{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T15:06:20Z","timestamp":1784041580555,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pain Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-026-00852-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T08:09:58Z","timestamp":1782720598000},"page":"957-981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["French National Guidelines for the Appropriate Use of Opioids: Analgesia, Opioid Use Disorder, and Overdose Prevention\u2014Part 2: Prevention and Management of Opioid Use Disorder and Overdose"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2393-7061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lian","family":"Bertin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7801-286X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Dupouy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1236-0383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Authier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Michenot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9373-9606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidonie","family":"Verdier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3176-6039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Chappuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3524-7455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Priscille","family":"Trouvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"852_CR1","unstructured":"Haute Autorit\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9. Development of good practice guidelines \u201cClinical practice guidelines\u201d method [Internet]. 2020. https:\/\/www.has-sante.fr\/upload\/docs\/application\/pdf\/2018-02\/good_practice_guidelines_cpg_method.pdf"},{"key":"852_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463712438493","volume":"6","author":"H Pathan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pathan H, Williams J. Basic opioid pharmacology: an update. Br J Pain. 2012;6:11\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2049463712438493.","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"key":"852_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0225-3","volume":"43","author":"RJ Valentino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Valentino RJ, Volkow ND. Untangling the complexity of opioid receptor function. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43:2514\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-018-0225-3.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"852_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0028-x","volume":"19","author":"E Darcq","year":"2018","unstructured":"Darcq E, Kieffer BL. Opioid receptors: drivers to addiction? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2018;19:499\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-018-0028-x.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"852_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000409","volume":"62","author":"T Toubia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Toubia T, Khalife T. The endogenous opioid system: role and dysfunction caused by opioid therapy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2019;62:3\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000409.","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"852_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.11.002","volume":"36","author":"P-E Lutz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lutz P-E, Kieffer BL. Opioid receptors: distinct roles in mood disorders. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36:195\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2012.11.002.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"852_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14111091","volume":"14","author":"AK Paul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paul AK, Smith CM, Rahmatullah M, Nissapatorn V, Wilairatana P, Spetea M, et al. Opioid analgesia and opioid-induced adverse effects: a review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14:1091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph14111091.","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"852_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9479612.x","volume":"94","author":"JM White","year":"1999","unstructured":"White JM, Irvine RJ. Mechanisms of fatal opioid overdose. Addiction. 1999;94:961\u201372.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"852_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002396","volume":"14","author":"T Gomes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gomes T, Juurlink DN, Antoniou T, Mamdani MM, Paterson JM, van den Brink W. Gabapentin, opioids, and the risk of opioid-related death: a population-based nested case\u2013control study. PLoS Med. 2017;14:e1002396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002396.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"852_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-75269-3_30","volume-title":"Molecular pain","author":"ZZ Pan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pan ZZ. Mechanisms of opioid tolerance. In: Zhuo M, editor. Molecular pain. New York: Springer; 2007. p. 413\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-0-387-75269-3_30."},{"key":"852_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-008-9056-1","volume":"10","author":"EO Dumas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dumas EO, Pollack GM. Opioid tolerance development: a pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic perspective. AAPS J. 2008;10:537\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1208\/s12248-008-9056-1.","journal-title":"AAPS J"},{"key":"852_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association, editor. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"852_CR13","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"852_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12060782","volume":"170","author":"DS Hasin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hasin DS, O\u2019Brien CP, Auriacombe M, Borges G, Bucholz K, Budney A, et al. DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:834\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12060782.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"852_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.11.024","volume":"34","author":"MD Skinner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Skinner MD, Aubin H-J. Craving\u2019s place in addiction theory: contributions of the major models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010;34:606\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.11.024.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"852_CR16","volume-title":"Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2016","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2016."},{"key":"852_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.12.015","volume":"121","author":"C Bertin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bertin C, Delage N, Rolland B, Pennel L, Fatseas M, Trouvin A-P, et al. Analgesic opioid use disorders in patients with chronic non-cancer pain: a holistic approach for tailored management. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;121:160\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.12.015.