{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:41:08Z","timestamp":1791247268929,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-026-01412-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T10:32:54Z","timestamp":1780137174000},"page":"2107-2115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Myopia Trends in Europe: A Reappraisal of Current Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Carla","family":"Lanca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3724-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Grzybowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1412_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","volume":"123","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1036\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1412_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2025.101319","author":"A Moreira-Ros\u00e1rio","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moreira-Ros\u00e1rio A, Lanca C, Grzybowski A. Prevalence of myopia in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from 14 countries. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2025.101319.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"1412_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-025-07078-z","volume":"264","author":"C Martinez-Perez","year":"2026","unstructured":"Martinez-Perez C, Alvarez-Peregrina C, Villa-Collar C, S\u00e1nchez-Tena M\u00c1. Analysing myopia in Europe: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2026;264:647\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-025-07078-z.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1412_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00231-4","volume":"6","author":"PN Baird","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baird PN, Saw S-M, Lanca C, Guggenheim JA, Smith EL III, Zhou X, et al. Myopia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6:99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-020-00231-4.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"1412_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.70001","volume":"103","author":"O P\u00e4rssinen","year":"2025","unstructured":"P\u00e4rssinen O. Factors associated with the high prevalence of myopia and its decrease\u2014a historical review. Acta Ophthalmol. 2025;103:879\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.70001.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1412_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.03.018","volume":"122","author":"KM Williams","year":"2015","unstructured":"Williams KM, Bertelsen G, Cumberland P, Wolfram C, Verhoeven VJM, Anastasopoulos E, et al. Increasing prevalence of myopia in Europe and the impact of education. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:1489\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.03.018.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1412_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0335666","volume":"20","author":"M Doyle","year":"2025","unstructured":"Doyle M, O\u2019Donnell A, Harrington S, O\u2019Dwyer V, Moore M. Prevalence of clinically significant refractive error in children in Europe: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2025;20:e0335666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0335666.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1412_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.3390\/children12060771","volume":"12","author":"A Ruiz-Pomeda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ruiz-Pomeda A, Hern\u00e1ndez-Verdejo JL, Ca\u00f1adas P, Guemes-Villahoz N, Povedano-Montero FJ. Child myopia prevalence in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Children Basel. 2025;12:771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12060771.","journal-title":"Children Basel"},{"key":"1412_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.13.49","volume":"65","author":"NA Brennan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brennan NA, Cheng X, Bullimore MA. Adult myopia progression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2024;65:49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.65.13.49.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1412_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.6.2","volume":"64","author":"MA Bullimore","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bullimore MA, Lee SS-Y, Schmid KL, Rozema JJ, Leveziel N, Mallen EAH, et al. IMI\u2014onset and progression of myopia in young adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2023;64:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.64.6.2.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1412_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoint.2024.100090","volume":"2","author":"NA Brennan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brennan NA, Cheng X, Jong M, Bullimore MA. Studies of birth month confirm the role of education in myopia development: a review. AJO Int. 2025;2:100090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajoint.2024.100090.","journal-title":"AJO Int"},{"key":"1412_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019","volume":"115","author":"KA Rose","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rose KA, Morgan IG, Ip J, Kifley A, Huynh S, Smith W, et al. Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:1279\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1412_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1118","volume":"48","author":"LA Jones","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jones LA, Sinnott LT, Mutti DO, Mitchell GL, Moeschberger ML, Zadnik K. Parental history of myopia, sports and outdoor activities, and future myopia. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:3524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.06-1118.","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1412_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001972","volume":"100","author":"T Bro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bro T, L\u00f6fgren S. Relatively stable prevalence of myopia among Swedish children aged 4 to 7 years between 2015 and 2020. Optom Vis Sci. 2023;100:91\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001972.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"1412_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13359","volume":"44","author":"P Demir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Demir P, Baskaran K, Ramos PL, Naduvilath T, Sankaridurg P, Macedo AF. Incidence of myopia in Swedish schoolchildren: a longitudinal study. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2024;44:1301\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.13359.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"1412_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.12.10","volume":"66","author":"O P\u00e4rssinen","year":"2025","unstructured":"P\u00e4rssinen O, Franssila M-L, Nordhausen K, Mattinen M, Sovelius R, Kauppinen M, et al. The prevalence of myopia in Finnish conscripts has not increased in recent decades and is lower than in many East and Southeast Asian countries. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2025;66:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.66.12.10.","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1412_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-024-06467-0","volume":"262","author":"LS Eppenberger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eppenberger LS, Jaggi GP, Todorova MG, Messerli J, Sturm V. Following prevalence of myopia in a large Swiss military cohort over the last decade: where is the European \u201cmyopia boom\u201d? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2024;262:3039\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-024-06467-0.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1412_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14562","volume":"99","author":"MH Hansen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hansen MH, Hvid\u2010Hansen A, Jacobsen N, Kessel L. Myopia prevalence in Denmark\u2014a review of 140 years of myopia research. Acta Ophthalmol. 2021;99:118\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.14562.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1412_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.17488","volume":"103","author":"T Bro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bro T. Increased prevalence of myopia in Swedish conscripts between 1975 and 1995\u2014associations with education and verbal ability. Acta Ophthalmol. 2025;103:858\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.17488.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1412_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002307","volume":"3","author":"S Kneepkens","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kneepkens S, Enthoven CA, Polling JR, de Vries VA, Tideman JWL, Klaver C. Trends in myopia prevalence and projected visual impairment in Western Europe: a pooled analysis of Dutch population-based cohorts (1900\u20132000). BMJ Public Health. 2025;3:e002307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002307.","journal-title":"BMJ Public Health"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40123-026-01412-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40123-026-01412-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40123-026-01412-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T13:24:07Z","timestamp":1782739447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40123-026-01412-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40123-026-01412-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8245","2193-6528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8245","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Carla Lanca reports a relationship with Eyerising that includes consulting or advisory activities. Carla Lanca is an Editorial Board member of Ophthalmology and Therapy. Carla Lanca was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Andrzej Grzybowski reports relationships with Alcon, Bausch & Lomb, Zeiss, Teleon, Johnson & Johnson, CooperVision, Hoya, Essilor, Th\u00e9a, Santen, Polpharma, and Viatris that include research grants or funding. Andrzej Grzybowski also reports relationships with Th\u00e9a, Santen, Polpharma, Viatris, Eyerising, Essilor, and Alcon that include speaking or lecture fees. Andrzej Grzybowski reports board membership relationships with Nevakar, Santen, GoCheckKids, and Th\u00e9a. Andrzej Grzybowski is a Section Editor of Ophthalmology and Therapy. Andrzej Grzybowski was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Ian Morgan has nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}