{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:10:17Z","timestamp":1790028617907,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004312","name":"Eli Lilly and Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pain Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-026-00839-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T07:21:20Z","timestamp":1777360880000},"page":"871-890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Results from TRIUMPH [EUROPE], a Real-World Observational Study on the 3-Month Effectiveness of Galcanezumab Versus Traditional Oral Migraine Preventive Medications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Tassorelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Novick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5995-5957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saygin","family":"Gonderten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Martimianaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Pozo Rosich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10100","key":"839_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","volume":"390","author":"GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators","year":"2017","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1211\u201359.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"839_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00763-1","volume":"19","author":"TJ Steiner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ. Global epidemiology of migraine and its implications for public health and health policy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2023;19(2):109\u201317.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"839_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.11.071","volume":"372","author":"YW Woldeamanuel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Woldeamanuel YW, Cowan RP. Migraine affects 1 in 10 people worldwide featuring recent rise: a systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based studies involving 6 million participants. J Neurol Sci. 2017;372:307\u201315.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30293-9","volume":"16","author":"KG Vetvik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vetvik KG, MacGregor EA. Sex differences in the epidemiology, clinical features, and pathophysiology of migraine. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(1):76\u201387.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13456","volume":"59","author":"American Headache Society","year":"2019","unstructured":"American Headache S. The American Headache Society position statement on integrating new migraine treatments into clinical practice. Headache. 2019;59(1):1\u201318.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"839_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12505_2","volume":"55","author":"RB Lipton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lipton RB, Silberstein SD. Episodic and chronic migraine headache: breaking down barriers to optimal treatment and prevention. Headache. 2015;55(Suppl 2):103\u201322 (quiz 23-6).","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"6","key":"839_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12127","volume":"53","author":"DP Turner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Turner DP, Smitherman TA, Penzien DB, Lipton RB, Houle TT. Rethinking headache chronification. Headache. 2013;53(6):901\u20137.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"839_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1416","author":"TJ Schwedt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schwedt TJ. Chronic migraine. BMJ. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.g1416.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"839_CR9","first-page":"26","volume":"2","author":"N Chaushev","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chaushev N, Milanov I. Impact of migraine and migraine treatment on patient\u2019s capacity to work and quality of life. J Clin Med. 2009;2(3):26\u201331.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102415580099","volume":"36","author":"N Abu Bakar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abu Bakar N, Tanprawate S, Lambru G, Torkamani M, Jahanshahi M, Matharu M. Quality of life in primary headache disorders: a review. Cephalalgia. 2015;36(1):67\u201391.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"2","key":"839_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12038","volume":"53","author":"KR Merikangas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Merikangas KR. Contributions of epidemiology to our understanding of migraine. Headache. 2013;53(2):230\u201346.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"4","key":"839_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.15-4-344","volume":"15","author":"HC Diener","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diener HC, Solbach K, Holle D, Gaul C. Integrated care for chronic migraine patients: epidemiology, burden, diagnosis and treatment options. Clin Med (Lond). 2015;15(4):344\u201350.","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"6","key":"839_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2012.02185.x","volume":"52","author":"E Loder","year":"2012","unstructured":"Loder E, Burch R, Rizzoli P. The 2012 AHS\/AAN guidelines for prevention of episodic migraine: a summary and comparison with other recent clinical practice guidelines. Headache. 2012;52(6):930\u201345.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12499","volume":"55","author":"MJ Marmura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marmura MJ, Silberstein SD, Schwedt TJ. The acute treatment of migraine in adults: the American Headache Society evidence assessment of migraine pharmacotherapies. Headache. 2015;55(1):3\u201320.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"8","key":"839_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024241252666","volume":"44","author":"F Puledda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Puledda F, Sacco S, Diener HC, Ashina M, Al-Khazali HM, Ashina S, et\u00a0al. International Headache Society global practice recommendations for the acute pharmacological treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia. 2024;44(8):3331024241252666.