{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T08:14:22Z","timestamp":1770711262754,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,26]],"date-time":"2013-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364256000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Emerg Hosp Med Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40138-013-0012-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,25]],"date-time":"2013-03-25T09:00:27Z","timestamp":1364202027000},"page":"112-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Acute Heart Failure Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Phillip D.","family":"Levy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdel","family":"Bellou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"12_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.10.041","volume":"53","author":"M Gheorghiade","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gheorghiade M, Pang PS. Acute heart failure syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:557\u201373.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"12_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Lindenfeld J, Albert NM, Boehmer JP, et al. HFSA 2010 Comprehensive Heart Failure Practice Guideline. J Card Fail. 2010;16:e1\u2013194. Updated guidelines including an overview on acute heart failure as developed by the Heart Failure Society of America.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2010.04.004"},{"key":"12_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000296274.51933.4C","volume":"36","author":"A Mebazaa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mebazaa A, Gheorghiade M, Pina IL, et al. Practical recommendations for prehospital and early in-hospital management of patients presenting with acute heart failure syndromes. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:S129\u201339.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"12_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. 2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC\/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation, 2009;119:e391\u2013479. Updated guidelines including an overview on acute heart failure as developed by the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192065"},{"key":"12_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14:803\u201369. Updated guidelines including an overview on acute heart failure as developed by the European Society of Cardiology.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs105"},{"key":"12_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Weintraub NL, Collins SP, Pang PS, et al. Acute heart failure syndromes: emergency department presentation, treatment, and disposition: current approaches and future aims: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;122:1975\u201396. Key review paper discussing major issues surrounding acute heart failure management from both a clinical and a research perspective. Provides insight into existing and future approaches to treatment.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181f9a223"},{"key":"12_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.963413","volume":"5","author":"M Metra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Metra M, Davison B, Bettari L, et al. Is worsening renal function an ominous prognostic sign in patients with acute heart failure? The role of congestion and its interaction with renal function. Circ Heart Fail. 2012;5:54\u201362.","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"12_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.08.045","volume":"107","author":"DE Lanfear","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lanfear DE, Peterson EL, Campbell J, et al. Relation of worsened renal function during hospitalization for heart failure to long-term outcomes and rehospitalization. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107:74\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"12_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2010.03.022","volume":"29","author":"F Peacock","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peacock F, Amin A, Granger CB, et al. Hypertensive heart failure: patient characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. Am J Emerg Med. 2011;29:855\u201362.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"12_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7133.2010.00167.x","volume":"16","author":"PS Pang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pang PS, Levy P. Pathophysiology of volume overload in acute heart failure syndromes. Congest Heart Fail. 2010;16(Suppl 1):S1\u20136.","journal-title":"Congest Heart Fail"},{"key":"12_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.965830","volume":"5","author":"PS Pang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pang PS, Hoffmann U, Shah SJ. Classification of patients with acute heart failure syndromes in the emergency department. Circ Heart Fail. 2012;5:2\u20135.","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"12_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.515","volume":"305","author":"M Gheorghiade","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gheorghiade M, Braunwald E. A proposed model for initial assessment and management of acute heart failure syndromes. JAMA. 2011;305:1702\u20133.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"12_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.03.051","volume":"56","author":"WF Peacock","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peacock WF, Braunwald E, Abraham W, et al. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute working group on emergency department management of acute heart failure: research challenges and opportunities. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:343\u201351.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"12_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2007.07.007","volume":"51","author":"S Collins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Collins S, Storrow AB, Kirk JD, et al. Beyond pulmonary edema: diagnostic, risk stratification, and treatment challenges of acute heart failure management in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2008;51:45\u201357.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"12_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-007-9011-8","volume":"12","author":"L Luca De","year":"2007","unstructured":"De Luca L, Fonarow GC, Adams KF Jr, et al. Acute heart failure syndromes: clinical scenarios and pathophysiologic targets for therapy. Heart Fail Rev. 2007;12:97\u2013104.","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"12_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.18.2217","volume":"296","author":"M Gheorghiade","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gheorghiade M, Abraham WT, Albert NM, et al. Systolic blood pressure at admission, clinical characteristics, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure. JAMA. 2006;296:2217\u201326.