{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:01:27Z","timestamp":1789704087404,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007489","name":"Bausch + Lomb","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Editorial\/writing assistance"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Editorial\/writing assistance"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007489","name":"Bausch + Lomb","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Funding for rapid service fee"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Funding for rapid service fee"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-025-01281-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T06:01:15Z","timestamp":1765087275000},"page":"1-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Role of B\u00a0Vitamins in Preventing the Development and Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Poteet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecelia","family":"Koetting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya S.","family":"Vakharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1281_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5089","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165089","volume":"27","author":"M Fabre","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fabre M, Mateo L, Lamaa D, et al. Recent advances in age-related macular degeneration therapies. Molecules. 2022;27:5089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27165089.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"1281_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1541","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15191","volume":"100","author":"EM Pameijer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pameijer EM, Heus P, Damen JAA, et al. What did we learn in 35\u00a0years of research on nutrition and supplements for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review. Acta Ophthalmol. 2022;100:e1541\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.15191.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1281_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162795","volume":"16","author":"MR Gemae","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gemae MR, Bassi MD, Wang P, Chin EK, Almeida DRP. NAD+ and niacin supplementation as possible treatments for glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2024;16:2795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16162795.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1281_CR4","unstructured":"National Eye Institute. Age-related Eye disease studies (AREDS\/AREDS2): major findings 2024 [updated Dec 3, 2024]. https:\/\/www.nei.nih.gov\/research\/clinical-trials\/age-related-eye-disease-studies-aredsareds2\/about-areds-and-areds2. Accessed 2025 Apr 29."},{"key":"1281_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.10.1417","volume":"119","author":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group","year":"2001","unstructured":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1417\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.119.10.1417.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1281_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376","volume":"132","author":"EY Chew","year":"2014","unstructured":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group, Chew EY, Clemons TE, et al. Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein\/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report no. 3. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132:142\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1281_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.013177","volume":"8","author":"A Gorusupudi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gorusupudi A, Nelson K, Bernstein PS. The age-related eye disease 2 study: micronutrients in the treatment of macular degeneration. Adv Nutr. 2017;8:40\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/an.116.013177.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"1281_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10585","volume":"5","author":"P Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang P, Wang F, Sah BK, et al. Homocysteine and the risk of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2015;5:10585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep10585.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1281_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.117606","volume":"103","author":"BMJ Merle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Merle BMJ, Silver RE, Rosner B, Seddon JM. Dietary folate, B\u00a0vitamins, genetic susceptibility and progression to advanced nonexudative age-related macular degeneration with geographic atrophy: a prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103:1135\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.115.117606.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1281_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.08.018","volume":"128","author":"E Agr\u00f3n","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agr\u00f3n E, Mares J, Clemons TE, et al. Dietary nutrient intake and progression to late age-related macular degeneration in the age-related eye disease studies 1 and 2. Ophthalmology. 2021;128:425\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.08.018.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1281_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142821","volume":"14","author":"BMJ Merle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Merle BMJ, Barthes S, F\u00e9art C, et al. B\u00a0vitamins and incidence of advanced age-related macular degeneration: the Alienor study. Nutrients. 2022;14:2821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14142821.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1281_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.08.032","volume":"143","author":"E Rochtchina","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rochtchina E, Wang JJ, Flood VM, Mitchell P. Elevated serum homocysteine, low serum vitamin\u00a0B12, folate, and age-related macular degeneration: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143:344\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.08.032.