{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T17:35:23Z","timestamp":1794332123772,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-026-01451-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:21:14Z","timestamp":1791202874000},"page":"3357-3375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Five Assays for Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (RAST), Including Disk Diffusion, MIC-Based Systems, and Genotypic Methods: A Prospective Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Uitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Siebenhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Aurenhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kroi\u00dfenbrunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kuenzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Steinmetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5032-8870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Dichtl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10219","key":"1451_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","volume":"395","author":"KE Rudd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, Shackelford KA, Tsoi D, Kievlan DR, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):200\u201311.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"1451_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.10.031","volume":"26","author":"WV Kern","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kern WV, Rieg S. Burden of bacterial bloodstream infection-a brief update on epidemiology and significance of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(2):151\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1451_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-025-02584-y","author":"Y Dickstein","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dickstein Y, Yahav D, Tiseo G, Mussini C, Franceschini E, Santoro A, et al. Carbapenemase type and mortality in blood-stream infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Infection. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-025-02584-y.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"10","key":"1451_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02961-23","volume":"12","author":"C Lopera","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lopera C, Monzo P, Aiello TF, Chumbita M, Peyrony O, Gallardo-Pizarro A, et al. Prevalence and impact of multidrug-resistant bacteria in solid cancer patients with bloodstream infection: a 25-year trend analysis. Microbiol Spectr. 2024;12(10):e0296123.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"1451_CR5","unstructured":"The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Zone diameter breakpoint tables for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (RAST) directly from blood culture bottles. Version 6.1. EUCAST; 2023."},{"issue":"2","key":"1451_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.05001-22","volume":"11","author":"A Ekwall-Larson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ekwall-Larson A, Froding I, Mert B, Akerlund A, Ozenci V. Analytical performance and potential clinical utility of EUCAST rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing in blood cultures after four hours of incubation. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11(2):e0500122.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"1451_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.807668","volume":"12","author":"A Cherkaoui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cherkaoui A, Schrenzel J. Total laboratory automation for rapid detection and identification of microorganisms and their antimicrobial resistance profiles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:807668.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"1451_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091824","author":"MP Liborio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liborio MP, Harris PNA, Ravi C, Irwin AD. Getting up to speed: rapid pathogen and antimicrobial resistance diagnostics in sepsis. Microorganisms. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12091824.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"6","key":"1451_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061212","volume":"10","author":"M Rosselin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rosselin M, Prod\u2019hom G, Greub G, Croxatto A. Performance evaluation of the Quantamatrix QMAC-dRAST system for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing directly from blood cultures. Microorganisms. 2022;10(6):1212.","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"issue":"9","key":"1451_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.25043","volume":"38","author":"TY Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim TY, Kang M, Shim HJ, Kang OK, Huh HJ, Lee NY. Evaluation of the QMAC-dRAST system version 2.5 for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Gram-negative bacteria from positive blood culture broth and subcultured colony isolates. J Clin Lab Anal. 2024;38(9):e25043.","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"1451_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2024.107046","volume":"226","author":"M Strauss","year":"2024","unstructured":"Strauss M, Suleiman SA, Lauz N, Reznik-Gitlitz B, Sagas D, Colodner R. A comparative study of a rapid phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing system directly from positive blood cultures to the disk diffusion and VITEK 2 methods. J Microbiol Methods. 2024;226:107046.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"issue":"12","key":"1451_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00692-24","volume":"62","author":"G Ostermann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ostermann G, Korber-Irrgang B, Kruger A, Singh P, Vo K, Gielen J, et al. Performance evaluation of the Specific Reveal system for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing from positive blood cultures containing Gram-negative pathogens. J Clin Microbiol. 2024;62(12):e0069224.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1451_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13111058","volume":"13","author":"G Menchinelli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Menchinelli G, Squitieri D, Magri C, De Maio F, D\u2019Inzeo T, Cacaci M, et al. Verification of the Vitek reveal system for direct antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Gram-negative positive blood cultures. Antibiotics (Basel). 2024;13(11):1058.","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)."},{"key":"1451_CR14","unstructured":"The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 14.0. EUCAST. 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"1451_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07772-x","volume":"22","author":"AM Peri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peri AM, Ling W, Furuya-Kanamori L, Harris PNA, Paterson DL. Performance of BioFire Blood Culture Identification 2 Panel (BCID2) for the detection of bloodstream pathogens and their associated resistance markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):794.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"1451_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-021-04249-8","volume":"40","author":"GK Thomson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomson GK, Jamros K, Snyder JW, Thomson KS. Digital imaging for reading of direct rapid antibiotic susceptibility tests from positive blood cultures. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;40(10):2105\u201312.