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"12_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.815944","volume":"119","author":"DS Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee DS, Gona P, Vasan RS, et al. Relation of disease pathogenesis and risk factors to heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction: insights from the Framingham heart study of the national heart, lung, and blood institute. Circulation. 2009;119:3070\u20137.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"12_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7816","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.132271799","volume":"99","author":"LJ Ignarro","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ignarro LJ. After 130\u00a0years, the molecular mechanism of action of nitroglycerin is revealed. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99:7816\u20137.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"12_CR19","first-page":"327","volume":"4","author":"WD Bussmann","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bussmann WD, Kaltenbach M. Sublingual nitroglycerin in the treatment of left ventricular failure and pulmonary edema. Eur J Cardiol. 1976;4:327\u201333.","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiol"},{"key":"12_CR20","first-page":"29","volume":"3","author":"WD Bussmann","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bussmann WD, Kaltenbach M. Sublingual nitroglycerin for left ventricular failure and pulmonary edema. Compr Ther. 1977;3:29\u201336.","journal-title":"Compr Ther"},{"key":"12_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00874655","volume":"18","author":"PR Imhof","year":"1980","unstructured":"Imhof PR, Ott B, Frankhauser P, et al. Difference in nitroglycerin dose-response in the venous and arterial beds. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1980;18:455\u201360.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"12_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00265803","volume":"10","author":"S Bayley","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bayley S, Valentine H, Bennett ED. The haemodynamic responses to incremental doses of intravenous nitroglycerin in left ventricular failure. Intensive Care Med. 1984;10:139\u201345.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"12_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(84)90557-X","volume":"108","author":"IM Herling","year":"1984","unstructured":"Herling IM. Intravenous nitroglycerin: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic considerations. Am Heart J. 1984;108:141\u20139.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"12_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(93)90841-N","volume":"22","author":"HL Haber","year":"1993","unstructured":"Haber HL, Simek CL, Bergin JD, et al. Bolus intravenous nitroglycerin predominantly reduces afterload in patients with excessive arterial elastance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:251\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"12_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.096016","volume":"51","author":"S Munir","year":"2008","unstructured":"Munir S, Guilcher A, Kamalesh T, et al. Peripheral augmentation index defines the relationship between central and peripheral pulse pressure. Hypertension. 2008;51:112\u20138.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"12_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2003.09.051","volume":"93","author":"U Elkayam","year":"2004","unstructured":"Elkayam U, Akhter MW, Singh H, et al. Comparison of effects on left ventricular filling pressure of intravenous nesiritide and high-dose nitroglycerin in patients with decompensated heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:237\u201340.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"12_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000036743.07406.53","volume":"106","author":"T Gori","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gori T, Parker JD. Nitrate tolerance: a unifying hypothesis. Circulation. 2002;106:2510\u20133.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"12_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2007.02.022","volume":"50","author":"P Levy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Levy P, Compton S, Welch R, et al. Treatment of severe decompensated heart failure with high-dose intravenous nitroglycerin: a feasibility and outcome analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50:144\u201352.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"12_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(98)90087-0","volume":"16","author":"G Cotter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cotter G, Faibel H, Barash P, et al. High-dose nitrates in the immediate management of unstable angina: optimal dosage, route of administration, and therapeutic goals. Am J Emerg Med. 1998;16:219\u201324.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"12_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00785-3","volume":"36","author":"A Sharon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sharon A, Shpirer I, Kaluski E, et al. High-dose intravenous isosorbide-dinitrate is safer and better than Bi-PAP ventilation combined with conventional treatment for severe pulmonary edema. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:832\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"12_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2009.02146.x","volume":"267","author":"T Breidthardt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Breidthardt T, Noveanu M, Potocki M, et al. Impact of a high-dose nitrate strategy on cardiac stress in acute heart failure: a pilot study. J Intern Med. 2010;267:322\u201330.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"12_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197409192911201","volume":"291","author":"NH Guiha","year":"1974","unstructured":"Guiha NH, Cohn JN, Mikulic E, et al. Treatment of refractory heart failure with infusion of nitroprusside. N Engl J Med. 1974;291:587\u201392.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1E562","volume":"39","author":"B Eryonucu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eryonucu B, Guler N, Guntekin U, Tuncer M. Comparison of the effects of nitroglycerin and nitroprusside on transmitral Doppler flow parameters in patients with hypertensive urgency. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39:997\u20131001.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"12_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi044","volume":"26","author":"MS Nieminen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nieminen MS, Bohm M, Cowie MR, et al. Executive summary of the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure: the Task Force on Acute Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:384\u2013416.