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Studies in Ciudad de Panam\u00e1 estimated seroprevalence at between 22 and 44%. Consistent relationships were found between higher prevalence rates and factors such as poverty and proximity to water sources. Prenatal screening rates for anti-<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>antibodies were variable, despite existence of a screening law. Heat maps showed a correlation between proximity to bodies of water and overall<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>seroprevalence. Spatial epidemiological maps and mathematical models identify specific regions that could most benefit from comprehensive, preventive healthcare campaigns related to congenital toxoplasmosis and<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40124-022-00265-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T05:03:46Z","timestamp":1655874226000},"page":"109-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Building Programs to Eradicate Toxoplasmosis Part III: Epidemiology and Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mariangela 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Analyzes seropositivity by regions in Panama for large numbers of pregnant women cared for at Hospital Santo Tom\u00e1s, demonstrating high seroprevalence in pregnant women and several risk factors. This paper also provides an overview to which the present study contributed."},{"key":"265_CR14","first-page":"165","volume":"7","author":"K El Bissati","year":"2018","unstructured":"El Bissati K, Levigne P, Lykins J, Adlaoui EB, Barkat A, Berraho A, Laboudi M, El Mansouri B, Ibrahimi A, Rhajaoui M, Quinn F, Murugesan M, Seghrouchni F, Gomez-Marin JE, Peyron F, McLeod R. Global initiative for congenital toxoplasmosis: an observational and international comparative clinical analysis. Emerg Micr & Inf. 2018;7:165.","journal-title":"Emerg Micr & Inf"},{"key":"265_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-4917-5","volume":"115","author":"J Trivi\u00f1o-Valencia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Trivi\u00f1o-Valencia J, Lora F, Zuluaga JD, Gomez-Marin JE. Detection by PCR of pathogenic protozoa in raw and drinkable water samples in Colombia. Parasitol Res. 2016;115:1789\u201397.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"265_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 G\u00f3mez-Marin JE, Mu\u00f1oz-Ortiz J, Mej\u00eda-Oquendo M, Arteaga-Rivear JY, Rivera-Valdivia N, Boh\u00f3rquez-Granados MC, Velasco-Vel\u00e1squez S, Casta\u00f1o-de-la-Torre G, Acosta-D\u00e1vila JA, Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez LL, Torres-Morales E, Vargas M, Valencia JD, Celis-Giraldo D, de-la-Torre A. High frequency of ocular toxoplasmosis in Quind\u00edo, Colombia and risk factors related to the infection. Heliyon. 2021;7:e06659. Re-emphasizes the critical role water plays in transmission of Toxoplasma in Colombia.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06659"},{"key":"265_CR17","unstructured":"\u2022 El Mansouri B, Amarir F, Peyron F, Adlaoui AB, Piarroux R, El Abassi M, Lykins J, Nekkal N, Bouhlal N, Makkaoui K, Barkat A, Lyaghfouri A, Zhou Y, Rais S, Daoudi F, Elkoraichi I, Zekri M, Nezha B, Hajar M, Rhajaoui M, Sadak A, Limonne D, McLeod R, El Bissati K. Emerg Microbes Infect. June 8 2021; in press. Emphasizes the association of seropositivity for Toxoplasma with lower socioeconomic status and more frequent use of well water in a high-prevalence population in Morocco."}],"container-title":["Current Pediatrics Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40124-022-00265-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40124-022-00265-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40124-022-00265-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T11:12:23Z","timestamp":1727435543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40124-022-00265-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40124-022-00265-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-4841"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2167-4841"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 April 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2022","order":3,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":4,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Open Access funding information has been added in the Funding Note.","order":5,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}