{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:54:02Z","timestamp":1790610842468,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-023-00834-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T09:03:15Z","timestamp":1688115795000},"page":"1741-1773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Narrative Review of the Epidemiology of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jehad S.","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May","family":"Albarrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almunther","family":"Alhasawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4134-0338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq","family":"Al-Musawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basem M.","family":"Alraddadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walid","family":"Al Wali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Elhoufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nervana","family":"Habashy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf M.","family":"Hassanien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman","family":"Kurdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"834_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Report on the Burden of Endemic Health Care-Associated Infection Worldwide. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/80135\/9789241501507_eng.pdf. Accessed 2 Nov 2022."},{"issue":"5","key":"834_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw353","volume":"63","author":"AC Kalil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(5):e61\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciw353.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"834_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05980-0","volume":"46","author":"L Papazian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Papazian L, Klompas M, Luyt CE. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a narrative review. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(5):888\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-020-05980-0.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"834_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1086\/526534","volume":"46","author":"I U\u00e7kay","year":"2008","unstructured":"U\u00e7kay I, Ahmed QA, Sax H, Pittet D. Ventilator-associated pneumonia as a quality indicator for patient safety? Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(4):557\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/526534.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"834_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2019.08.023","volume":"48","author":"VD Rosenthal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosenthal VD, Bat-Erdene I, Gupta D, et al. International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 45 countries for 2012\u20132017: device-associated module. Am J Infect Control. 2020;48(4):423\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2019.08.023.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"834_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01941","volume":"10","author":"I Dandachi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dandachi I, Chaddad A, Hanna J, Matta J, Daoud Z. Understanding the epidemiology of multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacilli in the Middle East using a one health approach. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01941.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"834_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7030240","volume":"7","author":"H Salah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salah H, Sundararaju S, Dalil L, et al. Genomic epidemiology of Candida\u00a0auris in Qatar reveals hospital transmission dynamics and a South Asian origin. J Fungi (Basel). 2021;7(3):240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof7030240.","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)."},{"key":"834_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e01007","volume":"23","author":"A Shaukat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shaukat A, Al Ansari N, Al Wali W, et al. Experience of treating Candida\u00a0auris cases at a general hospital in the state of Qatar. IDCases. 2021;23:e01007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e01007.","journal-title":"IDCases."},{"issue":"7","key":"834_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.01.042","volume":"44","author":"A El-Saed","year":"2016","unstructured":"El-Saed A, Al-Jardani A, Althaqafi A, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia rates in critical care units in 3 Arabian Gulf countries: a 6-year surveillance study. Am J Infect Control. 2016;44(7):794\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.01.042.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"834_CR10","unstructured":"GCC Centre for Infection Control. The GCC Infection Prevention and Control Manual. 3rd ed. Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs; 2018, https:\/\/www.moh.gov.om\/documents\/236878\/4737288\/GCC+IPC-Manual+2018+3rd+edition.pdf\/."},{"key":"834_CR11","unstructured":"United Nations. World Economic Situation and Prospects\u2014Statistical Annex. New York; 2020."},{"key":"834_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2018.09.007","volume":"26","author":"M Abdallah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abdallah M, Alhababi R, Alqudah N, Aldyyat B, Alharthy A. First report of carbapenem-resistant Providencia\u00a0stuartii in Saudi Arabia. New Microbes New Infect. 2018;26:107\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmni.2018.09.007.","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"834_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4409-1","volume":"19","author":"BM Alraddadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alraddadi BM, Saeedi M, Qutub M, Alshukairi A, Hassanien A, Wali G. Efficacy of ceftazidime-avibactam in the treatment of infections due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4409-1.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"834_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.10.004","volume":"40","author":"HM Al-Dorzi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Dorzi HM, El-Saed A, Rishu AH, Balkhy HH, Memish ZA, Arabi YM. The results of a 6-year epidemiologic surveillance for ventilator-associated pneumonia at a tertiary care intensive care unit in Saudi Arabia. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40(9):794\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.10.004.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"834_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2018.06.002","volume":"11","author":"HM Al-Abdely","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Abdely HM, Khidir Mohammed Y, Rosenthal VD, et al. Impact of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC)\u2019s multidimensional approach on rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care units in 22 hospitals of 14 cities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health. 