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"12_CR35","first-page":"929","volume":"2","author":"MR Burger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Burger MR, Burger AJ. BNP in decompensated heart failure: diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2001;2:929\u201335.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"12_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Publication Committee for the VMAC Investigators. Intravenous nesiritide vs nitroglycerin for treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;287:1531\u201340.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.12.1531"},{"key":"12_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.15.1900","volume":"293","author":"JD Sackner-Bernstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sackner-Bernstein JD, Kowalski M, Fox M, Aaronson K. Short-term risk of death after treatment with nesiritide for decompensated heart failure: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2005;293:1900\u20135.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"12_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000159340.93220.E4","volume":"111","author":"JD Sackner-Bernstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sackner-Bernstein JD, Skopicki HA, Aaronson KD. Risk of worsening renal function with nesiritide in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. Circulation. 2005;111:1487\u201391.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"12_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 O\u2019Connor CM, Starling RC, Hernandez AF, et al. Effect of nesiritide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:32\u201343. Pivotal trial in acute heart failure which evaluated the safety and efficacy of nesiritide. Provides an excellent discussion of treatment paradigms and insight into the methodolgy behind the largest acute heart failure trial to date.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1100171"},{"key":"12_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.02.077","volume":"52","author":"O Lisy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lisy O, Huntley BK, McCormick DJ, et al. Design, synthesis, and actions of a novel chimeric natriuretic peptide: CD-NP. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:60\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"12_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1429\u201335.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198706043162301"},{"key":"12_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:293\u2013302.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108013250501"},{"key":"12_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The SOLVD Investigattors. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:685\u201391.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199209033271003"},{"key":"12_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1996.tb03422.x","volume":"3","author":"RJ Hamilton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hamilton RJ, Carter WA, Gallagher EJ. Rapid improvement of acute pulmonary edema with sublingual captopril. Acad Emerg Med. 1996;3:205\u201312.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"12_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.6.1316","volume":"94","author":"D Annane","year":"1996","unstructured":"Annane D, Bellissant E, Pussard E, et al. Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study of intravenous enalaprilat efficacy and safety in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Circulation. 1996;94:1316\u201324.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"12_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540160050032","volume":"276","author":"E Grossman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Grossman E, Messerli FH, Grodzicki T, Kowey P. Should a moratorium be placed on sublingual nifedipine capsules given for hypertensive emergencies and pseudoemergencies? JAMA. 1996;276:1328\u201331.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"12_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7133.2009.00133.x","volume":"16","author":"FW Peacock","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peacock FW, Varon J, Ebrahimi R, et al. Clevidipine for severe hypertension in acute heart failure: a VELOCITY trial analysis. Congest Heart Fail. 2010;16:55\u20139.","journal-title":"Congest Heart Fail"},{"key":"12_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-008-9129-3","volume":"14","author":"SL Teichman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Teichman SL, Unemori E, Dschietzig T, et al. Relaxin, a pleiotropic vasodilator for the treatment of heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2009;14:321\u20139.","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"12_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60622-X","volume":"373","author":"JR Teerlink","year":"2009","unstructured":"Teerlink JR, Metra M, Felker GM, et al. Relaxin for the treatment of patients with acute heart failure (Pre-RELAX-AHF): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-finding phase IIb study. Lancet. 2009;373:1429\u201339.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"12_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.962571","volume":"4","author":"G Boerrigter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boerrigter G, Lark MW, Whalen EJ, et al. Cardiorenal actions of TRV120027, a novel ss-arrestin-biased ligand at the angiotensin II type I receptor, in healthy and heart failure canines: a novel therapeutic strategy for acute heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2011;4:770\u20138.","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"12_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808063390607","volume":"339","author":"DC Brater","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brater DC. Diuretic therapy. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:387\u201395.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197305242882102","volume":"288","author":"K Dikshit","year":"1973","unstructured":"Dikshit K, Vyden JK, Forrester JS, et al. Renal and extrarenal hemodynamic effects of furosemide in congestive heart failure after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1973;288:1087\u201390.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-1-1","volume":"103","author":"GS Francis","year":"1985","unstructured":"Francis GS, Siegel RM, Goldsmith SR, et al. Acute vasoconstrictor response to intravenous furosemide in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Activation of the neurohumoral axis. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"12_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp458","volume":"31","author":"A Mebazaa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mebazaa A, Pang PS, Tavares M, et al. The impact of early standard therapy on dyspnoea in patients with acute heart failure: the URGENT-dyspnoea study. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:832\u201341.