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1281_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.057091","volume":"98","author":"B Gopinath","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gopinath B, Flood VM, Rochtchina E, Wang JJ, Mitchell P. Homocysteine, folate, vitamin\u00a0B-12, and 10-y incidence of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98:129\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.112.057091.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1281_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309490","volume":"101","author":"B Gopinath","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gopinath B, Liew G, Russell J, Cosatto V, Burlutsky G, Mitchell P. Intake of key micronutrients and food groups in patients with late-stage age-related macular degeneration compared with age-sex-matched controls. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;101:1027\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309490.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1281_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a7617","volume":"31","author":"J \u0160alkov\u00e1 Kr\u00e1\u013eov\u00e1","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u0160alkov\u00e1 Kr\u00e1\u013eov\u00e1 J, Kol\u00e1\u0159 P, Kapounov\u00e1 Z, Vesel\u00fd P, Derflerov\u00e1 Br\u00e1zdov\u00e1 Z. Dietary habits and dietary nutrient intake in patients with age-related macular degeneration: a case\u2013control study. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2023;31:140\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21101\/cejph.a7617.","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"1281_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2017.12.010","volume":"51","author":"S Nunes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nunes S, Alves D, Barreto P, et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and its association with age-related macular degeneration. The Coimbra Eye Study-Report 4. Nutrition. 2018;51:6\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2017.12.010.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"1281_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.4.897","volume":"76","author":"RA Heuberger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heuberger RA, Fisher AI, Jacques PF, et al. Relation of blood homocysteine and its nutritional determinants to age-related maculopathy in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:897\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/76.4.897.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1281_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1159\/000534819","volume":"66","author":"Q Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng Q, Shen T, Xu M, Tan L, Shen Z, Hong C. Association between dietary consumption of vitamin\u00a0B1 and advanced age-related macular degeneration: a cross-sectional observational study in NHANES 2005\u20132008. Ophthalmic Res. 2023;66:1353\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000534819.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"1281_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504081","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1504081","volume":"11","author":"Z Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Z, Wang Q, Li L, Cai S. Association between dietary consumption of multiple vitamins and age-related macular degeneration: a cross-sectional observational study in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005\u20132008. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1504081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1504081.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"1281_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e269","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13343","volume":"96","author":"A Pinna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pinna A, Zaccheddu F, Boscia F, Carru C, Solinas G. Homocysteine and risk of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2018;96:e269\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.13343.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1281_CR21","unstructured":"National Health Service. B\u00a0vitamins and folic acid 2020 [updated August 3, 2020]. https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/vitamins-and-minerals\/vitamin-b\/. Accessed 2025 May\u00a023."},{"key":"1281_CR22","volume-title":"Dietary reference intakes: the essential guide to nutrient requirements","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2006","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes: the essential guide to nutrient requirements. Washington, DC: National Academies; 2006."},{"issue":"1","key":"1281_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(02)01547-6","volume":"110","author":"B Falsini","year":"2003","unstructured":"Falsini B, Piccardi M, Iarossi G, Fadda A, Merendino E, Valentini P. Influence of short-term antioxidant supplementation on macular function in age-related maculopathy: a pilot study including electrophysiologic assessment. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(1):51\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0161-6420(02)01547-6.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1281_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.574","volume":"169","author":"WG Christen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Chew EY, Albert CM, Manson JE. Folic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin combination treatment and age-related macular degeneration in women: the Women\u2019s Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:335\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.574.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"1281_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2016.11.009","volume":"40","author":"G Azar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Azar G, Quaranta-El Maftouhi M, Masella JJ, Mauget-Faysse M. Macular pigment density variation after supplementation of lutein and zeaxanthin using the Visucam\u00ae 200 pigment module: impact of age-related macular degeneration and lens status. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2017;40:303\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfo.2016.11.009.","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"1281_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01016-2","volume":"36","author":"M Parravano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parravano M, Tedeschi M, Manca D, et al. Effects of Macuprev\u00ae supplementation in age-related macular degeneration: a double-blind randomized morpho-functional study along 6\u00a0months of follow-up. Adv Ther. 2019;36:2493\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-019-01016-2.