{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:03:29Z","timestamp":1787979809025,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004008","name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["This project was carried out with the financial support of the Italian National Institute of Health \u2013 CCM2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["This project was carried out with the financial support of the Italian National Institute of Health \u2013 CCM2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-026-01411-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:32:57Z","timestamp":1784302377000},"page":"2503-2522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Streptococcal Pharyngitis in Paediatric\u00a0Primary Care: Clinical Characteristics, Recurrences, Complications, and Antibiotic Management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nicolo\u2019","family":"Monti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Vitali Rosati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Ravid\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Malorgio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Gambotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Becherucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Chiappini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Other Members of the Italian Study Group of Paediatric Acute, Recurrent Pharyngitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauretta","family":"Baraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uga Margarete","family":"Bartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Bolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romeo","family":"Carrozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Casani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serenella","family":"Castronuovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Faccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosetta","family":"Gamboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Gandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Grezzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzia","family":"Guarnieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Laino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Marzona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachele","family":"Menardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Moioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angomeh","family":"Ndongko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina Jessica","family":"Ngalikpima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Palmero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Perin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Perone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Pisanello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Salvetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Scarabelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Tolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Tschumperlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1411_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-024-01789-5","volume":"50","author":"E Chiappini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chiappini E, Simeone G, Bergamini M, et al. Treatment of acute pharyngitis in children: an Italian intersociety consensus (SIPPS-SIP-SITIP-FIMP-SIAIP-SIMRI-FIMMG). Ital J Pediatr. 2024;50(1):235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-024-01789-5.","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"1411_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-024-05705-1","volume":"183","author":"R Gualtieri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gualtieri R, Verolet C, Mardegan C, et al. Amoxicillin vs. placebo to reduce symptoms in children with group\u00a0A streptococcal pharyngitis: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Eur J Pediatr. 2024;183(11):4773\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-024-05705-1.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1411_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2024.2412745","volume":"15","author":"H Bergsten","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bergsten H, Nizet V. The intricate pathogenicity of group\u00a0A Streptococcus: a comprehensive update. Virulence. 2024;15(1):2412745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2024.2412745.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"12","key":"1411_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD000023","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000023.pub5","volume":"12","author":"A Spinks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spinks A, Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB. Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;12(12):CD000023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD000023.pub5.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"1411_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.563627","volume":"15","author":"Z Mustafa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mustafa Z, Ghaffari M. Diagnostic methods, clinical guidelines, and antibiotic treatment for group\u00a0A streptococcal pharyngitis: a narrative review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;15(10):563627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.563627.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1411_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05211-w","volume":"182","author":"R Pellegrino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pellegrino R, Timitilli E, Verga MC, et al. Acute pharyngitis in children and adults: descriptive comparison of current recommendations from national and international guidelines and future perspectives. Eur J Pediatr. 2023;182(12):5259\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-023-05211-w.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1411_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-023-01561-1","volume":"50","author":"M De Filippo","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Filippo M, Klain A, Brambilla I, et al. Record of strep throat infections in Italy: what is needed to know about penicillin allergy? The point of view from the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (SIAIP). Ital J Pediatr. 2024;50(1):29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-023-01561-1.","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1411_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-025-02103-7","volume":"51","author":"E Chiappini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chiappini E, Renni M, De Luca M, et al. Invasive group\u00a0A Streptococcus infections in children during the post-pandemic period: results from a multicenter study in Italy. Ital J Pediatr. 