{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T21:08:23Z","timestamp":1789247303790,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Project for the Continuation of High-Level Achievements","award":["25-2KYC13065-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-2KYC13065-26"]}]},{"name":"Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.","award":["HTSF2025091046527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HTSF2025091046527"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-026-01416-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:22:27Z","timestamp":1785252147000},"page":"2699-2715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-World Effectiveness of Ceftazidime\u2013Avibactam for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pneumonia, Time-Stratified Risk Factors for Short- and Long-Term Mortality, and Inpatient Costs: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongju","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2928-3548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2836-1767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1416_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.12.009","volume":"22","author":"YH Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang YH, Wang J, Wang R, Cai Y. Resistance to ceftazidime\u2013avibactam and underlying mechanisms. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020;22:18\u201327.","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"issue":"10474","key":"1416_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02081-6","volume":"405","author":"N Macesic","year":"2025","unstructured":"Macesic N, Uhlemann AC, Peleg AY. Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Lancet. 2025;405(10474):257\u201372.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"1416_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14111119","volume":"14","author":"G Vougiouklakis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vougiouklakis G, Tsioutis C, Vasileiadi N, Alexakis K, Spernovasilis N, Agouridis AP. Ceftazidime\/avibactam monotherapy versus other antibiotics: where do we stand? Pathogens. 2025;14(11):1119.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"7","key":"1416_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-00999-y","volume":"13","author":"RK Shields","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shields RK, Horcajada JP, Kamat S, Irani PM, Tawadrous M, Welte T. Ceftazidime\u2013avibactam in the treatment of patients with bacteremia or nosocomial pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis Ther. 2024;13(7):1639\u201364.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"1416_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-025-02702-w","volume":"54","author":"G Mgeladze","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mgeladze G, Khetsuriani S, Maisuradze G, Gachechiladze S, Akhvlediani G, Mikeladze M. Epidemiological profile of causative agents in nosocomial pneumonia: a four-year multicenter surveillance study from Georgia (2020\u20132023). Infection. 2026;54(2):749\u201359.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"1416_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1658683","volume":"16","author":"FX Du","year":"2025","unstructured":"Du FX, Ji Q, Li Y, Jia J, Xi RP. Analysis of the etiological characteristics of multidrug-resistant organisms and prognostic factors in ICU patients. Front Physiol. 2025;16:1658683.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1416_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00675-21","volume":"65","author":"T Yungyuen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yungyuen T, Chatsuwan T, Plongla R, et al. Nationwide surveillance and molecular characterization of critically drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: results of the Research University Network Thailand study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021;65(9):e00675-21.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"1416_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-022-00096-z","volume":"14","author":"M Assefa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Assefa M. Multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacterial pneumonia: etiology, risk factors, and drug resistance patterns. Pneumonia. 2022;14(1):4.","journal-title":"Pneumonia"},{"issue":"166","key":"1416_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220068","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0068-2022","volume":"31","author":"D Reynolds","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reynolds D, Burnham JP, Guillamet CV, et al. The threat of multidrug-resistant\/extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative respiratory infections: another pandemic. Eur Respir Rev. 2022;31(166):220068.","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1416_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15020232","volume":"15","author":"M Miron","year":"2026","unstructured":"Miron M, Ristescu AI, Blaj M, et al. Clinical and microbiological profile of hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients: a retrospective observational study. Antibiotics (Basel). 2026;15(2):232.","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"1416_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad499","volume":"77","author":"A Yassin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yassin A, Huralska M, Pogue JM, Dixit D, Sawyer RG, Kaye KS. State of the management of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(9):e46\u201356.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1416_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18189-6","volume":"12","author":"CJ Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim CJ, Song KH, Choi NK, et al. Socioeconomic burden of pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Korea. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):13934.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"1416_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05044-5","volume":"44","author":"N Khoshdel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khoshdel N, Noursalehigarakani M, Seghatoleslami ZS, et al. Efficacy of ceftazidime\u2013avibactam in treating Gram-negative infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2025;44(4):767\u201378.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1416_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-025-01518-5","volume":"14","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Y, Sholeh M, Yang LD, Shakourzadeh MZ, Beig M, Azizian K. Global trends of ceftazidime\u2013avibactam resistance in gram-negative bacteria: systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2025;14(1):10.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"1416_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00008-23","volume":"36","author":"L Ding","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ding L, Shen SQ, Chen J, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase variants: the new threat to global public health. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2023;36(4):e00008-23.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1416_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy492","volume":"68","author":"M Tumbarello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tumbarello M, Trecarichi EM, Corona A, et al. Efficacy of ceftazidime\u2013avibactam salvage therapy in patients with infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K.\u00a0pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(3):355\u201364.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1416_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115793","volume":"168","author":"AMS Shein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shein AMS, Wannigama DL, Hurst C, et al. Novel intranasal phage-CaEDTA-ceftazidime\/avibactam triple combination therapy demonstrates remarkable efficacy in treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;168:115793.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"7","key":"1416_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107215","volume":"26","author":"D Leshan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leshan D, Shein AMS, Hurst C, et al. Ca-EDTA restores the activity of ceftazidime\u2013avibactam or aztreonam against carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. iScience. 2023;26(7):107215.","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"1416_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.806849","volume":"8","author":"AMS Shein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shein AMS, Hongsing P, Abe S, et al. Will there ever be cure for chronic, life-changing colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in urinary tract infection? Front Med. 2021;8:11. 806849.