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"852_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2016.02.014","volume":"45","author":"X Moisset","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moisset X, Trouvin A-P, Tran V-T, Authier N, Vergne-Salle P, Piano V, et al. Utilisation des opio\u00efdes forts dans la douleur chronique non canc\u00e9reuse chez l\u2019adulte. Recommandations fran\u00e7aises de bonne pratique clinique par consensus formalis\u00e9 (SFETD). Presse Med. 2016;45:447\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lpm.2016.02.014.","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"852_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000633","volume":"14","author":"American Society of Addiction Medicine","year":"2020","unstructured":"American Society of Addiction Medicine. The ASAM national practice guideline for the treatment of opioid use disorder: 2020 focused update. J Addict Med. 2020;14:1\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000633.","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"852_CR20","unstructured":"New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute CC. Treatment of opioid use disorder. Johns Hopkins University [Internet]. 2021; https:\/\/www.hivguidelines.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/NYSDOH-AI-Treatment-of-Opioid-Use-Disorder_4-18-2024_HG.pdf"},{"key":"852_CR21","unstructured":"Australian Department of Health. National guidelines for medication-assisted treatment of opioid dependence. DoH [Internet]. Canberra; 2014; https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/resources\/publications\/national-guidelines-for-medication-assisted-treatment-of-opioid-dependence?language=en"},{"key":"852_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2017.1409722","volume":"18","author":"M Dematteis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dematteis M, Auriacombe M, D\u2019Agnone O, Somaini L, Szerman N, Littlewood R, et al. Recommendations for buprenorphine and methadone therapy in Opioid Use Disorder: a European consensus. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2017;18:1987\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14656566.2017.1409722.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"852_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6501e1","volume":"65","author":"D Dowell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain - United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65:1\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.rr6501e1.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"852_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1","author":"D Dowell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dowell D. CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain \u2014 United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"852_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000166","volume":"9","author":"K Kampman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kampman K, Jarvis M. American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) National Practice Guideline for the use of medications in the treatment of addiction involving opioid use. J Addict Med. 2015;9:358\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000166.","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"852_CR26","first-page":"321","volume":"65","author":"C Korownyk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Korownyk C, Perry D, Ton J, Kolber MR, Garrison S, Thomas B, et al. Managing opioid use disorder in primary care: PEER simplified guideline. Can Fam Physician. 2019;65:321\u201330.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"852_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E247","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170958","volume":"190","author":"J Bruneau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bruneau J, Ahamad K, Goyer M-\u00c8, Poulin G, Selby P, Fischer B, et al. Management of opioid use disorders: a national clinical practice guideline. CMAJ. 2018;190:E247\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.170958.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"852_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881112444324","volume":"26","author":"AR Lingford-Hughes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lingford-Hughes AR, Welch S, Peters L, Nutt DJ. BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP. J Psychopharmacol. 2012;26:899\u2013952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881112444324. (Sage;).","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"852_CR29","unstructured":"Health Service Executive. Clinical guidelines for opioid substitution treatment. HSE [Internet]. Dublin; 2016; https:\/\/www2.healthservice.hse.ie\/files\/124\/"},{"key":"852_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2005.00072.x","volume":"6","author":"LR Webster","year":"2005","unstructured":"Webster LR, Webster RM. Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: preliminary validation of the Opioid Risk Tool. Pain Med. 2005;6:432\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2005.00072.x.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"852_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0213","volume":"113","author":"J Just","year":"2016","unstructured":"Just J, M\u00fccke M, Bleckwenn M. Dependence on prescription opioids. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016;113:213\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0213.","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"852_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2003.10400007","volume":"35","author":"DR Wesson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wesson DR, Ling W. The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS). J Psychoactive Drugs. 2003;35:253\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2003.10400007.","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"852_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/CNQ.0000000000000262","volume":"42","author":"LJ Canamo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Canamo LJ, Tronco NB. Clinical opioid withdrawal scale (COWS): implementation and outcomes. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2019;42:222\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CNQ.0000000000000262.","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurs Q"},{"key":"852_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3109\/00952998709001515","volume":"13","author":"L Handelsman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Handelsman L, Cochrane KJ, Aronson MJ, Ness R, Rubinstein KJ, Kanof PD. Two new rating scales for opiate withdrawal. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1987;13:293\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00952998709001515.","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"852_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2008.02.001","volume":"35","author":"JS Knisely","year":"2008","unstructured":"Knisely JS, Wunsch MJ, Cropsey KL, Campbell ED. Prescription Opioid Misuse Index: a brief questionnaire to assess misuse. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2008;35:380\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2008.02.001.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"852_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-022-02210-7","volume":"69","author":"N Delage","year":"2022","unstructured":"Delage N, Cantagrel N, Delorme J, Pereira B, Dual\u00e9 C, Bertin C, et al. Transcultural validation of a French-European version of the Prescription Opioid Misuse Index Scale (POMI-5F). Can J Anaesth. 