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"12_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00365-9","volume":"106","author":"BK Kramer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kramer BK, Schweda F, Riegger GA. Diuretic treatment and diuretic resistance in heart failure. Am J Med. 1999;106:90\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"12_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2002.123144","volume":"144","author":"GW Neuberg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Neuberg GW, Miller AB, O\u2019Connor CM, et al. Diuretic resistance predicts mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. Am Heart J. 2002;144:31\u20138.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"12_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.71.2.146","volume":"71","author":"KS Channer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Channer KS, McLean KA, Lawson-Matthew P, Richardson M. Combination diuretic treatment in severe heart failure: a randomised controlled trial. Br Heart J. 1994;71:146\u201350.","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"12_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199855020-00001","volume":"55","author":"TP Dormans","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dormans TP, Gerlag PG, Russel FG, Smits P. Combination diuretic therapy in severe congestive heart failure. Drugs. 1998;55:165\u201372.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"12_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005419","volume":"364","author":"GM Felker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Felker GM, Lee KL, Bull DA, et al. Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:797\u2013805.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24L","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.09.067","volume":"96","author":"L Luca De","year":"2005","unstructured":"De Luca L, Orlandi C, Udelson JE, et al. Overview of vasopressin receptor antagonists in heart failure resulting in hospitalization. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:24L\u201333L.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"12_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.12.1332","volume":"297","author":"M Gheorghiade","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gheorghiade M, Konstam MA, Burnett JC Jr, et al. Short-term clinical effects of tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized for heart failure: the EVEREST Clinical Status Trials. JAMA. 2007;297:1332\u201343.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"12_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.12.1319","volume":"297","author":"MA Konstam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Konstam MA, Gheorghiade M, Burnett JC Jr, et al. Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure: the EVEREST Outcome Trial. JAMA. 2007;297:1319\u201331.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"12_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-8062.2010.00217.x","volume":"3","author":"WT Abraham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abraham WT, Aranda JM, Boehmer JP, et al. Rationale and design of the treatment of hyponatremia based on lixivaptan in NYHA class III\/IV cardiac patient evaluation (THE BALANCE) study. Clin Transl Sci. 2010;3:249\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"12_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.073","volume":"49","author":"MR Costanzo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, et al. Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:675\u201383.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"12_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.05.073","volume":"154","author":"A Kazory","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kazory A, Bellamy FB, Ross EA. Ultrafiltration for acute decompensated heart failure: financial implications. Int J Cardiol. 2012;154:246\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"12_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(01)01581-8","volume":"88","author":"AJ Burger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Burger AJ, Elkayam U, Neibaur MT, et al. Comparison of the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with acutely decompensated congestive heart failure receiving dobutamine versus nesiritide therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:35\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"12_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.56.3.468","volume":"56","author":"CV Leier","year":"1977","unstructured":"Leier CV, Webel J, Bush CA. The cardiovascular effects of the continuous infusion of dobutamine in patients with severe cardiac failure. Circulation. 1977;56:468\u201372.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"12_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.08.022","volume":"46","author":"SA Hunt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hunt SA. ACC\/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:e1\u201382.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"12_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198601303140506","volume":"314","author":"WS Colucci","year":"1986","unstructured":"Colucci WS, Wright RF, Braunwald E. New positive inotropic agents in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Mechanisms of action and recent clinical developments\u20141. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:290\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198602063140605","volume":"314","author":"WS Colucci","year":"1986","unstructured":"Colucci WS, Wright RF, Braunwald E. New positive inotropic agents in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Mechanisms of action and recent clinical developments\u20142. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:349\u201358.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12_CR71","first-page":"175","volume":"73","author":"WS Colucci","year":"1986","unstructured":"Colucci WS, Wright RF, Jaski BE, et al. Milrinone and dobutamine in severe heart failure: differing hemodynamic effects and individual patient responsiveness. Circulation. 1986;73:175\u201383.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"12_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.12.1541","volume":"287","author":"MS Cuffe","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cuffe MS, Califf RM, Adams KF Jr, et al. Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;287:1541\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"12_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.6.1524","volume":"108","author":"EM Gilbert","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gilbert EM, Hershberger RE, Wiechmann RJ, et al. Pharmacologic and hemodynamic effects of combined beta-agonist stimulation and phosphodiesterase inhibition in the failing human heart. Chest. 1995;108:1524\u201332.