{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:14:45Z","timestamp":1790781285357,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-025-01234-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T08:47:44Z","timestamp":1757062064000},"page":"2801-2818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Chronic Ocular Surface Pain: An Optometrist and Ophthalmologist Survey"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anat","family":"Galor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaleb","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Pflugfelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrell","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preeya","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Periman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Stefater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz P.","family":"Stryjewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2289-6656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristos","family":"Ifantides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Karpecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1234_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-020-00263-9","volume":"9","author":"D Mehra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehra D, Cohen NK, Galor A. Ocular surface pain: a narrative review. Ophthalmol Ther. 2020;9:1\u201321.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"1234_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2024.1808","volume":"142","author":"JN Shapiro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shapiro JN, Abuzaitoun RO, Pan Y, et al. Health care use for eye pain. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2024;142:655\u201360.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2022.08.005","volume":"26","author":"A Galor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Galor A, Hamrah P, Haque S, et al. Understanding chronic ocular surface pain: An unmet need for targeted drug therapy. Ocul Surf. 2022;26:148\u201356.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"1234_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-017-0152-1","volume":"5","author":"DS Jacobs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jacobs DS. Diagnosis and treatment of ocular pain: the ophthalmologist\u2019s perspective. Curr Ophthalmol Rep. 2017;5:271\u20135.","journal-title":"Curr Ophthalmol Rep"},{"key":"1234_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S262060","volume":"14","author":"N Ebrahimiadib","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ebrahimiadib N, Yousefshahi F, Abdi P, et al. Ocular neuropathic pain: an overview focusing on ocular surface pains. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:2843\u201354.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-015-0073-9","volume":"3","author":"C Belmonte","year":"2015","unstructured":"Belmonte C, Acosta MC, Merayo-Lloves J, Gallar J. What causes eye pain? Curr Ophthalmol Rep. 2015;3:111\u201321.","journal-title":"Curr Ophthalmol Rep"},{"key":"1234_CR7","first-page":"1039","volume":"106","author":"G Dieckmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dieckmann G, Borsook D, Moulton E. Neuropathic corneal pain and dry eye: a continuum of nociception. Br J Ophthalmol. 2022;106:1039\u201343.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/47245","volume":"8","author":"B Sloesen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sloesen B, O\u2019Brien P, Verma H, et al. Patient experiences and insights on chronic ocular pain: social media listening study. JMIR Form Res. 2024;8: e47245.","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"1234_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.610342","volume":"14","author":"A Guerrero-Moreno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guerrero-Moreno A, Baudouin C, Melik Parsadaniantz S, Reaux-Le GA. Morphological and functional changes of corneal nerves and their contribution to peripheral and central sensory abnormalities. Front Cell Neurosci. 2020;14: 610342.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"1234_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2025.01.004","author":"LB De Lott","year":"2025","unstructured":"De Lott LB, Kaplan C, Harte S, et al. Nociplastic pain among individuals with chronic ocular surface pain: one cause for \u201cpain without stain\u201d? Surv Ophthalmol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2025.01.004.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"25","key":"1234_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.06.015","volume":"S0161\u20136420","author":"A Galor","year":"2025","unstructured":"Galor A, De Lott LB. A Call to Abandon the Term Dry Eye When We Really Mean Pain. Ophthalmology. 2025;S0161\u20136420(25):00385\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.06.015.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"1234_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.005","volume":"15","author":"JD Nelson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nelson JD, Craig JP, Akpek EK, et al. TFOS DEWS II introduction. Ocul Surf. 2017;15:269\u201375.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"1234_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239271","author":"K Tsubota","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsubota K, Pflugfelder SC, Liu Z, et al. Defining dry eye from a clinical perspective. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21239271.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1234_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.09.020","volume":"246","author":"A Choudhury","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choudhury A, Reyes N, Galor A, et al. Clinical neuroimaging of photophobia in individuals with chronic ocular surface pain. Am J Ophthalmol. 2023;246:20\u201330.