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"1451_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00898-22","volume":"60","author":"A Cherkaoui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cherkaoui A, Schorderet D, Azam N, Crudeli L, Fernandez J, Renzi G, et al. Fully automated EUCAST rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (RAST) from positive blood cultures: diagnostic accuracy and implementation. J Clin Microbiol. 2022;60(10):e0089822.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1451_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03846-3","volume":"39","author":"JK Jasuja","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jasuja JK, Zimmermann S, Burckhardt I. Evaluation of EUCAST rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (RAST) for positive blood cultures in clinical practice using a total lab automation. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;39(7):1305\u201313.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1451_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-022-04421-8","volume":"41","author":"PH Herroelen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Herroelen PH, Heestermans R, Emmerechts K, Vandoorslaer K, Wybo I, Pierard D, et al. Validation of Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing directly from blood cultures using WASPLab((R)), including Colibri() and Radian((R)) in-Line Carousel. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2022;41(5):733\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1451_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02401-24","volume":"13","author":"M Cintron","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cintron M, Clark B, Miranda E, Delgado M, Babady NE. Development and evaluation of a direct disk diffusion, rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing method from blood culture positive for Gram-negative bacilli using rapid molecular testing and microbiology laboratory automation. Microbiol Spectr. 2025;13(6):e0240124.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"1451_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.05.015","volume":"22","author":"A Martins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martins A, Wink P, Pereira D, Souza A, Aquino V, Barth A. Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae by disk diffusion directly from blood culture bottles using the EUCAST RAST breakpoints. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020;22:637\u201342.","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"issue":"4","key":"1451_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz548","volume":"75","author":"E Jonasson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jonasson E, Matuschek E, Kahlmeter G. The EUCAST rapid disc diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing directly from positive blood culture bottles. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75(4):968\u201378.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"1451_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101404","author":"G Bianco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bianco G, Lombardo D, Ricciardelli G, Boattini M, Comini S, Cavallo R, et al. Multicentre evaluation of the EUCAST rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (RAST) extending analysis to 16-20 hours reading time. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11101404.","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1451_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116503","volume":"110","author":"A Antonelli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Antonelli A, Cuffari S, Casciato B, Giani T, Rossolini GM. Evaluation of the Vitek(R) Reveal system for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Gram-negative pathogens, including ESBL, CRE and CRAB, from positive blood cultures. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2024;110(4):116503.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"1451_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae219","volume":"79","author":"G Bianco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bianco G, Boattini M, Comini S, Bondi A, Curtoni A, Piccinini G, et al. Detection of volatile organic compounds as new paradigm to accelerate antimicrobial susceptibility testing: performance evaluation of VITEK(R) REVEAL. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2024;79(9):2237\u201345.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"12","key":"1451_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001941","volume":"73","author":"C Bonetti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bonetti C, Radaelli GM, De Francesco MA. Susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria from blood cultures assessed by a rapid antimicrobial susceptibility assay, the VITEK(R) Reveal: a preliminary study. J Med Microbiol. 2024;73(12):001941.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"1451_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13051041","author":"S Park","year":"2025","unstructured":"Park S, Kim D, Ryoo N. Comparative assessment of rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods for bloodstream infections in a non-24\/7 clinical microbiology laboratory. Microorganisms. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13051041.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"1451_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116436","volume":"110","author":"F Morecchiato","year":"2024","unstructured":"Morecchiato F, Coppi M, Chilleri C, Antonelli A, Giani T, Rossolini GM. Evaluation of Quantamatrix dRAST(TM) system for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates from positive blood cultures, in comparison with commercial Micronaut broth microdilution system. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2024;110(1):116436.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"1451_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2020.105902","volume":"172","author":"P Grohs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grohs P, Rondinaud E, Fourar M, Rouis K, Mainardi JL, Podglajen I. Comparative evaluation of the QMAC-dRAST V2.0 system for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing of Gram-negative blood culture isolates. J Microbiol Methods. 2020;172:105902.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"1451_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02107-21","volume":"10","author":"AYW Wong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wong AYW, Johnsson ATA, Ozenci V. Performance of dRAST on prospective clinical blood culture samples in a simulated clinical setting and on multidrug-resistant bacteria. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(2):e0210721.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40121-026-01451-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40121-026-01451-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40121-026-01451-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T16:45:30Z","timestamp":1794329130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40121-026-01451-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1451"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40121-026-01451-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8229","2193-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8229","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Karl Dichtl received technical support, consumables, and loaned test devices by bioM\u00e9rieux and Quantamatrix, as well as funding from other companies unrelated to this study. David Siebenhofer reports honoraria for a presentation at an educational event. Christine Uitz, Ivo Steinmetz, Kristin Aurenhammer, Michael Kroi\u00dfenbrunner, Robert Krause, and Thomas Kuenzer have nothing to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Medical University of Graz (#35-401) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. A waiver of informed consent was granted.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}