{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:15:25Z","timestamp":1790036125553,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Tongzhou District Outstanding Young Scientists and Technologists Project","award":["No. JCQN2024030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. JCQN2024030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-026-01420-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T02:59:02Z","timestamp":1781665142000},"page":"2457-2474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness is Independently Associated with Axial Length and Myopia in Preschool Children: A Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8276-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolan","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuting","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6786-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2195-619X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bidan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"1420_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03250-7","volume":"38","author":"Y Tuo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tuo Y, Zhang G, Yi H. Vision for the future: pioneering strategies in China\u2019s battle against myopia. Eye. 2024;38(16):3042\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-024-03250-7.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"1420_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1420_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/icu.0000000000000571","volume":"30","author":"RS Weiss","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weiss RS, Park S. Recent updates on myopia control. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2019;30(4):215\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/icu.0000000000000571.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1420_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-024-00354-7","volume":"43","author":"S Biswas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Biswas S, El KA, Qureshi M, Lee D, Sun CH, Lam J, et al. The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia. J Physiol Anthropol. 2024;43(1):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40101-024-00354-7.","journal-title":"J Physiol Anthropol"},{"key":"1420_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000501937","author":"K Cao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cao K, Wan Y, Yusufu M, Wang N. Significance of outdoor time for myopia prevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. Ophthalmic Res. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000501937.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"1420_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nickla DL, Wallman J. The multifunctional choroid. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"1420_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67069-8","author":"H Jeong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jeong H, Lee D, Negishi K, Tsubota K, Kurihara T. Establishment of an in vitro choroid complex system for vascular response screening. Sci Rep. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-67069-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1420_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2024.110045","volume":"247","author":"B Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan B, Chua J, Wong D, Liu X, Ismail M, Schmetterer L. Techniques for imaging the choroid and choroidal blood flow in vivo. Exp Eye Res. 2024;247:110045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2024.110045.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"1420_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14773","volume":"99","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Y, Wang L, Xu Y, Pang Z, Mu G. The influence of the choroid on the onset and development of myopia: from perspectives of choroidal thickness and blood flow. Acta Ophthalmol. 2021;99(7):730\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.14773.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1420_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-020-00224-0","volume":"8","author":"X Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou X, Ye C, Wang X, Zhou W, Reinach P, Qu J. Choroidal blood perfusion as a potential \u201crapid predictive index\u201d for myopia development and progression. Eye Vis. 2021;8(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40662-020-00224-0.","journal-title":"Eye Vis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1420_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vision6010016","volume":"6","author":"HS Muhiddin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muhiddin HS, Mayasari AR, Umar BT, Sirajuddin J, Patellongi I, Islam IC, et al. Choroidal thickness in correlation with axial length and myopia degree. Vision. 2022;6(1):16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vision6010016.","journal-title":"Vision"},{"key":"1420_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-022-00276-4","author":"M Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu M, Yu X, Wan M, Feng K, Zhang J, Shen M, et al. Two-year longitudinal change in choroidal and retinal thickness in school-aged myopic children: exploratory analysis of clinical trials for myopia progression. Eye and Vision. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40662-022-00276-4.","journal-title":"Eye and Vision"},{"issue":"9","key":"1420_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.02.005","volume":"120","author":"M Ho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ho M, Liu DTL, Chan VCK, Lam DSC. Choroidal thickness measurement in myopic eyes by enhanced depth optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(9):1909\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.02.005.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"1420_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13102777","volume":"13","author":"J Baksh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baksh J, Lee D, Mori K, Zhang Y, Torii H, Jeong H, et al. Myopia is an ischemic eye condition: a review from the perspective of choroidal blood flow. J Clin Med. 2024;13(10):2777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13102777.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1420_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.06.008","volume":"66","author":"E Prousali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prousali E, Dastiridou A, Ziakas N, Androudi S, Mataftsi A. Choroidal thickness and ocular growth in childhood. Surv Ophthalmol. 