{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:20:00Z","timestamp":1790716800312,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-025-01238-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T08:55:44Z","timestamp":1758272144000},"page":"2631-2651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Retinal and Choroidal Alterations in Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of OCT and OCT-A Findings with Emphasis on HFrEF"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4368-9392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kia","family":"Bayat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parisa","family":"Pooyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Chhablani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mozhgan Rezaei","family":"Kanavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Ahmadieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt-20-302","volume":"11","author":"RHG Schwinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schwinger RHG. Pathophysiology of heart failure. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2020;11(1):263\u201376.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther"},{"issue":"17","key":"1238_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht023","volume":"34","author":"J Flammer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flammer J, Konieczka K, Bruno RM, Virdis A, Flammer AJ, Taddei S. The eye and the heart. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(17):1270\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1238_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2011.02.014","volume":"64","author":"G Liew","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liew G, Wang JJ. Retinal vascular signs: a window to the heart? Rev Esp Cardiol. 2011;64(6):515\u201321.","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1238_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10122659","volume":"10","author":"K Rakusiewicz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rakusiewicz K, Kanigowska K, Hautz W, Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska L. The impact of chronic heart failure on retinal vessel density assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography in children with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Med. 2021;10(12):2659.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1238_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092882","volume":"9","author":"K Rakusiewicz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rakusiewicz K, Kanigowska K, Hautz W, Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska L. Investigating ganglion cell complex thickness in children with chronic heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Med. 2020;9(9):2882.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1238_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20210077","volume":"84","author":"HS Kanar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kanar HS, Penbe A, Kanar BG. Subfoveal choroidal thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer alterations in chronic heart failure patients. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2021;84:467\u201373.","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"1238_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.11.003","volume":"64","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spaide RF, Fujimoto JG, Waheed NK, Sadda SR, Staurenghi G. Optical coherence tomography angiography. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2018;64:1\u201355.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"1238_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2025.01.002","author":"K Bayat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bayat K, Pooyan P, Looha MA, et al. Retinal structural alterations in patients with epilepsy taking antiepileptic drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis of OCT findings. Surv Ophthalmol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2025.01.002.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-024-00619-4","volume":"11","author":"F Ghassemi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghassemi F, Karimi M, Salari F, Bayat K. Exploring the impact of age and gender on retinal and choroidal thickness and vascular densities: a comprehensive analysis. Int J Retin Vitreous. 2025;11(1):38.","journal-title":"Int J Retin Vitreous"},{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-025-00726-w","volume":"11","author":"K Bayat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bayat K, Seraj A, Pooyan P, Feizi S, Kanavi MR, Zarbin MA, Ahmadieh H. Retinal and choroidal changes following corneal collagen cross-linking in keratoconus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of OCT and OCTA studies. Int J Retina Vitreous. 2025;11(1):97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00726-w.","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous."},{"key":"1238_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103621","volume":"42","author":"C Topaloglu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Topaloglu C, Bekmez S. Retinal vascular density change in patients with heart failure. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther. 2023;42:103621.","journal-title":"Photodiagn Photodyn Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"1238_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13071892","volume":"13","author":"J Weerts","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weerts J, Raafs AG, Sandhoefner B, et al. Retinal vascular changes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction using optical coherence tomography angiography. J Clin Med. 2024;13(7):1892.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5467","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32751-w","volume":"13","author":"E Khalilipur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khalilipur E, Mahdizad Z, Molazadeh N, et al. Microvascular and structural analysis of the retina and choroid in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):5467.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"1238_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3474","volume":"26","author":"A Abdin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdin A, Abdin AD, Merone G, et al. Cardio-ocular syndrome: retinal microvascular changes in acutely decompensated heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2024;26(11):2421\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"1238_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01774-5","volume":"41","author":"K Rakusiewicz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rakusiewicz K, Kanigowska K, Hautz W, Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska L. Choroidal thickness changes in children with chronic heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Int Ophthalmol. 