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Alessandra\u00a0Bandera reports honoraria and payments from AstraZeneca-Biomeriux, Qiagen-Jassen Cilag, and Nordic-Pharma for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, and educational events. Alessandra Bandera has received support for attending meetings and travel from Pfizer-AstraZeneca. Additionally, Alessandra Bandera has participated on Data Safety Monitoring Boards or Advisory Boards for ViiV, Sobi, and Gilead. Pierluigi Plebani has received grants from the European Commission (Horizon Europe Project TEADAL, grant agreement no. 101070186), the Italian Ministry of Health (Health Big Data Project), and the MADE Competence Center for the supervision of the Data Analytics and Cybersecurity area in MADE. Pierluigi Plebani reports honoraria as the Director of the Masters in Cloud and Data Engineering at Cefriel for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing, and educational events. Pierluigi Plebani has provided expert testimony for ATM Spa related to the analysis of their information systems. Additionally, Pierluigi Plebani has held a leadership role as Chair of IFIP WG 2.14\/6.12\/8.10 from 2017 to 2023. Marta Colaneri, Marta Canuti, Ginevra Torrigiani, Lucia Dall\u2019Olio, Chiara Bobbio, Sante L. Baldi, Alessandro Nobili, Massimo Puoti, Giulia Marchetti, Simone Piva, Mario Raviglione, Andrea Gori, Danilo Cereda, Olivia Leoni, Ida Fortino, Maria Luisa Ojeda-Fernandez, Marta Baviera, and Mauro Tettamanti have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"According to Italian law, studies using retrospective aggregated data from administrative databases that do not involve direct access by investigators to individual patient data do not require approval, notification from an Ethics Committee\/institutional review board, or patient informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}