2021;66(2):261\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.06.008.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1420_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721443115","author":"H Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu H, Chen W, Zhao F, Zhou Q, Reinach PS, Deng L, et al. Scleral hypoxia is a target for myopia control [cell biology]. P Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1721443115.","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1420_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2025.08.15","author":"MK Alanazi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alanazi MK, Alshehri M, Althomali M, Alhazmi M, Alghamdi M, Almutairi NM, et al. Choroidal response to optical defocus as a potential surrogate marker for myopia control effect. Int J Ophthalmol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18240\/ijo.2025.08.15.","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1420_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac166","volume":"1","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Jeong H, Mori K, Ikeda S, Shoda C, Miwa Y, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor from retinal pigment epithelium is essential in choriocapillaris and axial length maintenance. PNAS Nexus. 2022;1:pgac166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac166.","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"1420_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-13983","author":"Y Jia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jia Y, Hu D, Zhu D, Zhang L, Gu P, Fan X, et al. Mmp-2, mmp-3, timp-1, timp-2, and timp-3 protein levels in human aqueous humor: relationship with axial length. Investig Opthalmol Vis Sc. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.14-13983.","journal-title":"Investig Opthalmol Vis Sc"},{"issue":"5035","key":"1420_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1957169","volume":"254","author":"D Huang","year":"1991","unstructured":"Huang D, Swanson EA, Lin CP, Schuman JS, Stinson WG, Chang W, et al. Optical coherence tomography. Science. 1991;254(5035):1178\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1957169.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"1420_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.32604\/mcb.2022.018578","volume":"19","author":"J Qin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qin J, An L. Measurement of myopia and normal human choroidal thickness using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Mol Cell Biomech. 2022;19(3):151\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/mcb.2022.018578.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biomech"},{"key":"1420_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000549417","author":"N Hosseinzadeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hosseinzadeh N, Mahalleh M, KamaliZonouzi S, Alikarami S, Gouravani M, Arevalo JF. Optical coherence tomography measurements of retina and choroid in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmic Res. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000549417.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"1420_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2025.3243","volume":"143","author":"H Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu H, Wang Y, Lu Q, Rose KA, Morgan IG, Ni Z, et al. Atropine or cyclopentolate to diagnose premyopia in preschool children. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2025;143(11):904\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2025.3243.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1420_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.01.003","volume":"213","author":"S Xiong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiong S, He X, Zhang B, Deng J, Wang J, Lv M, et al. Changes in choroidal thickness varied by age and refraction in children and adolescents: a 1-year longitudinal study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020;213:46\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.01.003.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1420_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316306","author":"L Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang L, Yu L, Hsia N, Hsieh Y, Lin H. The association between subfoveal choroidal thickness and refractive error in Taiwanese children: a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0316306.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1420_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2019.09.15","author":"X He","year":"2019","unstructured":"He X. Macular choroidal thickness in Chinese preschool children: decrease with axial length but no evident change with age. Int J Ophthalmol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18240\/ijo.2019.09.15.","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1420_CR27","first-page":"221","volume":"80","author":"M Nurul-Farhana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nurul-Farhana M, Ngah NF, Shatriah I. Evaluation of choroidal thickness in Malay children with myopia. Med J Malaysia. 2025;80:221\u20137.","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"issue":"5","key":"1420_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16446","volume":"56","author":"SA Read","year":"2015","unstructured":"Read SA, Alonso-Caneiro D, Vincent SJ, Collins MJ. Longitudinal changes in choroidal thickness and eye growth in childhood. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(5):3103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.15-16446.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1420_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041505","volume":"12","author":"N Mihara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mihara N, Sonoda S, Terasaki H, Shiihara H, Sakono T, Funatsu R, et al. Sex- and age-dependent wide-field choroidal thickness differences in healthy eyes. J Clin Med. 2023;12(4):1505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12041505.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1420_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012","volume":"5","author":"Y Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song Y, Tham Y, Chong C, Ong R, Fenner BJ, Cheong KX, et al. Patterns and determinants of choroidal thickness in a multiethnic Asian population: the Singapore epidemiology of eye diseases study. Ophthalmol Retina. 