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"1281_CR27","first-page":"12","volume":"67","author":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration Study Group","year":"1996","unstructured":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration Study Group. Multicenter ophthalmic and nutritional age-related macular degeneration study\u2014part 1: design, subjects and procedures. J Am Optom Assoc. 1996;67:12\u201329.","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"1281_CR28","first-page":"30","volume":"67","author":"S Richer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Richer S. Multicenter ophthalmic and nutritional age-related macular degeneration study\u2014part 2: antioxidant intervention and conclusions. J Am Optom Assoc. 1996;67:30\u201349.","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"1281_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/s1529-1839(04)70049-4","volume":"75","author":"S Richer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Richer S, Stiles W, Statkute L, et al. Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Veterans LAST study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial). Optometry. 2004;75:216\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1529-1839(04)70049-4.","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"1281_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optm.2006.10.019","volume":"78","author":"S Richer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Richer S, Devenport J, Lang JC. LAST II: differential temporal responses of macular pigment optical density in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration to dietary supplementation with xanthophylls. Optometry. 2007;78:213\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optm.2006.10.019.","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"1281_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8532","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7384","volume":"7","author":"AS Ibrahim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ibrahim AS, Mander S, Hussein KA, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia disrupts retinal pigment epithelial structure and function with features of age-related macular degeneration. Oncotarget. 2016;7:8532\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.7384.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"1281_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aopr.2025.03.001","volume":"5","author":"T Josifova","year":"2025","unstructured":"Josifova T, Konieczka K, Schotzau A, Flammer J. The effect of a specific vitamin\u00a0supplement containing l-methylfolate (Ocufolin forte) in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Adv Ophthalmol Pract Res. 2025;5:135\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aopr.2025.03.001.","journal-title":"Adv Ophthalmol Pract Res"},{"key":"1281_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11952","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09731-y","volume":"7","author":"R Mohamed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mohamed R, Sharma I, Ibrahim AS, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia alters retinal endothelial cells barrier function and angiogenic potential via activation of oxidative stress. Sci Rep. 2017;7:11952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-09731-y.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1281_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210201200608","volume":"12","author":"AM Abu El-Asrar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Abu El-Asrar AM, Abdel Gader AGM, Al-Amro SA, Al-Attas OS. Hyperhomocysteinemia and retinal vascular occlusive disease. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2002;12:495\u2013500.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1281_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2020.03.009","volume":"14","author":"NC Boles","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boles NC, Fernandes M, Swigut T, et al. Epigenomic and transcriptomic changes during human RPE EMT in a stem cell model of epiretinal membrane pathogenesis and prevention by nicotinamide. Stem Cell Rep. 2020;14:631\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stemcr.2020.03.009.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep"},{"key":"1281_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102375","volume":"54","author":"T Sinha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sinha T, Ikelle L, Makia MS, et al. Riboflavin deficiency leads to irreversible cellular changes in the RPE and disrupts retinal function through alterations in cellular metabolic homeostasis. Redox Biol. 2022;54:102375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102375.","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"1281_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.12.015","volume":"20","author":"JS Saini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saini JS, Corneo B, Miller JD, et al. Nicotinamide ameliorates disease phenotypes in a human iPSC model of age-related macular degeneration. Cell Stem Cell. 2017;20:635\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2016.12.015.","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"1281_CR38","volume":"63","author":"K Ploessl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ploessl K, Eifler A, Ramadani A, Schaetzler F, Weber BHF. Nicotinamide and its role in reducing complement activation and oxidative stress in age-related macular degeneration [abstract]. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2022;63:469\u2013A0006.","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1281_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102286","volume":"298","author":"RA Hazim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hazim RA, Paniagua AE, Tang L, et al. Vitamin\u00a0B3, nicotinamide, enhances mitochondrial metabolism to promote differentiation of the retinal pigment epithelium. J Biol Chem. 2022;298:102286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102286.