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"12_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02134-4","volume":"40","author":"M Metra","year":"2002","unstructured":"Metra M, Nodari S, D\u2019Aloia A, et al. Beta-blocker therapy influences the hemodynamic response to inotropic agents in patients with heart failure: a randomized comparison of dobutamine and enoximone before and after chronic treatment with metoprolol or carvedilol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1248\u201358.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"12_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1657","volume":"302","author":"M Gheorghiade","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gheorghiade M, Braunwald E. Reconsidering the role for digoxin in the management of acute heart failure syndromes. JAMA. 2009;302:2146\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"12_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.18.2222","volume":"102","author":"MT Slawsky","year":"2000","unstructured":"Slawsky MT, Colucci WS, Gottlieb SS, et al. Acute hemodynamic and clinical effects of levosimendan in patients with severe heart failure. Circulation. 2000;102:2222\u20137.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"12_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.03.015","volume":"51","author":"M Gheorghiade","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gheorghiade M, Blair JE, Filippatos GS, et al. Hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and neurohormonal effects of istaroxime, a novel intravenous inotropic and lusitropic agent: a randomized controlled trial in patients hospitalized with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:2276\u201385.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"12_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000296810.74724.8D","volume":"36","author":"M Tavares","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tavares M, Rezlan E, Vostroknoutova I, et al. New pharmacologic therapies for acute heart failure. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:S112\u201320.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"12_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.17.1883","volume":"297","author":"A Mebazaa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Packer M, et al. Levosimendan vs dobutamine for patients with acute decompensated heart failure: the SURVIVE Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2007;297:1883\u201391.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"12_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.24.3124","volume":"294","author":"J Masip","year":"2005","unstructured":"Masip J, Roque M, Sanchez B, et al. Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2005;294:3124\u201330.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"12_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins SP, Mielniczuk LM, Whittingham HA, et al. The use of noninvasive ventilation in emergency department patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema: a systematic review. Ann Emerg Med 2006;48:260\u20139, 9 e1-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2006.01.038"},{"key":"12_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707992","volume":"359","author":"A Gray","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gray A, Goodacre S, Newby DE, et al. Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:142\u201351.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.114.4.1185","volume":"114","author":"D Pang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pang D, Keenan SP, Cook DJ, Sibbald WJ. The effect of positive pressure airway support on mortality and the need for intubation in cardiogenic pulmonary edema: a systematic review. Chest. 1998;114:1185\u201392.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"12_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(99)90198-5","volume":"17","author":"A Sacchetti","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sacchetti A, Ramoska E, Moakes ME, et al. Effect of ED management on ICU use in acute pulmonary edema. Am J Emerg Med. 1999;17:571\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"12_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.120.5.1675","volume":"120","author":"AT Yan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yan AT, Bradley TD, Liu PP. The role of continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Chest. 2001;120:1675\u201385.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"12_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-1922-9","volume":"29","author":"J Masip","year":"2003","unstructured":"Masip J, Paez J, Merino M, et al. Risk factors for intubation as a guide for noninvasive ventilation in patients with severe acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29:1921\u20138.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"12_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200104000-00042","volume":"29","author":"F Adnet","year":"2001","unstructured":"Adnet F, Le Toumelin P, Leberre A, et al. In-hospital and long-term prognosis of elderly patients requiring endotracheal intubation for life-threatening presentation of cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:891\u20135.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"12_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.828095","volume":"2","author":"PD Levy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Levy PD, Ye H, Compton S, Chan PS, et al. Factors associated with neurologically intact survival for patients with acute heart failure and in-hospital cardiac arrest. Circ Heart Fail. 2009;2:572\u201381.","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"12_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.92.4.586","volume":"92","author":"JR Hoffman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hoffman JR, Reynolds S. Comparison of nitroglycerin, morphine and furosemide in treatment of presumed pre-hospital pulmonary edema. Chest. 1987;92:586\u201393.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"12_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2007.050419","volume":"25","author":"WF Peacock","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peacock WF, Hollander JE, Diercks DB, et al. Morphine and outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure: an ADHERE analysis. Emerg Med J. 2008;25:205\u20139.","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"}],"container-title":["Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40138-013-0012-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40138-013-0012-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40138-013-0012-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T09:25:38Z","timestamp":1562837138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40138-013-0012-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,26]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40138-013-0012-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-4884"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-4884","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,26]]}}}