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1416_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2024.2369948","volume":"51","author":"AMS Shein","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shein AMS, Hongsing P, Smith OK, et al. Current and novel therapies for management of Acinetobacter baumannii-associated pneumonia. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2025;51(3):441\u201362.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1416_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30747-8","volume":"18","author":"A Torres","year":"2018","unstructured":"Torres A, Zhong NS, Pachl J, et al. Ceftazidime\u2013avibactam versus meropenem in nosocomial pneumonia, including ventilator-associated pneumonia (REPROVE): a randomised, double-blind, phase\u00a03 non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(3):285\u201395.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1416_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofz149","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz149","volume":"6","author":"A Torres","year":"2019","unstructured":"Torres A, Rank D, Melnick D, et al. Randomized trial of ceftazidime\u2013avibactam vs meropenem for treatment of hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (REPROVE): analyses per US FDA-specified end points. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6(4):ofz149.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"1416_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae403","author":"PD Tamma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tamma PD, Heil EL, Justo JA, Mathers AJ, Satlin MJ, Bonomo RA. Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae403.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1416_CR24","first-page":"406","volume":"7","author":"N Aktug-Demir","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aktug-Demir N, Temocin F, Ural O, et al. Ceftazidime\u2013avibactam: a retrospective analysis of multicenter real-world data and factors affecting mortality. Infect Dis Clin Microbiol. 2025;7(4):406\u201320.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1416_CR25","unstructured":"Clinical Microbiology Society of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care, Chinese Thoracic Society, Chinese Medical Association. Expert consensus on microbiological diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales infections (2026 edition). Chin Med J. 2026;106(19):1883\u201398."},{"key":"1416_CR26","unstructured":"Branch of Bacterial Infection and Drug Resistance Prevention of Chinese Medical Association, Infectious Diseases Specialty Committee, China Medicine Education Association. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (2026 edition). Chin Med J. 2026;106(7):601\u201317."},{"key":"1416_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.03.001","volume":"43","author":"JY Yuan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yuan JY, Huang HH, Guo F, et al. Effectiveness and safety of ceftazidime\u2013avibactam in Chinese patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia, including ventilator-associated pneumonia: a phase\u00a04, multi-centre, open-label study. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2025;43:248\u201355.","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"1416_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663392","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1663392","volume":"15","author":"XH Qin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Qin XH, Xiang TX, Zhang XJ, et al. Real-world usage, effectiveness, and microbiological features of ceftazidime\u2013avibactam in clinical practice in China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;15:1663392.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1416_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086039","volume":"14","author":"WQZ Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang WQZ, Zhen XM, Sun XS, et al. Estimating the value of new antibiotic treatment strategies in Zhejiang province, China: cost-effectiveness analysis based on a validated dynamic model. BMJ Open. 2024;14(8):e086039.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"1416_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-025-01164-9","volume":"14","author":"N Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu N, Xiao FJ, Chen YC, et al. Efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness analysis of ceftazidime\u2013avibactam versus polymyxin\u00a0B in the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections: a target trial emulation. Infect Dis Ther. 2025;14(7):1419\u201337.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"1416_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","volume":"18","author":"AP Magiorakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"1416_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01690","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01690-22","volume":"10","author":"N Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang N, Qi LH, Liu X, et al. Clinical and molecular characterizations of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae causing bloodstream infection in a Chinese hospital. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(5):e01690-e1722.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"1416_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2024.127769","volume":"285","author":"C Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang C, Xu Q, Xie MM, et al. Enhancing resistance, but not virulence attributed to the high mortality caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microbiol Res. 2024;285:127769.","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"1416_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S504694","volume":"18","author":"DC Xiong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xiong DC, Geng HX, Lv XC, Wang SQ, Jia LJ. Inflammatory response and anti-inflammatory treatment in persistent inflammation-immunosuppression-catabolism syndrome (PICS). J Inflamm Res. 2025;18:2267\u201381.","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1416_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2024.03.038","volume":"133","author":"KR Chadda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chadda KR, Blakey EE, Davies TW, Puthucheary Z. Risk factors, biomarkers, and mechanisms for persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome (PICS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2024;133(3):538\u201349.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"16","key":"1416_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35757","volume":"10","author":"CW Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu CW, Chen Q, Ding N, Hu L-F. Ceftazidime\u2013avibactam: combination therapy versus monotherapy in the challenge of pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Heliyon. 2024;10(16):e35757.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"8","key":"1416_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-023-00852-8","volume":"12","author":"J Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin J, Zhang L, Zhou M, et al. Combination therapy of ceftazidime\/avibactam for the treatment of patients infected with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: a multicenter retrospective study. Infect Dis Ther. 2023;12(8):2165\u201377.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"1416_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2025.104545","volume":"29","author":"J Matuoka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Matuoka J, Pachito DV, Piastrelli F, Fehlberg LCC, de Oliveira HA Jr. Economic evaluation of ceftazidime\u2013avibactam vs. polymyxin\u00a0B for treatment of hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. Braz J Infect Dis. 2025;29(4):104545.","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40121-026-01416-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40121-026-01416-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40121-026-01416-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T20:41:45Z","timestamp":1789245705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40121-026-01416-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40121-026-01416-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8229","2193-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8229","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests other than the research funding from Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. disclosed under Funding. Chao Liu, Wei Li, Enjing Zhang, Lei Hu, Yong Li, Ying Chen, Junwei Wang, Yinghao He, Dong Xu, Zhongju Chen, Dong Liu and Yan He have nothing further to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics committees of all participating centers (lead committee: Tongji Hospital, approval No. TJ-IRB202412018). Given the retrospective, non-interventional design, the requirement for written informed consent was waived. All data were de-identified before analysis.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}