2022;69:1042\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12630-022-02210-7.","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"852_CR37","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Community management of opioid overdose [Internet]. WHO. Geneva; 2014. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241548816"},{"key":"852_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000230","volume":"29","author":"L Chimbar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chimbar L, Moleta Y. Naloxone effectiveness: a systematic review. UJAN. 2018;29:167\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000230.","journal-title":"UJAN"},{"key":"852_CR39","volume-title":"Intranasal and intramuscular naloxone for opioid overdose in the pre-hospital setting: a review of comparative clinical and cost-effectiveness, and guidelines","author":"K Peprah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peprah K, Severn M. Intranasal and intramuscular naloxone for opioid overdose in the pre-hospital setting: a review of comparative clinical and cost-effectiveness, and guidelines. Ottawa: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2019."},{"key":"852_CR40","unstructured":"European Union Drugs Agency. Preventing opioid overdose deaths with take-home naloxone [Internet]. EMCDDA. Lisbon; 2016. https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/publications\/insights\/take-home-naloxone_en"},{"key":"852_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2559","volume":"162","author":"R Chou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, Hansen RN, Sullivan SD, Blazina I, et al. The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:276\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M14-2559.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"852_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E659","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170363","volume":"189","author":"JW Busse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Busse JW, Craigie S, Juurlink DN, Buckley DN, Wang L, Couban RJ, et al. Guideline for opioid therapy and chronic noncancer pain. CMAJ. 2017;189:E659\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.170363.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"852_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00095-0","volume":"10","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Degenhardt L, Clark B, Macpherson G, Leppan O, Nielsen S, Zahra E, et al. Buprenorphine versus methadone for the treatment of opioid dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies. Lancet Psychiatry. 2023;10:386\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00095-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"852_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003410.pub4","volume":"2011","author":"M Ferri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ferri M, Davoli M, Perucci CA. Heroin maintenance for chronic heroin-dependent individuals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;2011:CD003410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003410.pub4.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"852_CR45","unstructured":"European Union Drugs Agency. Opioid agonist treatment \u2013 the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2025) [Internet]. 2025 p. 9. https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/publications\/european-drug-report\/2025\/opioid-agonist-treatment_en"},{"key":"852_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025799","volume":"9","author":"J Klimas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Klimas J, Gorfinkel L, Giacomuzzi SM, Ruckes C, Soc\u00edas ME, Fairbairn N, et al. Slow release oral morphine versus methadone for the treatment of opioid use disorder. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e025799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025799. (British Medical Journal Publishing Group).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"852_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2025.2507124","volume":"26","author":"M Soyka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Soyka M. Approved medications for opioid use disorder\u202f: current update. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2025;26:1055\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14656566.2025.2507124. (Taylor & Francis).","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"852_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael051","volume":"96","author":"A Dahan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dahan A, Yassen A, Romberg R, Sarton E, Teppema L, Olofsen E, et al. Buprenorphine induces ceiling in respiratory depression but not in analgesia. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:627\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/ael051.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"852_CR49","unstructured":"New South Wales Ministry of Health. NSW Clinical Guidelines: treatment of opioid dependence. NSW Ministry of Health [Internet]. Sidney; 2018; https:\/\/www.health.nsw.gov.au\/aod\/Publications\/nsw-clinical-guidelines-opioid.pdf"},{"key":"852_CR50","volume-title":"Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence. Technology appraisal guidance","author":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence","year":"2007","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence. Technology appraisal guidance. London: NICE; 2007."},{"key":"852_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000322","volume":"11","author":"American Society of Addiction Medicine","year":"2017","unstructured":"American Society of Addiction Medicine. Appropriate use of drug testing in clinical addiction medicine. J Addict Med. 2017;11:1\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000322.","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"852_CR52","volume-title":"Medicines associated with dependence or withdrawal symptoms: safe prescribing and withdrawal management for adults","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2022","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Medicines associated with dependence or withdrawal symptoms: safe prescribing and withdrawal management for adults. NICE; 2022."},{"key":"852_CR53","volume-title":"BUVIDAL 8 mg, 16 mg, 24 mg, 32 mg, 64 mg, 96 mg et 128 mg, solution injectable \u00e0 lib\u00e9ration prolong\u00e9e","author":"Haute Autorit\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haute Autorit\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9. BUVIDAL 8 mg, 16 mg, 24 mg, 32 mg, 64 mg, 96 mg et 128 mg, solution injectable \u00e0 lib\u00e9ration prolong\u00e9e. Saint-Denis La Plaine: HAS; 2021."},{"key":"852_CR54","volume-title":"SIXMO 74,2 mg, implant sous cutan\u00e9","author":"Haute Autorit\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haute Autorit\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9. SIXMO 74,2 mg, implant sous cutan\u00e9. Saint-Denis La Plaine: HAS; 2022."},{"key":"852_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therap.2020.05.007","volume":"75","author":"M Chappuy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chappuy M, Trojak B, Nubukpo P, Bachellier J, Bendimerad P, Brousse G, et al. Prolonged-release buprenorphine formulations: perspectives for clinical practice. Therapies. 