{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:22:31Z","timestamp":1792092151571,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7232139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7232139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["BJ-2022-130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJ-2022-130"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["BJ-2024-219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJ-2024-219"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-025-01232-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T11:18:05Z","timestamp":1760440685000},"page":"2785-2818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Roles of Histone H3K18 Lactylation, Acetylation, and Lactylation\/Acetylation Ratio as Potential Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Severity Assessment of Sepsis and Septic Shock"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chenyi","family":"Di","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panpan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junci","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingkui","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hexin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beidong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3125-0040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhigang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"1232_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","volume":"315","author":"M Singer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801\u201310.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"1232_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208623","volume":"369","author":"DC Angus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Angus DC, van der Poll T. Severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(9):840\u201351.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"1232_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1312359","volume":"369","author":"J Calis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calis J, van Woensel J, Lemson J. Severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(21):2062.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1232_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05872-y","volume":"46","author":"LM Fleuren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fleuren LM, Klausch TLT, Zwager CL, et al. Machine learning for the prediction of sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(3):383\u2013400.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1232_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.105956","volume":"201","author":"JD Parente","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parente JD, Chase JG, Moeller K, Shaw GM. High inter-patient variability in sepsis evolution: a hidden Markov model analysis. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2021;201:105956.","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"issue":"3","key":"1232_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.09.004","volume":"34","author":"M Bosmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bosmann M, Ward PA. The inflammatory response in sepsis. Trends Immunol. 2013;34(3):129\u201336.","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1232_CR7","first-page":"56","volume":"9","author":"D Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu D, Huang SY, Sun JH, et al. Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: mechanisms, diagnosis and current treatment options. Mil Med Res. 2022;9(1):56.","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1232_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.165","volume":"14","author":"F Venet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Venet F, Monneret G. Advances in the understanding and treatment of sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018;14(2):121\u201337.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1232_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004247","volume":"48","author":"A Binnie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Binnie A, Tsang JLY, Hu P, Carrasqueiro G, Castelo-Branco P, Dos Santos CC. Epigenetics of sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(5):745\u201356.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1232_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05656-9","volume":"14","author":"D Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu D, Shi Y, Zhang H, Miao C. Epigenetic mechanisms of immune remodeling in sepsis: targeting histone modification. Cell Death Dis. 2023;14(2):112.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1232_CR11","first-page":"500","volume":"33","author":"K Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu K, Huang L, Li W. Advancement in the relationship between DNA methylation and sepsis. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2021;33(4):500\u20135.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue"},{"issue":"3","key":"1232_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1764","volume":"14","author":"H Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen H, Zhang X, Su H, et al. Immune dysregulation and RNA N6-methyladenosine modification in sepsis. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2023;14(3):e1764.","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA"},{"key":"1232_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2020.05.012","volume":"21","author":"SM Hashemian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hashemian SM, Pourhanifeh MH, Fadaei S, Velayati AA, Mirzaei H, Hamblin MR. Non-coding RNAs and exosomes: their role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2020;21:51\u201374.","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"1232_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112444","volume":"145","author":"A Fatmi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fatmi A, Chabni N, Cernada M, et al. Clinical and immunological aspects of microRNAs in neonatal sepsis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;145:112444.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"1232_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010003","author":"A Gandhirajan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gandhirajan A, Roychowdhury S, Vachharajani V. Sirtuins and sepsis: cross talk between redox and epigenetic pathways. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11010003.","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"6145","key":"1232_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1238858","volume":"341","author":"HA Eskandarian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eskandarian HA, Impens F, Nahori MA, et al. A role for SIRT2-dependent histone H3K18 deacetylation in bacterial infection. Science. 2013;341(6145):1238858.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"1232_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202254685","volume":"23","author":"A Lopez Krol","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lopez Krol A, Nehring HP, Krause FF, et al. Lactate induces metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of pro-inflammatory Th17 cells. EMBO Rep. 2022;23(12):e54685.","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"1232_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.03.116","volume":"23","author":"JM Pereira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pereira JM, Chevalier C, Chaze T, et al. Infection reveals a modification of SIRT2 critical for chromatin association. Cell Rep. 2018;23(4):1124\u201337.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"7779","key":"1232_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1678-1","volume":"574","author":"D Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang D, Tang Z, Huang H, et al. Metabolic regulation of gene expression by histone lactylation. Nature. 2019;574(7779):575\u201380.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7779","key":"1232_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-03122-1","volume":"574","author":"LT Izzo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Izzo LT, Wellen KE. Histone lactylation links metabolism and gene regulation. Nature. 2019;574(7779):492\u20133.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"1232_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.11.008","volume":"51","author":"G Notarangelo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Notarangelo G, Haigis MC. Sweet temptation: from sugar metabolism to gene regulation. Immunity. 2019;51(6):980\u20131.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1232_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101454","volume":"35","author":"GA Brooks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brooks GA. Lactate as a fulcrum of metabolism. Redox Biol. 2020;35:101454.","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"1232_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.786666","volume":"12","author":"X Chu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chu X, Di C, Chang P, et al. Lactylated histone H3K18 as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and predicting the severity of septic shock. Front Immunol. 2021;12:786666.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1232_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13030417","author":"Q Zeng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zeng Q, Wang K, Zhao Y, Ma Q, Chen Z, Huang W. Effects of the acetyltransferase p300 on tumour regulation from the novel perspective of posttranslational protein modification. Biomolecules. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom13030417.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"1232_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abi6696","volume":"8","author":"C Moreno-Yruela","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moreno-Yruela C, Zhang D, Wei W, et al. Class i histone deacetylases (HDAC1-3) are histone lysine delactylases. Sci Adv. 2022;8(3):eabi6696.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"1232_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050122","volume":"54","author":"BM Turner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Turner BM. Histone acetylation as an epigenetic determinant of long-term transcriptional competence. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1998;54(1):21\u201331.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1232_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-1878(199808)20:8<615::AID-BIES4>3.0.CO;2-H","volume":"20","author":"MH Kuo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kuo MH, Allis CD. Roles of histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases in gene regulation. BioEssays. 1998;20(8):615\u201326.","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"issue":"10","key":"1232_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2015.07.005","volume":"20","author":"Y Shen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shen Y, Wei W, Zhou DX. Histone acetylation enzymes coordinate metabolism and gene expression. Trends Plant Sci. 2015;20(10):614\u201321.","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1232_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010173","volume":"17","author":"MJG Eldridge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eldridge MJG, Hamon MA. Histone H3 deacetylation promotes host cell viability for efficient infection by Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS Pathog. 2021;17(12):e1010173.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"8","key":"1232_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3629","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1504","volume":"44","author":"PY Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang PY, Li G, Deng ZJ, et al. Dicer interacts with SIRT7 and regulates H3K18 deacetylation in response to DNA damaging agents. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016;44(8):3629\u201342.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1232_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2021.09.009","volume":"38","author":"X Dai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dai X, Lv X, Thompson EW, Ostrikov KK. Histone lactylation: epigenetic mark of glycolytic switch. Trends Genet. 2022;38(2):124\u20137.","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"issue":"12","key":"1232_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-021-00846-7","volume":"13","author":"L Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun L, Zhang H, Gao P. Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications on the path to cancer. Protein Cell. 2022;13(12):877\u2013919.","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"1232_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu R, Wu J, Guo H, et al. Post-translational modifications of histones: Mechanisms, biological functions, and therapeutic targets. MedComm (2020) 2023; 4(3): e292.","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.292"},{"key":"1232_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.868788","volume":"9","author":"H Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang H, Sun Y, Li Q, Jin F, Dai Y. Diverse epigenetic regulations of macrophages in atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:868788.