-199612150-00005","volume":"125","author":"E Ribera","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ribera E, Jimenez J, Cortes E, et al. Effectiveness of cloxacillin with and without gentamicin in short-term therapy for right-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125(12):969\u201374.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"335_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1086\/597031","volume":"48","author":"S Cosgrove","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cosgrove S, Vigliani G, Fowler V, et al. Initial low-dose gentamicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis is nephrotoxic. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:713\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"335_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2006.08.014","volume":"20","author":"I Sia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sia I, Berbari E. Osteomyelitis. Best Practice Res Clin Rheumatol. 2006;20(6):1065\u201381.","journal-title":"Best Practice Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"335_CR85","first-page":"e4339","volume":"11","author":"E Yuschak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yuschak E, Chase S, Haq F, et al. Demographics and length of stay for osteomyelitis in opioid drug users: a unique population with high healthcare costs. Cureus. 2019;11(3):e4339.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"335_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz539","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz539","volume":"7","author":"N Seval","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seval N, Eaton E, Springer SA. Beyond antibiotics: a practical guide for the infectious disease physician to treat opioid use disorder in the setting of associated infectious diseases. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;7(1):ofz539.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40121-020-00335-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40121-020-00335-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40121-020-00335-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,11]],"date-time":"2021-09-11T00:36:46Z","timestamp":1631320606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40121-020-00335-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40121-020-00335-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8229","2193-6382"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2193-8229"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2193-6382"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}