2018;11(5):677\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2018.06.002.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"834_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/1757177418759745","volume":"19","author":"HH Al-Mousa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Mousa HH, Omar AA, Rosenthal VD, et al. Impact of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) multidimensional approach on rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care units of two hospitals in Kuwait. J Infect Prev. 2018;19(4):168\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1757177418759745.","journal-title":"J Infect Prev"},{"issue":"12","key":"834_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.06.015","volume":"17","author":"JA Al-Tawfiq","year":"2013","unstructured":"Al-Tawfiq JA, Amalraj A, Memish ZA. Reduction and surveillance of device-associated infections in adult intensive care units at a Saudi Arabian hospital, 2004\u20132011. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17(12):e1207\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.06.015.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"834_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1737.140132","volume":"9","author":"MS Al-Thaqafy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Thaqafy MS, El-Saed A, Arabi YM, Balkhy HH. Association of compliance of ventilator bundle with incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and ventilator utilization among critical patients over 4\u00a0years. Ann Thorac Med. 2014;9(4):221\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1817-1737.140132.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"834_CR19","first-page":"278","volume":"33","author":"SZ Bukhari","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bukhari SZ, Hussain WM, Banjar AA, Fatani MI, Karima TM, Ashshi AM. Application of ventilator care bundle and its impact on ventilator associated pneumonia incidence rate in the adult intensive care unit. Saudi Med J. 2012;33(3):278\u201383.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"834_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1510-105","volume":"47","author":"A Banjar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Banjar A, Felemban M, Dhafar K, et al. Surveillance of preventive measures for ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) and its rate in Makkah Region hospitals, Saudi Arabia. Turk J Med Sci. 2017;47(1):211\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3906\/sag-1510-105.","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"834_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2019.29","volume":"39","author":"SI Alshahwan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alshahwan SI, Alsowailmi G, Alsahli A, et al. The prevalence of complications of pneumonia among adults admitted to a tertiary care center in Riyadh from 2010\u20132017. Ann Saudi Med. 2019;39(1):29\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5144\/0256-4947.2019.29.","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"834_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2015.11.018","volume":"32","author":"JM Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez JM, Millare PA, Al-Shenqiti YA, Enaya AA. Exposure to reprocessed single-use tracheal suction catheter and ventilator-associated pneumonia risk: a preliminary, single unit-based, matched case-control study. J Crit Care. 2016;32:145\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2015.11.018.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"834_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8231787","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8231787","volume":"2016","author":"HS Ali","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ali HS, Khan FY, George S, Shaikh N, Al-Ajmi J. Epidemiology and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a heterogeneous ICU population in Qatar. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:8231787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/8231787.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"834_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2017.5.16375","volume":"38","author":"JM Alqahtani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alqahtani JM. Emergence of Stenotrophomonas\u00a0maltophilia nosocomial isolates in a Saudi children\u2019s hospital. Risk factors and clinical characteristics. Saudi Med J. 2017;38(5):521\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15537\/smj.2017.5.16375.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"7","key":"834_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.05.002","volume":"14","author":"E Mahmoud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahmoud E, Abanamy R, Binawad E, et al. Infections and patterns of antibiotic utilization in support and comfort care patients: a tertiary care center experience. J Infect Public Health. 2021;14(7):839\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.05.002.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"834_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.07.013","volume":"23","author":"HH Balkhy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balkhy HH, El-Saed A, Alshamrani MM, et al. High burden of resistant gram negative pathogens causing device-associated healthcare infections in a tertiary care setting in Saudi Arabia, 2008\u20132016. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020;23:26\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.07.013.","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"issue":"2","key":"834_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1737.128858","volume":"9","author":"HH Balkhy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Balkhy HH, El-Saed A, Maghraby R, et al. Drug-resistant ventilator associated pneumonia in a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. Ann Thorac Med. 2014;9(2):104\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1817-1737.128858.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Med"},{"key":"834_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117863372090597","DOI":"10.1177\/1178633720905977","volume":"13","author":"M Bosaeed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bosaeed M, Ahmad A, Alali A, et al. Experience with ceftolozane-tazobactam for the treatment of serious Pseudomonas\u00a0aeruginosa infections in Saudi tertiary care center. Infect Dis (Auckl). 2020;13:1178633720905977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1178633720905977.","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Auckl)."},{"issue":"3","key":"834_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.210524.001","volume":"11","author":"W Alfouzan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alfouzan W, Dhar R, Abdo NM, Alali WQ, Rabaan AA. Epidemiology and microbiological profile of common healthcare associated infections among patients in the intensive care unit of a general hospital in Kuwait: a retrospective observational study. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2021;11(3):302\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/jegh.k.210524.001.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"834_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_1517_20","volume":"10","author":"MB Sannathimmappa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sannathimmappa MB, Nambiar V, Aravindakshan R, Al-Kasaby NM. Profile and antibiotic-resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from endotracheal secretions of mechanically ventilated patients at a tertiary care hospital. J Educ Health Promot. 2021;10(1):195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jehp.jehp_1517_20.","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promot"},{"issue":"4","key":"834_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.09.015","volume":"13","author":"S Osman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Osman S, Al Talhi YM, AlDabbagh M, Baksh M, Osman M, Azzam M. The incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in a tertiary-care center: comparison between pre- and post-VAP prevention bundle. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(4):552\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.09.015.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"834_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00856-8","volume":"32","author":"YB Abulhasan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abulhasan YB, Abdullah AA, Shetty SA, Ramadan MA, Yousef W, Mokaddas EM. Health care-associated infections in a neurocritical care unit of a developing country. Neurocrit Care. 2020;32(3):836\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-019-00856-8.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"834_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1179\/1973947815y.0000000019","volume":"27","author":"S Al-Obeid","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Obeid S, Jabri L, Al-Agamy M, Al-Omari A, Shibl A. Epidemiology of extensive drug resistant Acinetobacter\u00a0baumannii (XDRAB) at Security Forces Hospital (SFH) in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). J Chemother. 2015;27(3):156\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/1973947815y.0000000019.","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"834_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.10.031","volume":"44","author":"HH Al-Mousa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Mousa HH, Omar AA, Rosenthal VD, et al. Device-associated infection rates, bacterial resistance, length of stay, and mortality in Kuwait: International Nosocomial Infection Consortium findings. Am J Infect Control. 2016;44(4):444\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.10.031.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"11","key":"834_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.13355","volume":"326","author":"J Johnstone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnstone J, Meade M, Lauzier F, et al. Effect of probiotics on incident ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;326(11):1024\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.13355.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"834_CR36","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The NHSN Standardized Utilization Ratio (SUR). April 2022. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nhsn\/pdfs\/ps-analysis-resources\/nhsn-sur-guide-508.pdf. Accessed 2 Nov 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"834_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-019-0660-2","volume":"21","author":"G Bearman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bearman G, Doll M, Cooper K, Stevens MP. Hospital infection prevention: how much can we prevent and how hard should we try? Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2019;21(1):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11908-019-0660-2.","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"834_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.05.002","volume":"14","author":"RP Wenzel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Infection control: the case for horizontal rather than vertical interventional programs. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14:S3\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.05.002","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"834_CR39","unstructured":"Institute for Healthcare Improvement. How-to Guide: Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. February 2012. http:\/\/www.ihi.org\/resources\/Pages\/Tools\/HowtoGuidePreventVAP.aspx. Accessed Nov 2022."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"834_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S133","DOI":"10.1017\/s0899823x00193894","volume":"35","author":"M Klompas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Klompas M, Branson R, Eichenwald EC, et al. Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35(suppl 2):S133\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0899823x00193894.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"834_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/1751143716644461","volume":"17","author":"TP Hellyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hellyer TP, Ewan V, Wilson P, Simpson AJ. The Intensive Care Society recommended bundle of interventions for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Intensive Care Soc. 2016;17(3):238\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1751143716644461.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"834_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.04.009","volume":"14","author":"J Al Salman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al Salman J, Al Dabal L, Bassetti M, et al. Promoting cross-regional collaboration in antimicrobial stewardship: findings of an infectious diseases working group survey in Arab countries of the Middle East. J Infect Public Health. 2021;14(7):978\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.04.009.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"834_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1506-z","volume":"20","author":"Y Fan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fan Y, Gao F, Wu Y, Zhang J, Zhu M, Xiong L. Does ventilator-associated event surveillance detect ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care units? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-016-1506-z.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"834_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2022.10","volume":"43","author":"LM Weiner-Lastinger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weiner-Lastinger LM, Pattabiraman V, Konnor RY, et al. The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on healthcare-associated infections in 2020: a summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network\u2014ADDENDUM. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2022;43(1):137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2022.10. (Erratum).","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"834_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.06.007","volume":"108","author":"TA Almangour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almangour TA, Alruwaili A, Almutairi R, et al. Aerosolized plus intravenous colistin vs intravenous colistin alone for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;108:406\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.06.007.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"834_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10320","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.10320","volume":"12","author":"OA Alsulami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alsulami OA, Konkar AE, Alalyani AA, et al. Postoperative pneumonia following open heart surgery. Cureus. 2020;12(9):e10320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.10320.","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"issue":"3","key":"834_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2018.338","volume":"40","author":"MM Alshamrani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alshamrani MM, El-Saed A, Alsaedi A, et al. Burden of healthcare-associated infections at six tertiary-care hospitals in Saudi Arabia: a point prevalence survey. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2019;40(3):355\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2018.338.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"834_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2020.3.24985","volume":"41","author":"AM Alyami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alyami AM, Kaabia NM, AlQasim MA, et al. Chryseobacterium\/Elizabethkingia species infections in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2020;41(3):309\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15537\/smj.2020.3.24985.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"834_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0653-9","volume":"8","author":"S Hala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hala S, Antony CP, Alshehri M, et al. First report of Klebsiella\u00a0quasipneumoniae harboring blaKPC-2 in Saudi Arabia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-019-0653-9.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"9","key":"834_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e184","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp170056","volume":"75","author":"MA Alessa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alessa MA, Almangour TA, Alhossan A, Alkholief MA, Alhokail M, Tabb DE. Ceftolozane-tazobactam for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas\u00a0aeruginosa pneumonia in a patient receiving intermittent hemodialysis. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(9):e184\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2146\/ajhp170056.","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"issue":"2","key":"834_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2015.09.002","volume":"9","author":"R Khan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khan R, Al-Dorzi HM, Tamim HM, et al. The impact of onset time on the isolated pathogens and outcomes in ventilator associated pneumonia. J Infect Public Health. 2016;9(2):161\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2015.09.002.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"834_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-013-0830-1","volume":"35","author":"GA Shaath","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shaath GA, Jijeh A, Faruqui F, Bullard L, Mehmood A, Kabbani MS. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in children after cardiac surgery. Pediatr Cardiol. 2014;35(4):627\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00246-013-0830-1.","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"834_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.02.004","volume":"17","author":"A El-Saed","year":"2013","unstructured":"El-Saed A, Balkhy HH, Al-Dorzi HM, Khan R, Rishu AH, Arabi YM. Acinetobacter is the most common pathogen associated with late-onset and recurrent ventilator-associated pneumonia in an adult intensive care unit in Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17(9):e696-701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.02.004.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"834_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2018.03.007","volume":"9","author":"SK Arumugam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arumugam SK, Mudali I, Strandvik G, El-Menyar A, Al-Hassani A, Al-Thani H. Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients: a descriptive analysis. World J Emerg Med. 2018;9(3):203\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2018.03.007.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"834_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.059014-0","volume":"62","author":"A Sonnevend","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sonnevend A, Al Baloushi A, Ghazawi A, et al. Emergence and spread of NDM-1 producer Enterobacteriaceae with contribution of IncX3 plasmids in the United Arab Emirates. J Med Microbiol. 2013;62(Pt 7):1044\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.059014-0.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"834_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2017.10.008","volume":"7","author":"E Gaid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gaid E, Assiri A, McNabb S, Banjar W. Device-associated nosocomial infection in general hospitals, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013\u20132016. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2018;7(suppl 1):S35-s40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jegh.2017.10.008.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"834_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_394_20","volume":"24","author":"N Ahmed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmed N, Abbasi MS, Bin-Shuwaish MS, et al. Knowledge attitude and practice of safety measures for corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) among general population. Niger J Clin Pract. 2021;24(7):1037\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_394_20.","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40121-023-00834-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40121-023-00834-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40121-023-00834-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T18:20:28Z","timestamp":1690827628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40121-023-00834-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40121-023-00834-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8229","2193-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8229","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 February 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}