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.11.010","volume":"237","author":"V Sanchez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sanchez V, Baksh BS, Cabrera K, et al. Dry eye symptoms and signs in US veterans with gulf war illness. Am J Ophthalmol. 2022;237:32\u201340.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-024-00897-z","volume":"13","author":"TW McNally","year":"2024","unstructured":"McNally TW, Figueiredo FC. Corneal neuropathic pain: a patient and physician perspective. Ophthalmol Ther. 2024;13:1041\u201350.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"1234_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70290-2","volume":"7","author":"P Rosenthal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rosenthal P, Baran I, Jacobs DS. Corneal pain without stain: is it real? Ocul Surf. 2009;7:28\u201340.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"1234_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309658","volume":"101","author":"AM Crane","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crane AM, Feuer W, Felix ER, et al. Evidence of central sensitisation in those with dry eye symptoms and neuropathic-like ocular pain complaints: incomplete response to topical anaesthesia and generalised heightened sensitivity to evoked pain. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;101:1238\u201343.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR19","volume":"13","author":"SB Um","year":"2018","unstructured":"Um SB, Yeom H, Kim NH, et al. Association between dry eye symptoms and suicidal ideation in a Korean adult population. PLoS ONE. 2018;13: e0199131.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1234_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2015.1114853","volume":"31","author":"S Goyal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goyal S, Hamrah P. Understanding neuropathic corneal pain\u2013gaps and current therapeutic approaches. Semin Ophthalmol. 2016;31:59\u201370.","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"1234_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1997.72","volume":"11","author":"CJ Roberts","year":"1997","unstructured":"Roberts CJ, MacLeod JD, Elkington AR. Ocular pain: a casualty study. The spectrum and prevalence of pain in acute eye disease. Eye (Lond). 1997;11(Pt 3):342\u20134.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"1234_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580600864794","volume":"13","author":"EM Chia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chia EM, Mitchell P, Ojaimi E, et al. Assessment of vision-related quality of life in an older population subsample: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2006;13:371\u20137.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"1234_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.4.392","volume":"87","author":"EM Chia","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chia EM, Mitchell P, Rochtchina E, et al. Unilateral visual impairment and health related quality of life: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:392\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4399","volume":"131","author":"J Vehof","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vehof J, Kozareva D, Hysi PG, et al. Relationship between dry eye symptoms and pain sensitivity. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131:1304\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.103","volume":"127","author":"DA Schaumberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schaumberg DA, Dana R, Buring JE, Sullivan DA. Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians\u2019 Health Studies. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:763\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00218-6","volume":"136","author":"DA Schaumberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schaumberg DA, Sullivan DA, Buring JE, Dana MR. Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:318\u201326.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR27","unstructured":"Market Scope. 2024 Ocular Surface Disease Survey Report. October, 2024. Available at: https:\/\/www.market-scope.com\/pages\/reports\/467\/2024-ocular-surface-disease-survey-report-october-2024. Accessed 11 Mar 2025."},{"key":"1234_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/17469899.2023.2157813","volume":"18","author":"V Sanchez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sanchez V, Cohen NK, Felix E, Galor A. Factors affecting the prevalence, severity, and characteristics of ocular surface pain. Expert Rev Ophthalmol. 2023;18:19\u201332.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.4394","volume":"140","author":"P McCann","year":"2022","unstructured":"McCann P, Abraham AG, Mukhopadhyay A, et al. Prevalence and incidence of dry eye and meibomian gland dysfunction in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022;140:1181\u201392.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR30","unstructured":"2021 In America Survey Findings: Living With Chronic Dry Eye. 2021. Available at: https:\/\/chronicdryeye.net\/infographic\/in-america-findings. Accessed 1 Apr 2025."},{"key":"1234_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S226168","volume":"13","author":"DE White","year":"2019","unstructured":"White DE, Zhao Y, Ogundele A, et al. Real-world treatment patterns of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion and lifitegrast ophthalmic solution among patients with dry eye. Clin Ophthalmol. 2019;13:2285\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR32","unstructured":"Weiner G, Galor A, Jacobs DS, Levitt RC. Pain without stain. Clinical Update, December 1, 2018 ed: American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2025; v. 2025."},{"key":"1234_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-308214","volume":"101","author":"AM Crane","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crane AM, Levitt RC, Felix ER, et al. Patients with more severe symptoms of neuropathic ocular pain report more frequent and severe chronic overlapping pain conditions and psychiatric disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;101:227\u201331.