2025;51(1):312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-025-02103-7.","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"1411_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3245-3","volume":"37","author":"H Munck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Munck H, J\u00f8rgensen AW, Klug TE. Antibiotics for recurrent acute pharyngo-tonsillitis: systematic review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;37(7):1221\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-018-3245-3.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"1411_CR10","volume-title":"Gestione della faringotonsillite in et\u00e0 pediatrica. Linea guida intersocietaria italiana","author":"E Chiappini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chiappini E, Esposito S, Camaioni A, et al. Gestione della faringotonsillite in et\u00e0 pediatrica. Linea guida intersocietaria italiana. Firenze: Sistema Nazionale Linee Guida; 2011."},{"key":"1411_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1086\/508773","volume":"43","author":"EL Kaplan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kaplan EL, Chhatwal GS, Rohde M. Reduced ability of penicillin to eradicate ingested group\u00a0A streptococci from epithelial cells: clinical and pathogenetic implications. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1398\u2013406.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"1411_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD010502","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010502.pub2","volume":"7","author":"JF Cohen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cohen JF, Bertille N, Cohen R, Chalumeau M. Rapid antigen detection test for group\u00a0A Streptococcus in children with pharyngitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;7(7):CD010502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD010502.pub2.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1411_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf668","author":"JA Linder","year":"2025","unstructured":"Linder JA, Watson ME, Wessels MR, et al. 2025 clinical practice guideline update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on group\u00a0A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis: risk assessment using clinical scoring systems in children and adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaf668.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1411_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.2020-11-6","volume":"10","author":"JL Robinson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Robinson JL. Paediatrics: how to manage pharyngitis in an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance. Drugs Context. 2021;10:2020-11-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7573\/dic.2020-11-6.","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"key":"1411_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group\u00a0A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(10):e86\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cis629. (Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(10):1496. Dosage error in article text).","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis629"},{"key":"1411_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Driel ML, De Sutter AI, Thorning S, Christiaens T. Different antibiotic treatments for group\u00a0A streptococcal pharyngitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;3(3):CD004406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004406.pub5. (Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;11:CD004406. 10.1002\/14651858.CD004406.pub6).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004406.pub5"},{"key":"1411_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5337","volume":"367","author":"G Skoog St\u00e5hlgren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Skoog St\u00e5hlgren G, Tyrstrup M, Edlund C, et al. Penicillin V four times daily for five days versus three times daily for 10\u00a0days in patients with pharyngotonsillitis caused by group\u00a0A streptococci: randomised controlled, open label, non-inferiority study. BMJ. 2019;367:l5337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l5337.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"1411_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpede.2022.07.005","volume":"97","author":"B Salinas Salvador","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salinas Salvador B, Moreno S\u00e1nchez A, Carmen Marc\u00e9n G, Molina Herranz D, Arana Navarro T, Garc\u00eda VC. Retrospective study on the effectiveness and safety of the shortened 5- to 7-day antibiotic regimen for acute streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis compared to the classic 10-day regimen. An Pediatr (Engl Ed). 2022;97(6):398\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anpede.2022.07.005.","journal-title":"An Pediatr (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"1411_CR19","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical guidance for group\u00a0A streptococcal pharyngitis. Atlanta: CDC; 2025. (updated Nov 18)."},{"key":"1411_CR20","unstructured":"World Health Organization. AWaRe classification of antibiotics for evaluation and monitoring of use. Geneva: WHO; 2023. WHO reference number: WHO\/MHP\/HPS\/EML\/2023."},{"issue":"10","key":"1411_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2019-0087","volume":"97","author":"P Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li P, Jiang G, Shen X. Evaluation of 3-day azithromycin or 5-day cefaclor in comparison with 10-day amoxicillin for treatment of tonsillitis in children. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2019;97(10):939\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjpp-2019-0087.","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1411_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/s0924-8579(00)00285-5","volume":"16","author":"A Novelli","year":"2000","unstructured":"Novelli A, Fallani S, Cassetta MI, Conti S. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral cephalosporins as critical factors in choice of antibiotics. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2000;16(4):501\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0924-8579(00)00285-5.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"3","key":"1411_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004406.pub5","volume":"3","author":"ML van Driel","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Driel ML, De Sutter AI, Thorning S, Christiaens T. Different antibiotic treatments for group\u00a0A streptococcal pharyngitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;3(3):CD004406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004406.pub5.