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1281_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5961123","volume":"2022","author":"C Ren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ren C, Hu C, Wu Y, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide ameliorates cellular senescence and inflammation caused by sodium iodate in RPE. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022:5961123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/5961123.","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"1281_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.046607","volume":"88","author":"TI Metelitsina","year":"2004","unstructured":"Metelitsina TI, Grunwald JE, DuPont JC, Ying GS. Effect of niacin on the choroidal circulation of patients with age related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:1568\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.2004.046607.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1281_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2024.101835","volume":"40","author":"S Morita","year":"2024","unstructured":"Morita S, Sueyasu T, Tokuda H, Kaneda Y, Izumo T, Nakao Y. Lutein and zeaxanthin reduce neuronal cell damage caused by lipid peroxidation. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2024;40:101835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrep.2024.101835.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Rep"},{"key":"1281_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680600760501","volume":"31","author":"MR Barakat","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barakat MR, Metelitsina TI, DuPont JC, Grunwald JE. Effect of niacin on retinal vascular diameter in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Curr Eye Res. 2006;31:629\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02713680600760501.","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"1281_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030393","volume":"10","author":"NM Elsherbiny","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elsherbiny NM, Sharma I, Kira D, et al. Homocysteine induces inflammation in retina and brain. Biomolecules. 2020;10:393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom10030393.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"1281_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2005.12.004","volume":"22","author":"JM Seddon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Seddon JM, Gensler G, Klein ML, Milton RC. C-reactive protein and homocysteine are associated with dietary and behavioral risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. Nutrition. 2006;22:441\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2005.12.004.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"1281_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-019-01140-6","volume":"39","author":"S Mukhtar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mukhtar S, Ambati BK. The value of nutritional supplements in treating age-related macular degeneration: a review of the literature. Int Ophthalmol. 2019;39:2975\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-019-01140-6.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1281_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100858","volume":"79","author":"K Kaarniranta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaarniranta K, Uusitalo H, Blasiak J, et al. Mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and their impact on age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2020;79:100858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100858.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"1281_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.08.032","volume":"38","author":"E Wesselink","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wesselink E, Koekkoek WAC, Grefte S, Witkamp RF, van Zanten ARH. Feeding mitochondria: potential role of nutritional components to improve critical illness convalescence. Clin Nutr. 2019;38:982\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.08.032.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01281-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01281-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01281-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T08:33:01Z","timestamp":1770453181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01281-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01281-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8245","2193-6528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8245","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Editorial and medical writing assistance was provided under the direction of the authors by Crystal Murcia, PhD, and Pratibha Hebbar, PhD, of Synchrony Medical Communications, LLC, West Chester, PA, and was funded by Bausch\u2009+\u2009Lomb, Bridgewater, NJ, USA.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Medical Writing, Editorial, and Other Assistance"}},{"value":"This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Julie Poteet reports serving on advisory boards for Bausch\u2009+\u2009Lomb. Cecelia Koetting reports serving as a speaker, consultant, researcher, and\/or advisor for AbbVie, Alcon, Allergan, Azura Ophthalmics, Bausch\u2009+\u2009Lomb, Blinkjoy, Bruder Healthcare, Domp\u00e9, Myze, Orasis Pharmaceuticals, RVL Pharmaceuticals, Sight Sciences, Tarsus Pharmaceuticals, Th\u00e9a Pharma, Trukera Medical, Twenty\/Twenty Therapeutics, and Viatris. Priya S. Vakharia reports serving as an investigator for Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Allgenesis Biotherapeutics, Aviceda Therapeutics, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Kirwin, Kodiak Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ocular Therapeutix, OcuTerra Therapeutics, Opthea, ONL Therapeutics, Recens Medical, Regenx Bio, Stealth BioTherapeutics, and Unity; a consultant for AbbVie, Alimera Sciences, Annexon Biosciences, Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Astellas Pharma, Bausch\u2009+\u2009Lomb, Bayer, Coherus, Genentech, Notal Vision, Novartis, Ocuphire Pharma, and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals; a speaker for Astellas Pharma, Bausch\u2009+\u2009Lomb, Genentech, Heidelberg, and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals; and being an equity\/stockholder in Quad-C\/Prism.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}