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"839_CR16","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION (Emgality) 2019. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2018\/761063s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"839_CR17","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION (Aimovig) 2018. www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2018\/761077s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"839_CR18","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Ajovy Overview 2019. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/ajovy#authorisation-details."},{"key":"839_CR19","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Emgality Overview 2018. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/emgality."},{"key":"839_CR20","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Aimovig Overview 2019. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/aimovig."},{"key":"839_CR21","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION (AJOVY) 2018. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2018\/761089s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"839_CR22","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Vyepti Overview 2022. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/vyepti."},{"key":"839_CR23","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION (VYEPTI) 2020. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2022\/761119s006lbl.pdf."},{"key":"839_CR24","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Vydura Overview. 2022. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/vydura."},{"key":"839_CR25","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION (NURTEC) 2020. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2021\/212728s006lbl.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"839_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0617-4","volume":"15","author":"PR Holland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holland PR, Goadsby PJ. Targeted CGRP small molecule antagonists for acute migraine therapy. Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(2):304\u201312.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"839_CR27","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION (QULIPTA) 2021. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2021\/215206Orig1s000lbl.pdf."},{"issue":"8","key":"839_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035908","volume":"385","author":"J Ailani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ailani J, Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ, Guo H, Miceli R, Severt L, et\u00a0al. Atogepant for the preventive treatment of migraine. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(8):695\u2013706.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"839_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420905132","volume":"40","author":"M Ashina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ashina M, Saper J, Cady R, Schaeffler BA, Biondi DM, Hirman J, et\u00a0al. Eptinezumab in episodic migraine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (PROMISE-1). Cephalalgia. 2020;40(3):241\u201354.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"10268","key":"839_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32544-7","volume":"397","author":"R Croop","year":"2021","unstructured":"Croop R, Lipton RB, Kudrow D, Stock DA, Kamen L, Conway CM, et\u00a0al. Oral rimegepant for preventive treatment of migraine: a phase 2\/3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10268):51\u201360.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"24","key":"839_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2211","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006640","volume":"91","author":"HC Detke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Detke HC, Goadsby PJ, Wang S, Friedman DI, Selzler KJ, Aurora SK. Galcanezumab in chronic migraine: the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled REGAIN study. Neurology. 2018;91(24):e2211\u201321.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"839_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102418759786","volume":"38","author":"DW Dodick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dodick DW, Ashina M, Brandes JL, Kudrow D, Lanteri-Minet M, Osipova V, et\u00a0al. ARISE: a phase 3 randomized trial of erenumab for episodic migraine. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(6):1026\u201337.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"13","key":"839_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1365","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009169","volume":"94","author":"RB Lipton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ, Smith J, Schaeffler BA, Biondi DM, Hirman J, et\u00a0al. Efficacy and safety of eptinezumab in patients with chronic migraine: PROMISE-2. Neurology. 2020;94(13):e1365\u201377.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"839_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14169","volume":"61","author":"F Sakai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sakai F, Suzuki N, Kim BK, Igarashi H, Hirata K, Takeshima T, et\u00a0al. Efficacy and safety of fremanezumab for chronic migraine prevention: multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial in Japanese and Korean patients. Headache. 2021;61(7):1092\u2013101.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"9","key":"839_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1212","volume":"75","author":"VL Stauffer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stauffer VL, Dodick DW, Zhang Q, Carter JN, Ailani J, Conley RR. Evaluation of galcanezumab for the prevention of episodic migraine: the EVOLVE-1 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(9):1080\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"839_CR36","first-page":"927","volume":"95","author":"E Caronna","year":"2024","unstructured":"Caronna E, Gallardo VJ, Egeo G, V\u00e1zquez MM, Castellanos CN, Membrilla JA, et\u00a0al. Redefining migraine prevention: early treatment with anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies enhances response in the real world. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2024;95(10):927\u201337.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01433-9","volume":"23","author":"CK Cullum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cullum CK, Do TP, Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Hugger SS, Iljazi A, et\u00a0al. Real-world long-term efficacy and safety of erenumab in adults with chronic migraine: a 52-week, single-center, prospective, observational study. J Headache Pain. 2022;23(1):61.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01415-x","volume":"23","author":"MT Driessen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Driessen MT, Cohen JM, Thompson SF, Patterson-Lomba O, Seminerio MJ, Carr K, et\u00a0al. Real-world effectiveness after initiating fremanezumab treatment in US patients with episodic and chronic migraine or difficult-to-treat migraine. J Headache Pain. 2022;23(1):56.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01431-x","volume":"23","author":"S Sacco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sacco S, Amin FM, Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Deligianni CI, Gil-Gouveia R, et\u00a0al. European Headache Federation guideline on the use of monoclonal antibodies targeting the calcitonin gene related peptide pathway for migraine prevention - 2022 update. J Headache Pain. 2022;23(1):67.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"839_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14692","volume":"64","author":"AC Charles","year":"2024","unstructured":"Charles AC, Digre KB, Goadsby PJ, Robbins MS, Hershey A. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeting therapies are a first-line option for the prevention of migraine: an American Headache Society position statement update. Headache. 2024;64(4):333\u201341.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"839_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.15045","author":"RB Lipton","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lipton RB, L\u00e1inez MJA, Ahmed Z, Vallarino C, Novick D, Vincent M, et\u00a0al. Treatment effectiveness of galcanezumab versus traditional oral migraine preventive medications at 3\u2009months: results from the TRIUMPH study. Headache. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/head.15045.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"5","key":"839_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)60561-2","volume":"84","author":"DC Buse","year":"2009","unstructured":"Buse DC, Rupnow MF, Lipton RB. Assessing and managing all aspects of migraine: migraine attacks, migraine-related functional impairment, common comorbidities, and quality of life. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(5):422\u201335.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"2","key":"839_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1999.019002107.x","volume":"19","author":"WF Stewart","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Kolodner K, Liberman J, Sawyer J. Reliability of the migraine disability assessment score in a population-based sample of headache sufferers. Cephalalgia. 1999;19(2):107\u201314 (discussion 74).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"5","key":"839_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.5.988","volume":"53","author":"WF Stewart","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Whyte J, Dowson A, Kolodner K, Liberman JN, et\u00a0al. An international study to assess reliability of the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) score. Neurology. 1999;53(5):988\u201394.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"839_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84858-7","volume-title":"The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction","author":"T Hastie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hastie T, Tibshirani R, Friedman JH, Friedman JH. The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction. Berlin: Springer; 2009."},{"issue":"6","key":"839_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000571","volume":"46","author":"G Dell Agnello","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dell Agnello G, Buzzoni C, Antenori A, Torelli F, Altamura C, Vernieri F. Galcanezumab in the treatment of migraine: a narrative review of real-world studies. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2023;46(6):220\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"839_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15197","volume":"29","author":"F Vernieri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vernieri F, Altamura C, Brunelli N, Costa CM, Aurilia C, Egeo G, et\u00a0al. Rapid response to galcanezumab and predictive factors in chronic migraine patients: a 3-month observational, longitudinal, cohort, multicentre, Italian real-life study. Eur J Neurol. 2022;29(4):1198\u2013208.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01247-1","volume":"22","author":"F Vernieri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vernieri F, Altamura C, Brunelli N, Costa CM, Aurilia C, Egeo G, et\u00a0al. Galcanezumab for the prevention of high frequency episodic and chronic migraine in real life in Italy: a multicenter prospective cohort study (the GARLIT study). J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):35.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"839_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024211053571","volume":"42","author":"U Reuter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reuter U, Ehrlich M, Gendolla A, Heinze A, Klatt J, Wen S, et\u00a0al. Erenumab versus topiramate for the prevention of migraine \u2014A randomised, double-blind, active-controlled phase 4 trial. Cephalalgia. 2022;42(2):108\u201318.