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199706000-00006","volume":"13","author":"DA Fishbain","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fishbain DA, Cutler R, Rosomoff HL, Rosomoff RS. Chronic pain-associated depression: antecedent or consequence of chronic pain? A review Clin J Pain. 1997;13:116\u201337.","journal-title":"A review Clin J Pain"},{"key":"1234_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.186","volume":"30","author":"KH Wan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wan KH, Chen LJ, Young AL. Depression and anxiety in dry eye disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye (Lond). 2016;30:1558\u201367.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"1234_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.35975\/apic.v29i3.2772","volume":"29","author":"MUR Parrey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Parrey MUR. The link between migraine and eye pain: a review of current evidence. Anaesh, Pain Intensive Care. 2025;29:681\u20138.","journal-title":"Anaesh, Pain Intensive Care"},{"key":"1234_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2022.2090963","volume":"31","author":"JN Woltsche","year":"2023","unstructured":"Woltsche JN, Horwath-Winter J, Dorn C, et al. Neuropathic corneal pain as debilitating manifestation of LONG-COVID. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2023;31:1216\u20138.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"1234_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.03.023","volume":"166","author":"J Vehof","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vehof J, Sillevis Smitt-Kamminga N, Kozareva D, et al. Clinical characteristics of dry eye patients with chronic pain syndromes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2016;166:203\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2022.07.010","volume":"26","author":"A Vazquez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vazquez A, Martinez-Plaza E, Fernandez I, et al. Phenotypic characterization of patients developing chronic dry eye and pain after refractive surgery: a cross-sectional study. Ocul Surf. 2022;26:63\u201374.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"1234_CR40","volume":"2","author":"CJ Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee CJ, Levitt RC, Felix ER, et al. Evidence that dry eye is a comorbid pain condition in a U.S. veteran population. Pain Rep. 2017;2: e629.","journal-title":"Pain Rep."},{"key":"1234_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307094","volume":"100","author":"A Galor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Galor A, Batawi H, Felix ER, et al. Incomplete response to artificial tears is associated with features of neuropathic ocular pain. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100:745\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoint.2025.100139","volume":"2","author":"RH Patel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Patel RH, Mothy D, Choudhry HS, et al. Cornea eye care coverage based on geographic distribution and population demographics in the United States. AJO International. 2025;2: 100139.","journal-title":"AJO International"},{"key":"1234_CR43","first-page":"1186","volume":"63","author":"S Trier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trier S, Aboulsaoud P, Schoonheim P, et al. Ocular surface pain: Online medical education can significantly improve ophthalmologists\u2019 knowledge on causative factors, diagnostic methods and emerging therapies and increase confidence for patient assessment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2022;63:1186.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1234_CR44","unstructured":"Bloomenstein MR Periman, LM.COSP comanagement and making COSP part of every eye exam. Updated June 25, 2025. Available at: https:\/\/eyetube.net\/spotlight\/challenge-the-pain\/cosp-comanagement-and-making-cosp-part-of-every-eye-exam. Accessed 9 July 2025."},{"key":"1234_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.11.008","volume":"124","author":"J Vehof","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vehof J, Sillevis Smitt-Kamminga N, Nibourg SA, Hammond CJ. Predictors of discordance between symptoms and signs in dry eye disease. Ophthalmology. 2017;124:280\u20136.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1234_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10819","volume":"54","author":"A Galor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Galor A, Feuer W, Lee DJ, et al. Ocular surface parameters in older male veterans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:1426\u201333.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1234_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S106451","volume":"10","author":"JD Martinez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martinez JD, Galor A, Ramos-Betancourt N, et al. Frequency and risk factors associated with dry eye in patients attending a tertiary care ophthalmology center in Mexico City. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016;10:1335\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12012","volume":"92","author":"BD Sullivan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sullivan BD, Crews LA, Messmer EM, et al. Correlations between commonly used objective signs and symptoms for the diagnosis of dry eye disease: clinical implications. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014;92:161\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2018.05.002","volume":"30","author":"S Kyei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kyei S, Dzasimatu SK, Asiedu K, Ayerakwah PA. Association between dry eye symptoms and signs. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2018;30:321\u20135.","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15814","volume":"56","author":"D Schmidl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schmidl D, Witkowska KJ, Kaya S, et al. The association between subjective and objective parameters for the assessment of dry-eye syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56:1467\u201372.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1234_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-306481","volume":"99","author":"A Galor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galor A, Felix ER, Feuer W, et al. Dry eye symptoms align more closely to non-ocular conditions than to tear film parameters. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99:1126\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2015.12.007","volume":"14","author":"NL Lanza","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lanza NL, McClellan AL, Batawi H, et al. Dry eye profiles in patients with a positive elevated surface matrix metalloproteinase 9 point-of-care test versus negative patients. Ocul Surf. 2016;14:216\u201323.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"1234_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-025-00862-9","volume":"9","author":"A Findley","year":"2025","unstructured":"Findley A, Sloesen BJ, Hodson N, et al. Psychometric validation of the chronic ocular pain questionnaire (COP-Q). J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2025;9:32.","journal-title":"J Patient Rep Outcomes"},{"key":"1234_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-023-00860-4","volume":"13","author":"PM Karpecki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karpecki PM, Findley A, Sloesen BJ, et al. Qualitative research to understand the patient experience and evaluate content validity of the chronic ocular pain questionnaire (COP-Q). Ophthalmol Ther. 2024;13:615\u201333.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"1234_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.788524","volume":"12","author":"S Patel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patel S, Mittal R, Felix ER, et al. Differential effects of treatment strategies in individuals with chronic ocular surface pain with a neuropathic component. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12: 788524.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"1234_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.3.7","volume":"12","author":"V Thompson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thompson V, Moshirfar M, Clinch T, et al. Topical ocular TRPV1 antagonist SAF312 (libvatrep) for postoperative pain after photorefractive keratectomy. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2023;12: 7.","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"1234_CR57","unstructured":"Study of efficacy and safety of SAF312 eye drops in subjects with post-operative corneal induced chronic pain (CICP). NCT04630158. Available at: https:\/\/cdn.clinicaltrials.gov\/large-docs\/58\/NCT04630158\/Prot_000.pdf. Accessed 25 Mar 2025."},{"key":"1234_CR58","first-page":"967","volume":"62","author":"K Stasi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stasi K, Thompson V, Moshirfar M, et al. Topical ocular TRPV1 antagonist SAF312 was well tolerated and effectively reduced pain after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;62:967.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1234_CR59","unstructured":"The study assessing the safety and efficacy of OK-101 treatment in subjects with neuropathic corneal pain. NCT06637527. Accessed March 25, 2025. Available at: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06637527?term=OKYO%20and%20pain&rank=1."},{"key":"1234_CR60","first-page":"269","volume":"263","author":"S Patil","year":"2025","unstructured":"Patil S, Sawale G, Ghuge S, Sathaye S. Quintessence of currently approved and upcoming treatments for dry eye disease. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2025;263:269\u201378.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2020.0087","volume":"37","author":"D Clark","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clark D, Sheppard J, Brady TC. A randomized double-masked phase 2a trial to evaluate activity and safety of topical ocular reproxalap, a novel RASP inhibitor, in dry eye disease. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2021;37:193\u20139.","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1234_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.01.011","volume":"226","author":"D Clark","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clark D, Tauber J, Sheppard J, Brady TC. Early onset and broad activity of reproxalap in a randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled phase 2b trial in dry eye disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2021;226:22\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-022-02245-1","volume":"42","author":"Y Dong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dong Y, Wang S, Cong L, et al. TNF-alpha inhibitor tanfanercept (HBM9036) improves signs and symptoms of dry eye in a phase 2 trial in the controlled adverse environment in China. Int Ophthalmol. 2022;42:2459\u201372.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003193","volume":"42","author":"S Mangwani-Mordani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mangwani-Mordani S, Goodman CF, Galor A. Novel treatments for chronic ocular surface pain. Cornea. 2023;42:261\u201371.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"1234_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2022.05.001","volume":"25","author":"SC Pflugfelder","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pflugfelder SC, Cao A, Galor A, et al. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation: a new approach for stimulating tear secretion in dry eye disease. Ocul Surf. 2022;25:58\u201364.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"1234_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S512364","volume":"19","author":"AS Gupta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gupta AS, Linaburg TJ, Iacobucci E, et al. Varenicline solution nasal spray for the treatment of dry eye disease in Sjogren\u2019s disease: a pilot study. Clin Ophthalmol. 