2021;41:2167\u201377.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1238_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life14040448","author":"AC Rusu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rusu AC, Horvath KU, Tinica G, et al. Retinal structural and vascular changes in patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Life (Basel). 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14040448.","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1238_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.2.6","volume":"9","author":"SK Wagner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wagner SK, Fu DJ, Faes L, et al. Insights into systemic disease through retinal imaging-based oculomics. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2020;9(2):6.","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"1238_CR18","volume":"106","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Wang Y, Qi Z, et al. Oculomics: current concepts and evidence. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2025;106:101350.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"1238_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05292-z","author":"S Kase","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kase S, Endo H, Takahashi M, et al. Choroidal vascular structures in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05292-z.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1238_CR20","volume":"14","author":"KA Papathanasiou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Papathanasiou KA, Kazantzis D, Vrachatis DA, et al. Choroidal thickness in patients with systemic arterial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Ophthalmol. 2022;14:25158414221132825.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1238_CR21","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"1238_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","volume":"25","author":"A Stang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25(9):603\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5606\/e-cvsi.2019.712","volume":"6","author":"\u0130 Alur","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alur \u0130, Pekel G, Durna F, Bahar A, Alihano\u011flu Y\u0130, G\u00f6k\u015fin \u0130. Evaluation of retinal vessel caliber, choroidal thickness, and ocular perfusion pressure in patients with low cardiac ejection fraction. Cardiovasc Surg Int. 2019;6(1):93\u20138.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Surg Int"},{"key":"1238_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alkan AA, D\u00fczg\u00fcn Ep, Karapapak M, Karata\u015f ME, \u00d6zcan D, S\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131 S. Retinal microvascular changes in patients with chronic heart failure due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Bagcilar Med Bull. 2023;8(2):161\u20136.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/BMB.galenos.2023.2022-10-084.","DOI":"10.4274\/BMB.galenos.2023.2022-10-084"},{"issue":"11","key":"1238_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2014.898310","volume":"39","author":"H Altinkaynak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Altinkaynak H, Kara N, Say\u0131n N, G\u00fcne\u015f H, Av\u015far \u015e, Yaz\u0131c\u0131 AT. Subfoveal choroidal thickness in patients with chronic heart failure analyzed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Curr Eye Res. 2014;39(11):1123\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"1238_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05253-6","volume":"259","author":"M Alnawaiseh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alnawaiseh M, Eckardt F, Mihailovic N, et al. Ocular perfusion in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction measured by optical coherence tomography angiography. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021;259:3605\u201311.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1238_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-019-01498-8","volume":"109","author":"AK Schuster","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schuster AK, Leuschner A, Feretos C, et al. Choroidal thickness is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and cardiac health: the Gutenberg Health Study. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109:172\u201382.","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.07.048","volume":"120","author":"WB Wei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wei WB, Xu L, Jonas JB, et al. Subfoveal choroidal thickness: the Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(1):175\u201380.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"12","key":"1238_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5076","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21745","volume":"58","author":"T Akahori","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akahori T, Iwase T, Yamamoto K, Ra E, Terasaki H. Changes in choroidal blood flow and morphology in response to increase in intraocular pressure. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(12):5076\u201385.","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1238_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002","volume":"29","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nickla DL, Wallman J. The multifunctional choroid. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2010;29(2):144\u201368.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"1238_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5705","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20225","volume":"57","author":"D Schmidl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmidl D, Schmetterer L, Witkowska KJ, et al. Factors associated with choroidal blood flow regulation in healthy young subjects. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(13):5705\u201313.","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1238_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.12.001","volume":"64","author":"A Reiner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reiner A, Fitzgerald MEC, Del Mar N, Li C. Neural control of choroidal blood flow. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2018;64:96\u2013130.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"1238_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002931","volume":"40","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spaide RF. Choroidal blood flow: review and potential explanation for the choroidal venous anatomy including the vortex vein system. Retina. 2020;40(10):1851\u201364.