2020;75:397\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.therap.2020.05.007.","journal-title":"Therapies"},{"key":"852_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175575","volume":"12","author":"I Maremmani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maremmani I, Dematteis M, Gorzelanczyk EJ, Mugelli A, Walcher S, Torrens M. Long-acting buprenorphine formulations as a new strategy for the treatment of opioid use disorder. J Clin Med. 2023;12:5575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12175575.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"852_CR57","volume-title":"Opioid dependence: buprenorphine prolonged release injection (Buvidal). Evidence review","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2019","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Opioid dependence: buprenorphine prolonged release injection (Buvidal). Evidence review. London: NICE; 2019."},{"key":"852_CR58","volume-title":"Clinical guidelines for use of depot buprenorphine (Buvidal\u00ae and Sublocade\u00ae) in the treatment of opioid dependence","author":"New South Wales Ministry of Health","year":"2019","unstructured":"New South Wales Ministry of Health. Clinical guidelines for use of depot buprenorphine (Buvidal\u00ae and Sublocade\u00ae) in the treatment of opioid dependence. Sidney: NSW Ministry of Health; 2019."},{"key":"852_CR59","first-page":"33","volume":"99","author":"N Kale","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kale N. Urine drug tests: ordering and interpretation. AFP. 2019;99:33\u20139.","journal-title":"AFP"},{"key":"852_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s40140-020-00419-0","volume":"10","author":"J Amaram-Davila","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amaram-Davila J, Mallipeddi T, Reddy A. Opioid prescribing with take-home naloxone: rationale and recommendations. Curr Anesthesiol Rep. 2020;10:428\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40140-020-00419-0.","journal-title":"Curr Anesthesiol Rep"},{"key":"852_CR61","volume-title":"Naloxone: the opioid reversal drug that saves lives","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2018","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Naloxone: the opioid reversal drug that saves lives. Washington: HHS; 2018."},{"key":"852_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22210-8","volume":"25","author":"LS Fischer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fischer LS, Asher A, Stein R, Becasen J, Doreson A, Mermin J, et al. Effectiveness of naloxone distribution in community settings to reduce opioid overdose deaths among people who use drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2025;25:1135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-22210-8.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"852_CR63","volume-title":"Treatment Improvement Protocol 63: medications for opioid use disorder","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2021","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Treatment Improvement Protocol 63: medications for opioid use disorder. Rockville: SAMHSA; 2021."},{"key":"852_CR64","unstructured":"Carroll J, Green T, Noonan R. Evidence-based strategies for preventing opioid overdose: what\u2019s working in the United States, 2018. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018;40."},{"key":"852_CR65","volume-title":"Public policy statement on the use of Naloxone for the prevention of opioid overdose deaths","author":"American Society of Addiction Medicine","year":"2016","unstructured":"American Society of Addiction Medicine. Public policy statement on the use of Naloxone for the prevention of opioid overdose deaths. Chevy Chase: ASAM; 2016."},{"key":"852_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-014-0432-1","volume":"10","author":"S Doyon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doyon S, Aks SE, Schaeffer S. Expanding access to naloxone in the United States. J Med Toxicol. 2014;10:431\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13181-014-0432-1.","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"852_CR67","volume-title":"Overdose prevention and response toolkit","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2018","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Overdose prevention and response toolkit. Rockville: SAMHSA; 2018."},{"key":"852_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2019.1597955","volume":"23","author":"K Williams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williams K, Lang ES, Panchal AR, Gasper JJ, Taillac P, Gouda J, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for EMS administration of naloxone. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019;23:749\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10903127.2019.1597955.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"852_CR69","first-page":"e27","volume":"4","author":"M Yousefifard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yousefifard M, Vazirizadeh-Mahabadi MH, Neishaboori AM, Alavi SNR, Amiri M, Baratloo A, et al. Intranasal versus intramuscular\/intravenous naloxone for pre-hospital opioid overdose: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv J Emerg Med. 2020;4:e27.","journal-title":"Adv J Emerg Med"},{"key":"852_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002235","volume":"130","author":"Society of Maternal\u2013Fetal Medicine","year":"2017","unstructured":"Society of Maternal\u2013Fetal Medicine. Committee opinion No. 711: opioid use and opioid use disorder in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130:e81-94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002235.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"852_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2017.04.028","volume":"39","author":"A Ordean","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ordean A, Wong S, Graves L. No. 349-substance use in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017;39:922-937.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jogc.2017.04.028.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"852_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117699361","volume":"31","author":"RH McAllister-Williams","year":"2017","unstructured":"McAllister-Williams RH, Baldwin DS, Cantwell R, Easter A, Gilvarry E, Glover V, et al. British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum 2017. J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31:519\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881117699361.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"}],"container-title":["Pain and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40122-026-00852-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40122-026-00852-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40122-026-00852-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T14:36:33Z","timestamp":1784039793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40122-026-00852-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["852"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40122-026-00852-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8237","2193-651X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8237","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-651X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"C\u00e9lian Bertin, Julie Dupouy, Nicolas Authier, Nathalie Michenot, Sidonie Verdier, Mathieu Chappuy, and Anne-Priscille Trouvin have nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"These guidelines are based on previously conducted studies and existing recommendations and do not contain any new studies involving human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}