2025;19:1073\u201384.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1234_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002622","volume":"40","author":"J Tauber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tauber J, Wirta DL, Sall K, et al. A randomized clinical study (SEECASE) to assess efficacy, safety, and tolerability of NOV03 for treatment of dry eye disease. Cornea. 2021;40:1132\u201340.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"1234_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.10.008","volume":"19","author":"M Kaido","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaido M, Inoue S, Kawashima M, et al. Role of transient receptor potential melastatin 8 activity in menthol-induced cold sensitivity and its qualitative perception in dry eye. Ocul Surf. 2021;19:307\u201312.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"1234_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon HJ, Kim J, Yang JM, et al. Topical TRPM8 agonist for relieving neuropathic ocular pain in patients with dry eye: a pilot study. J Clin Med. 2021;10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020250"},{"key":"1234_CR70","unstructured":"Study of the ETX-4143 2.0 device in subjects with eye pain. NCT06479382. Accessed March 25, 2025. Available at: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06479382."},{"issue":"2","key":"1234_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020367","volume":"11","author":"M Uchino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Uchino M, Yokoi N, Shimazaki J, Hori Y, Tsubota K, on behalf of the japan dry eye society. Adherenceto eye drops usage in dry eye patients and reasons for non-compliance: aweb-based survey. J Clin Med. 2022;11(2):367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11020367.","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"1234_CR72","unstructured":"XIIDRA\u00ae. Lifitegrast ophthalmic solution [package insert]. Bausch & Lomb Americas Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, 2023."},{"key":"1234_CR73","unstructured":"Restasis efficacy and safety. What to expect when expecting results. Accessed March 11, 2025. Available at: https:\/\/www.restasis.com\/about-restasis\/efficacy-and-safety."},{"key":"1234_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucas JW, Sohi I. Chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain in U.S. adults, 2023. NCHS Data Brief. 2024.","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc\/169630"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01234-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01234-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01234-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T15:42:21Z","timestamp":1760715741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01234-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01234-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8245","2193-6528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8245","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Anat Galor\u2014Alcon Bausch\u2009+\u2009Lomb, Eyecool, OKYO. Supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Clinical Sciences R&D (CSRD) I01 CX002015 (Dr. Galor) and 1I01CX002633 (Dr. Galor), Biomedical Laboratory R&D (BLRD) Service I01 BX004893 (Dr. Galor), Rehabilitation R&D (RRD) I21 RX003883 (Dr. Galor). Supported by the Department of Defense Gulf War Illness Research Program (GWIRP) W81XWH-20\u20131-0579 (Dr. Galor) and Vision Research Program (VRP) W81XWH-20\u20131-0820 (Dr. Galor) and HT9425-23\u20131-0608 (Dr. Galor). Supported by National Eye Institute U01 EY034686 (Dr. Galor), U24EY035102 (Dr. Galor), R33EY032468 (Dr. Galor). Supported by NIH Center Core Grant P30EY014801 (institutional) and Research to Prevent Blindness Unrestricted Grant GR004596-1 (institutional). Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Foundation 2023-PltGr-109. Darrell White\u2014Aldeyra, Allergan\/AbbVie, Bausch\u2009+\u2009Lomb, Bruder, Orasis, Nordic Pharma, Spyglass, Sun, Tarsus, Viatris\/Oyster Point. Preeya Gupta\u2014Azura, Alcon, Aldeyra, AbbVie, Bausch\u2009+\u2009Lomb, Dompe, HanAll Biopharma, Johnson & Johnson Vision, Kala, Mazado Inc, Nordic Pharma, Ocular Science, Oculis, Orasis, Sight Sciences, Science Based Health, Spyglass, Surface Ophthalmics, Tarsus, Tear Clear, Thea, Tissue Tech, Inc, Trukera, Viatris, Visionology, Vital Tears, Zeiss. James A. Stefater\u2014EyeCool Therapeutics. Tomasz Stryjewski\u2014EyeCool Therapeutics. Stephen Pflugfelder\u2014Alcon, Dompe, Kala, Kowa, Unfold. Bonnie Henderson\u2014Eyecool Therapeutics. Kaleb Abbott\u2014Consultant: AbbVie, Alcon, Bausch\u2009+\u2009Lomb, Barti, Dompe, Harrow, Optase, Tarsus. Laura Periman \u2013 Alcon, Alderyra, Allergan\/AbbVie, Amgen, Azura, Bausch\u2009+\u2009Lomb, Bruder, Dompe, Eyedetec, Kala, Lumenis, Mallinckrodt, Myze, Nordic Pharma, Novartis, Nusight Medical, Olympic Ophthalmics, Quench Method, Science Based Health, Scope, Sun, Tarrsus, Thea, Versea, Viatris, Visant. Cristos Ifantides\u2014AbbVie, Alcon, Bausch\u2009+\u2009Lomb, EyeCool Therapeutics, JnJ, Tarsus Pharmaceuticals, Trefoil. Paul Karpecki\u2014AbbVie, Able Therapeutics, AdOM, Alcon, Aldeyra, Aramis, Atlas, Azura, B\u2009+\u2009L, BioTissue, Blephex, Bruder, Cambium, Dompe, EyeCool Therapeutics, Harrow Health, Kala Biopharma, Lubris, Mazado, Neurolens, Nordic Pharma, Oasis Medical, Oculus, Oculis, OcuSoft, RegenerEyes, Rendia, Science Based Health, Scope, Sight Sciences, Signal 12, SilkTears, Surface, Tarsus, Thea, Tracey Tech, Viatris, Vial, Vital Tears.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"The subsequent analysis of these market data was deemed secondary research and obtained institutional review board exemption from Alpha IRB (reference number EC-01).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}