2021;5(5):458\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"1","key":"1420_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.07.048","volume":"120","author":"WB Wei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wei WB, Xu L, Jonas JB, Shao L, Du KF, Wang S, et al. Subfoveal choroidal thickness: the Beijing eye study. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(1):175\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.07.048.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1420_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03383-9","volume":"39","author":"L Shao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shao L, Zhao H, Zhang R, Zhou W, Wei WB. Distribution and associated factors of choroidal thickness in highly myopic eyes\u2014a real-world study based on a Chinese population. Eye. 2024;39(1):102\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-024-03383-9.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"1420_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202300039","author":"S Nadeem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nadeem S. Macular choroidal thickness and correlations in a healthy pediatric South Asian cohort: a spectral domain optical coherence tomography study. J Biophotonics. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbio.202300039.","journal-title":"J Biophotonics"},{"key":"1420_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102533","volume":"36","author":"M Guler Alis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guler Alis M, Alis A. Choroidal vascularity index in adults with different refractive status. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2021;36:102533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102533.","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"1420_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2017.31.2.151","volume":"31","author":"GY Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee GY, Yu S, Kang HG, Kim JS, Lee KW, Lee J. Choroidal thickness variation according to refractive error measured by spectral domain-optical coherence tomography in Korean children. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2017;31(2):151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3341\/kjo.2017.31.2.151.","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1420_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-024-01128-5","author":"T Hiraoka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hiraoka T, Tamura M, Mino T, Moriguchi Y, Akiba M, Sugiura Y, et al. Choroidal thickness in macular, nasal midperiphery, and temporal midperiphery regions and its relationship with axial length and refractive error. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10384-024-01128-5.","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1420_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08101-7","author":"A Hanyuda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hanyuda A, Torii H, Hayashi K, Uchida A, Mori K, Yotsukura E, et al. Relationship of choroidal thickness and axial length with posterior vitreous detachment in patients with high myopia. Sci Rep. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-08101-7.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1420_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364102115010283","volume":"15","author":"S Aldakhil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aldakhil S. The effect of optical defocus on the choroidal thickness: a review. Open Ophthalmol J. 2021;15(1):283\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874364102115010283.","journal-title":"Open Ophthalmol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1420_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45059","volume":"7","author":"S Xiong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xiong S, He X, Deng J, Lv M, Jin J, Sun S, et al. Choroidal thickness in 3001 Chinese children aged 6 to 19 years using swept-source OCT. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):45059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep45059.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1420_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4103\/tmj.tmj_2_24","volume":"52","author":"FA Rady","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rady FA, El-Koumy HA, El Koddousy MS, Nawar AE. Correlation between axial length and choroidal changes in high myopia. Tanta Med J. 2024;52(2):127\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/tmj.tmj_2_24.","journal-title":"Tanta Med J"},{"key":"1420_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2014.3614.x","volume":"2014","author":"C Pournaras","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pournaras C, Donati G, Frountzou E, Geiser M, Riva CE. Choroidal blood flow and choroidal thickness. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014;2014:92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2014.3614.x.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1420_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2014.973043","volume":"40","author":"W Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen W, Song H, Xie S, Han Q, Tang X, Chu Y. Correlation of macular choroidal thickness with concentrations of aqueous vascular endothelial growth factor in high myopia. Curr Eye Res. 2014;40(3):307\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02713683.2014.973043.","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40123-026-01420-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40123-026-01420-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40123-026-01420-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T13:25:16Z","timestamp":1782739516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40123-026-01420-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40123-026-01420-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8245","2193-6528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8245","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-6528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Xiaolan Xie has nothing to disclose, Xin Wang has nothing to disclose, Shuting Wen has nothing to disclose, Lin Tian has nothing to disclose, Hongyang Li has nothing to disclose, Bidan Zhu has nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Review Committee of Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Beijing\u00a0(No. 2024-TZFY-001-01), in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was conducted after the protocol was explained to the participants and their parents or legal guardians, and informed consent was obtained.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}