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1232_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-05104-z","volume":"81","author":"H Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi H, Cui W, Qin Y, Chen L, Yu T, Lv J. A glimpse into novel acylations and their emerging role in regulating cancer metastasis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2024;81(1):76.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"1232_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-082520-125411","volume":"90","author":"M Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang M, Lin H. Understanding the function of mammalian sirtuins and protein lysine acylation. Annu Rev Biochem. 2021;90:245\u201385.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"issue":"4\u20136","key":"1232_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2022.0190","volume":"40","author":"R Sgarra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sgarra R, Battista S, Cerchia L, Manfioletti G, Fedele M. Mechanism of action of lactic acid on histones in cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2024;40(4\u20136):236\u201349.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"6","key":"1232_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000547","volume":"45","author":"Y Imamura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Imamura Y, Yoshikawa N, Murkami Y, et al. Effect of histone acetylation on N-methyl-d-aspartate 2B receptor subunits and interleukin-1 receptors in association with nociception-related somatosensory cortex dysfunction in a mouse model of sepsis. Shock. 2016;45(6):660\u20137.","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"1232_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aak9660","author":"J Wei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wei J, Dong S, Bowser RK, et al. Regulation of the ubiquitylation and deubiquitylation of CREB-binding protein modulates histone acetylation and lung inflammation. Sci Signal. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scisignal.aak9660.","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"1232_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021798118","author":"F Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang F, Qi L, Feng Q, et al. HIPK2 phosphorylates HDAC3 for NF-\u03baB acetylation to ameliorate colitis-associated colorectal carcinoma and sepsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2021798118.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1232_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072356","author":"A von Knethen","year":"2020","unstructured":"von Knethen A, Heinicke U, Weigert A, Zacharowski K, Br\u00fcne B. Histone deacetylation inhibitors as modulators of regulatory T cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21072356.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1232_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020346","author":"A von Knethen","year":"2019","unstructured":"von Knethen A, Br\u00fcne B. Histone deacetylation inhibitors as therapy concept in sepsis. Int J Mol Sci. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20020346.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"8899","key":"1232_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91584-9","volume":"343","author":"A Marchant","year":"1994","unstructured":"Marchant A, Devi\u00e8re J, Byl B, De Groote D, Vincent JL, Goldman M. Interleukin-10 production during septicaemia. Lancet. 1994;343(8899):707\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1232_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.1.51","volume":"184","author":"P Brandtzaeg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brandtzaeg P, Osnes L, Ovsteb\u00f8 R, Jo\u00f8 GB, Westvik AB, Kierulf P. Net inflammatory capacity of human septic shock plasma evaluated by a monocyte-based target cell assay: identification of interleukin-10 as a major functional deactivator of human monocytes. J Exp Med. 1996;184(1):51\u201360.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1232_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01540884","volume":"15","author":"A Marchant","year":"1995","unstructured":"Marchant A, Alegre ML, Hakim A, et al. Clinical and biological significance of interleukin-10 plasma levels in patients with septic shock. J Clin Immunol. 1995;15(5):266\u201373.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1232_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(97)00034-8","volume":"9","author":"K Takatsu","year":"1998","unstructured":"Takatsu K. Interleukin 5 and B cell differentiation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 1998;9(1):25\u201335.","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1232_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-7915(92)90080-X","volume":"4","author":"K Takatsu","year":"1992","unstructured":"Takatsu K. Interleukin-5. Curr Opin Immunol. 1992;4(3):299\u2013306.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1232_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.1999.00556.x","volume":"29","author":"PM O'Byrne","year":"1999","unstructured":"O\u2019Byrne PM, Wood L. Interleukin-5 and allergic inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29(5):573\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"12","key":"1232_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3101","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V79.12.3101.bloodjournal79123101","volume":"79","author":"CJ Sanderson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sanderson CJ. Interleukin-5, eosinophils, and disease. Blood. 1992;79(12):3101\u20139.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"12","key":"1232_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2304001","volume":"167","author":"AB Kay","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kay AB, Menzies-Gow A. Eosinophils and interleukin-5: the debate continues. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(12):1586\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1232_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109955","volume":"37","author":"L He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He L, Jhong JH, Chen Q, et al. Global characterization of macrophage polarization mechanisms and identification of M2-type polarization inhibitors. Cell Rep. 2021;37(5):109955.