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1411_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group\u00a0A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(10):1279\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cis847. (Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis. 2014 May;58(10):1496. Dosage error in article text).","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis847"},{"issue":"24","key":"1411_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-12272-8","volume":"106","author":"X Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin X, K\u00fcck U. Cephalosporins as key lead generation beta-lactam antibiotics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022;106(24):8007\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-022-12272-8.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1411_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.11673","volume":"174","author":"ML Barnett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barnett ML, Linder JA. Antibiotic prescribing to adults with sore throat in the United States, 1997\u20132010. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(1):138\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.11673.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1411_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3109\/02813432.2015.1001942","volume":"33","author":"PJ Lucas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lucas PJ, Cabral C, Hay AD, Horwood J. A systematic review of parent and clinician views and perceptions that influence prescribing decisions in relation to acute childhood infections in primary care. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2015;33(1):11\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02813432.2015.1001942.","journal-title":"Scand J Prim Health Care"},{"issue":"145","key":"1411_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2015.14070","volume":"15","author":"N Bonetti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bonetti N, Beer JH. Investigators of studies of n = 1: pioneers or kamikazes? Swiss Med Wkly. 2015;15(145):w14070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4414\/smw.2015.14070.","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"issue":"3","key":"1411_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e557","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2648","volume":"126","author":"N Shaikh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shaikh N, Leonard E, Martin JM. Prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis and streptococcal carriage in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2010;126(3):e557\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2009-2648.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1411_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-0709(89)90001-x","volume":"10","author":"I Brook","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brook I. Medical treatment of non-streptococcal recurrent tonsillitis. Am J Otolaryngol. 1989;10:227\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0196-0709(89)90001-x.","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"1411_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/24.2.227","volume":"24","author":"I Brook","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brook I. Treatment of patients with acute recurrent tonsillitis due to group a beta-haemolytic streptococci: a prospective randomized study comparing penicillin and amoxycillin\/clavulanate potassium. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1989;24:227\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/24.2.227.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"1411_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.01.003","volume":"88","author":"T-Y Hung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hung T-Y, Phuong LK, Grobler A, et al. Antibiotics to eradicate Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngeal carriage in asymptomatic children and adults: a systematic review. J Infect. 2024;88:106104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.01.003.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"1411_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288502400606","volume":"24","author":"I Brook","year":"1985","unstructured":"Brook I, Hirokawa R. Treatment of patients with a history of recurrent tonsillitis due to group\u00a0A beta-hemolytic streptococci. A prospective randomized study comparing penicillin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1985;24:331\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000992288502400606.","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"1411_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(05)81052-2","volume":"119","author":"RR Tanz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tanz RR, Poncher JR, Corydon KE, Kabat K, Yogev R, Shulman ST. Clindamycin treatment of chronic pharyngeal carriage of group a streptococci. J Pediatr. 1991;119:123\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-3476(05)81052-2.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"1411_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(85)80229-8","volume":"106","author":"RR Tanz","year":"1985","unstructured":"Tanz RR, Shulman ST, Barthel MJ, Willert C, Yogev R. Penicillin plus rifampin eradicates pharyngeal carriage of group\u00a0A streptococci. J Pediatr. 1985;106:876\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-3476(85)80229-8.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40121-026-01411-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40121-026-01411-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40121-026-01411-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:24:14Z","timestamp":1786728254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40121-026-01411-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40121-026-01411-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8229","2193-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8229","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Nicolo' Monti, Giovanni Vitali Rosati, Federica Ravid\u00e0, Emanuela Malorgio, Silvia Gambotto, Paolo Becherucci, Elena Chiappini have nothing to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The present study is a low-risk observational study exclusively on anonymized and aggregated clinical data. In all cases, written informed consent was obtained from the caregivers for the use of data related to each episode of pharyngitis. Data collection complied with the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR 2016\/679). The study was approved by the SiCupp Scientific Review Board (protocol # SBEASICUPP1902024).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}