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01927-8","volume":"25","author":"C Lampl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lampl C, Seng E, Vincent M, Lenderking WR, Hoyt M, Hetherington L, et\u00a0al. Interictal burden in migraine patients at the outset of CGRP monoclonal antibody prevention. J Headache Pain. 2024;25(1):220.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"839_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14460","volume":"63","author":"RB Lipton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lipton RB, Buse DC, Sandoe CH, Ford JH, Hand AL, Jedynak JP, et\u00a0al. Changes in migraine interictal burden following treatment with galcanezumab: results from a phase III randomized, placebo-controlled study. Headache. 2023;63(5):683\u201391.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01208-0","volume":"21","author":"TJ Steiner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Jensen R, Uluduz D, Katsarava Z. Migraine remains second among the world\u2019s causes of disability, and first among young women: findings from GBD2019. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):137.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-017-0787-1","volume":"18","author":"D Serrano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Serrano D, Lipton RB, Scher AI, Reed ML, Stewart WBF, Adams AM, et\u00a0al. Fluctuations in episodic and chronic migraine status over the course of 1 year: implications for diagnosis, treatment and clinical trial design. J Headache Pain. 2017;18(1):101.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"22","key":"839_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000335946.53860.1d","volume":"71","author":"ME Bigal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bigal ME, Lipton RB. Excessive acute migraine medication use and migraine progression. Neurology. 2008;71(22):1821\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"839_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610159","author":"F Schad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schad F, Thronicke A. Real-world evidence-current developments and perspectives. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191610159.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"839_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S178723","volume":"11","author":"M Sharma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma M, Nazareth I, Petersen I. Observational studies of treatment effectiveness: worthwhile or worthless? Clin Epidemiol. 2019;11:35\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"839_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00509-5","volume":"17","author":"AK Eigenbrodt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eigenbrodt AK, Ashina H, Khan S, Diener HC, Mitsikostas DD, Sinclair AJ, et\u00a0al. Diagnosis and management of migraine in ten steps. Nat Rev Neurol. 2021;17(8):501\u201314.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"}],"container-title":["Pain and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40122-026-00839-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40122-026-00839-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40122-026-00839-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:04:49Z","timestamp":1778695489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40122-026-00839-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40122-026-00839-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8237","2193-651X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8237","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-651X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Diego Novick, Saygin Gonderten, Rebecca L. Robinson, and Georgia Martimianaki are employees and minor shareholders of Eli Lilly and Company. Maurice Vincent was an employee and minor shareholder of Eli Lilly and Company when the study was conducted and received travel support from Eli Lilly and Company. Cristina Tassorelli has institutional grants\/contracts from AbbVie; has received personal consulting fees from AbbVie, Eli Lilly and Company, Domp\u00e9, Ipsen, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Medscape, and Teva; has received payment\/honoraria for lectures\/presentations\/speaker bureaus from AbbVie, Eli Lilly and Company, Teva, Lundbeck, and Pfizer; has received support for attending meetings\/travel from AbbVie, Eli Lilly and Company Domp\u00e9, Ipsen, Teva, Lundbeck, and Pfizer; and has acted as a personal investigator in trials sponsored by AbbVie, Biohaven, Chordate, Eli Lilly and Company, Ipsen, Lundbeck, Pfizer, and Teva. Patricia Pozo Rosich has received grants\/contracts from Instituto Salud Carlos III, PMP FEDER, EraNet Neuron, Teva, Novartis, and AbbVie, all to the Headache Research Group at VHIR; has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Almirall, Dr. Reddy\u2019s, Eli Lilly and Company, Lundbeck, Novartis, Organon, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, and Teva; and has received payment\/honoraria for lectures\/presentations\/speaker bureaus from Abbvie, Almirall, Dr. Reddy\u2019s, Eli Lilly and Company, Lundbeck, Novartis, Organon, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, and Teva.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This study was registered through the European Network of Centers for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance (number EUPAS33068) and was and is still conducted in accordance with the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki and that are consistent with Good Pharmacoepidemiology Practices and applicable laws and regulations of the country or countries [Spain, UK, Germany, and Italy] where the study is being conducted, as appropriate. The study protocol and the consent forms were approved by the shared panel of institutional review boards (IRBs) and country-specific ethics committees (full list is provided in the Supplementary Material). Written informed consent was obtained for all study participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}