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"1232_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.02.005","volume":"42","author":"AK Jha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jha AK, Huang SC, Sergushichev A, et al. Network integration of parallel metabolic and transcriptional data reveals metabolic modules that regulate macrophage polarization. Immunity. 2015;42(3):419\u201330.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"5","key":"1232_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.8879","volume":"10","author":"YC Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu YC, Zou XB, Chai YF, Yao YM. Macrophage polarization in inflammatory diseases. Int J Biol Sci. 2014;10(5):520\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"1232_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00532","volume":"5","author":"M Rath","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rath M, M\u00fcller I, Kropf P, Closs EI, Munder M. Metabolism via arginase or nitric oxide synthase: two competing arginine pathways in macrophages. Front Immunol. 2014;5:532.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1232_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034339","volume":"79","author":"PJ Murray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murray PJ. Macrophage polarization. Annu Rev Physiol. 2017;79:541\u201366.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1232_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45444","volume":"121","author":"X Liao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liao X, Sharma N, Kapadia F, et al. Kr\u00fcppel-like factor 4 regulates macrophage polarization. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(7):2736\u201349.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1232_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2024.102468","volume":"89","author":"ZP Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu ZP, Shan SY, Cai EW, Wu YY. Gegen Qinlian decoction inhibited M1 macrophage polarization and ulcerative colitis progression through regulating histone lactylation. Tissue Cell. 2024;89:102468.","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"1232_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.23-0241","volume":"95","author":"X Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu X, Wang J, Lao M, et al. Study on the effect of protein lysine lactylation modification in macrophages on inhibiting periodontitis in rats. J Periodontol. 2024;95(1):50\u201363.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"1232_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911943","author":"L Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen L, Huang L, Gu Y, Cang W, Sun P, Xiang Y. Lactate-lactylation hands between metabolic reprogramming and immunosuppression. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231911943.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1232_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00124.2024","author":"M Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li M, Sun P, Tu B, Deng G, Li D, He W. Hypoxia conduces the glioma progression by inducing M2 macrophage polarization via elevating TNFSF9 level in a histone-lactylation-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00124.2024.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"1232_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.04.004","volume":"42","author":"E Ciarlo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ciarlo E, Savva A, Roger T. Epigenetics in sepsis: targeting histone deacetylases. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013;42(Suppl):S8-12.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"3","key":"1232_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001308","volume":"52","author":"AM Williams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williams AM, Dennahy IS, Bhatti UF, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: a novel strategy in trauma and sepsis. Shock. 2019;52(3):300\u20136.","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"5","key":"1232_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002677","volume":"89","author":"BE Biesterveld","year":"2020","unstructured":"Biesterveld BE, Wakam GK, Kemp MT, et al. Histone deacetylase 6 inhibition improves survival in a swine model of lethal hemorrhage, polytrauma, and bacteremia. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;89(5):932\u20139.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"1232_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512448","author":"Y Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu Y, He Y, Liu C, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitor (SAHA) reduces mortality in an endotoxemia mouse model by suppressing glycolysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241512448.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1232_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001753","volume":"84","author":"PJ Bruhn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bruhn PJ, Nikolian VC, Halaweish I, et al. Tubastatin a prevents hemorrhage-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2018;84(2):386\u201392.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1232_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001137","volume":"81","author":"Z Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang Z, Li Y, He W, et al. Inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 restores intestinal tight junction in hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;81(3):512\u20139.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"1232_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181a44c79","volume":"32","author":"Y Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li Y, Liu B, Zhao H, et al. Protective effect of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid against LPS-induced septic shock in rodents. Shock. 2009;32(5):517\u201323.","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"1232_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237729","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1237729","volume":"14","author":"SA Rizo-T\u00e9llez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rizo-T\u00e9llez SA, Sekheri M, Filep JG. C-reactive protein: a target for therapy to reduce inflammation. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1237729.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1232_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00754","volume":"9","author":"NR Sproston","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ. Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol. 2018;9:754.