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"1238_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082234","author":"PG Vikhorev","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vikhorev PG, Vikhoreva NN. Cardiomyopathies and related changes in contractility of human heart muscle. Int J Mol Sci. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19082234.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1238_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2019.12.007","volume":"65","author":"SC Yeung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yeung SC, You Y, Howe KL, Yan P. Choroidal thickness in patients with cardiovascular disease: a review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2020;65(4):473\u201386.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1238_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175691","volume":"12","author":"M Ahmad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahmad M, Kaszubski PA, Cobbs L, Reynolds H, Smith RT. Choroidal thickness in patients with coronary artery disease. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(6):e0175691.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"1238_CR37","first-page":"3204","volume":"61","author":"AM Hondur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hondur AM, Ertop M, Topal S, Sezenoz B, Tezel TH. Optical coherence tomography and angiography of choroidal vascular changes in congestive heart failure. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61(7):3204.","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1238_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721211035615","volume":"32","author":"N A\u015f\u0131kgarip","year":"2022","unstructured":"A\u015f\u0131kgarip N, Temel E, K\u0131vrak A, \u00d6rnek K. Choroidal structural changes and choroidal vascularity index in patients with systemic hypertension. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2022;32(4):2427\u201332.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1238_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-023-02236-8","volume":"47","author":"\u00c7 Keskin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Keskin \u00c7, Dilek\u00e7i ENA, \u00dc\u00e7g\u00fcl AY, \u00dc\u00e7g\u00fcl RK, Toprak G, Cengiz D. Choroidal vascularity index as a predictor for the development of retinopathy in diabetic patients. J Endocrinol Investig. 2024;47(5):1175\u201380.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"issue":"3","key":"1238_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/0161734613514391","volume":"36","author":"C Celik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Celik C, Tokg\u00f6z O, Serifo\u011flu L, Tor M, Alpay A, Erdem Z. Color Doppler evaluation of the retrobulbar hemodynamic changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: COPD and retrobulbar hemodynamic changes. Ultrason Imaging. 2014;36(3):177\u201386.","journal-title":"Ultrason Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2005.06.010","volume":"57","author":"T Ozer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ozer T, Altin R, Ugurbas SH, Ozer Y, Mahmutyazicioglu K, Kart L. Color doppler evaluation of the ocular arterial flow changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Radiol. 2006;57(1):63\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1238_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492011000500003","volume":"74","author":"DB Almeida-Freitas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Almeida-Freitas DB, Meira-Freitas D, Melo LA Jr, Paranhos A Jr, Iared W, Ajzen S. Color doppler imaging of the ophthalmic artery in patients with chronic heart failure. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2011;74(5):326\u20139.","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1238_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)04052-0","volume":"963","author":"G Chidlow","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chidlow G, Osborne NN. Rat retinal ganglion cell loss caused by kainate, NMDA and ischemia correlates with a reduction in mRNA and protein of Thy-1 and neurofilament light. Brain Res. 2003;963(1\u20132):298\u2013306.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00458-4","volume":"109","author":"MP Lafuente","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lafuente MP, Villegas-P\u00e9rez MP, Sell\u00e9s-Navarro I, Mayor-Torroglosa S, Miralles de Imperial J, Vidal-Sanz M. Retinal ganglion cell death after acute retinal ischemia is an ongoing process whose severity and duration depends on the duration of the insult. Neuroscience. 2002;109(1):157\u201368.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1238_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.02.020","volume":"135","author":"T Nakahara","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nakahara T, Hoshino M, Hoshino S, Mori A, Sakamoto K, Ishii K. Structural and functional changes in retinal vasculature induced by retinal ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Exp Eye Res. 2015;135:134\u201345.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1238_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S3361","volume":"2","author":"C Kaur","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kaur C, Foulds WS, Ling EA. Hypoxia-ischemia and retinal ganglion cell damage. Clin Ophthalmol. 2008;2(4):879\u201389.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1238_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10100714","volume":"10","author":"A Aires","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aires A, Andrade A, Azevedo E, Gomes F, Ara\u00fajo JP, Castro P. Neurovascular coupling impairment in heart failure with reduction ejection fraction. Brain Sci. 2020;10(10):714.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"1238_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.16827","author":"M Castelo-Branco","year":"2025","unstructured":"Castelo-Branco M. Neurovascular coupling as measured by retinal vessel analyses. Acta Ophthalmol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.16827.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1238_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.145","volume":"33","author":"EA Newman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Newman EA. Functional hyperemia and mechanisms of neurovascular coupling in the retinal vasculature. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013;33(11):1685\u201395.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"1238_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107753","volume":"187","author":"JA Phipps","year":"2019","unstructured":"Phipps JA, Dixon MA, Jobling AI, et al. The renin-angiotensin system and the retinal neurovascular unit: a role in vascular regulation and disease. Exp Eye Res. 2019;187:107753.