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1232_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2022-1072","volume":"61","author":"P Schuetz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schuetz P. How to best use procalcitonin to diagnose infections and manage antibiotic treatment. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2023;61(5):822\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1232_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9330","volume":"14","author":"M Wolff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wolff M, Bouadma L. What procalcitonin brings to management of sepsis in the ICU. Critical care (London, England). 2010;14(6):1007.","journal-title":"Critical care (London, England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1232_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00047-X","volume":"20","author":"ED Carrol","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carrol ED, Thomson AP, Hart CA. Procalcitonin as a marker of sepsis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002;20(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"9","key":"1232_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir553","volume":"204","author":"M Mombelli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mombelli M, Lugrin J, Rubino I, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors impair antibacterial defenses of macrophages. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(9):1367\u201374.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1232_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-05-284711","volume":"117","author":"T Roger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roger T, Lugrin J, Le Roy D, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors impair innate immune responses to Toll-like receptor agonists and to infection. Blood. 2011;117(4):1205\u201317.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"1232_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00437-8","volume":"6","author":"YH Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang YH, Cai K, Xu PP, et al. CREBBP\/EP300 mutations promoted tumor progression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma through altering tumor-associated macrophage polarization via FBXW7-NOTCH-CCL2\/CSF1 axis. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):10.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"14","key":"1232_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-22-1270","volume":"83","author":"X Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng X, Sarode P, Weigert A, et al. The HDAC2-SP1 axis orchestrates protumor macrophage polarization. Cancer Res. 2023;83(14):2345\u201357.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1232_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12384-2","volume":"10","author":"T Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu T, Gan S, Zhu Q, et al. Modulation of M2 macrophage polarization by the crosstalk between Stat6 and Trim24. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):4353.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"1232_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-24-319","volume":"13","author":"L Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu L, Jing C, Zhuang S, Ji L, Jiang L. A novel lactylation-related gene signature for effectively distinguishing and predicting the prognosis of ovarian cancer. Transl Cancer Res. 2024;13(5):2497\u2013508.","journal-title":"Transl Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1232_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009506","volume":"17","author":"X Sheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sheng X, Cristea IM. The antiviral sirtuin 3 bridges protein acetylation to mitochondrial integrity and metabolism during human cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS Pathog. 2021;17(4):e1009506.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"7","key":"1232_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0151-6","volume":"19","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Cao X. Epigenetic regulation of the innate immune response to infection. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019;19(7):417\u201332.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1232_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-05069-w","volume":"28","author":"D Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu D, Sheeja Prabhakaran H, Zhang YY, Luo G, He W, Liou YC. Mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Crit Care. 2024;28(1):292.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"1232_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64611","author":"R Mainali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mainali R, Zabalawi M, Long D, et al. Dichloroacetate reverses sepsis-induced hepatic metabolic dysfunction. Elife. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.64611.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"3","key":"1232_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.148.3.6878708","volume":"148","author":"JA Hanley","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. A method of comparing the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves derived from the same cases. Radiology. 1983;148(3):839\u201343.","journal-title":"Radiology"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40121-025-01232-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40121-025-01232-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40121-025-01232-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T07:03:40Z","timestamp":1762844620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40121-025-01232-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40121-025-01232-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8229","2193-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8229","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Xin Chu, Panpan Chang, Yanyang Zhao, Junci Chong, Siying Chen, Bingkui Ren, Hexin Li, Xiaodong Xu, Beidong Chen, and Zhigang Chang declare no conflict of interest. Chenyi Di was affiliated with Beijing Hospital at the time of the study and is currently affiliated with Peking Union Medical College Hospital.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the institutional ethics board of Beijing Hospital (2018BJYYEC-197\u201302). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or next of kin, covering both the use of their samples for research and consent for data publication. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}}]}}