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1238_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.5.589","volume":"116","author":"J Cao","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cao J, McLeod S, Merges CA, Lutty GA. Choriocapillaris degeneration and related pathologic changes in human diabetic eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116(5):589\u201397.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1238_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S30038","volume":"6","author":"D Meira-Freitas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meira-Freitas D, Melo LA Jr, Almeida-Freitas DB, Paranhos A Jr. Glaucomatous optic nerve head alterations in patients with chronic heart failure. Clin Ophthalmol. 2012;6:623\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1238_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.4.547","volume":"121","author":"ND Wangsa-Wirawan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wangsa-Wirawan ND, Linsenmeier RA. Retinal oxygen: fundamental and clinical aspects. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(4):547\u201357.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1238_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(98)00032-9","volume":"18","author":"J Stone","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stone J, Maslim J, Valter-Kocsi K, et al. Mechanisms of photoreceptor death and survival in mammalian retina. Prog Retin Eye Res. 1999;18(6):689\u2013735.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1238_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13846","volume":"48","author":"C Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li C, Zhong P, Yuan H, et al. Retinal microvasculature impairment in patients with congenital heart disease investigated by optical coherence tomography angiography. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;48(9):1219\u201328.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx565","volume":"39","author":"MP N\u00e4gele","year":"2018","unstructured":"N\u00e4gele MP, Barthelmes J, Ludovici V, et al. Retinal microvascular dysfunction in heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(1):47\u201356.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1238_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8324093","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8324093","volume":"2018","author":"G Rabina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rabina G, Barequet D, Mimouni M, et al. Carotid artery endarterectomy effect on choroidal thickness: one-year follow-up. J Ophthalmol. 2018;2018:8324093.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1238_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.11.059","volume":"97","author":"BR Choi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Choi BR, Kim JS, Yang YJ, et al. Factors associated with decreased cerebral blood flow in congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(9):1365\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1238_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2916","volume":"25","author":"G Cotter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cotter G, Davison B. Acute heart failure is a remitting-relapsing disorder and not a step towards advanced heart failure: implications for decongestion therapy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2023;25(7):933\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"2","key":"1238_CR60","first-page":"108","volume":"9","author":"GW Wijntjens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wijntjens GW, Fengler K, Fuernau G, et al. Prognostic implications of microcirculatory perfusion versus macrocirculatory perfusion in cardiogenic shock: a CULPRIT-SHOCK substudy. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2020;9(2):108\u201319.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"issue":"13","key":"1238_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5754","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22097","volume":"58","author":"S Fouquet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fouquet S, Vacca O, Sennlaub F, Paques M. The 3D retinal capillary circulation in pigs reveals a predominant serial organization. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(13):5754\u201363.","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"1238_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18907","volume":"57","author":"M Adhi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adhi M, Filho MA, Louzada RN, et al. Retinal capillary network and foveal avascular zone in eyes with vein occlusion and fellow eyes analyzed with optical coherence tomography angiography. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(9):486\u201394.","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1238_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.04.005","volume":"59","author":"F Pichi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pichi F, Sarraf D, Arepalli S, et al. The application of optical coherence tomography angiography in uveitis and inflammatory eye diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2017;59:178\u2013201.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(01)00234-X","volume":"46","author":"TY Wong","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wong TY, Klein R, Klein BE, Tielsch JM, Hubbard L, Nieto FJ. Retinal microvascular abnormalities and their relationship with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Surv Ophthalmol. 2001;46(1):59\u201380.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1238_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02728-7","volume":"21","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Y, Yuan Y, Zhang S, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning as a novel fingerprint for cardiovascular events: results from the prospective cohorts in UK and China. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):24.","journal-title":"BMC Med"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01238-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01238-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01238-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T15:42:42Z","timestamp":1760715762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01238-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01238-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8245","2193-6528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8245","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Kia Bayat, Parisa Pooyan, Jay Chhablani, Mozhgan Rezaei Kanavi, and Hamid Ahmadieh have nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}