{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T17:13:59Z","timestamp":1788196439536,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["DARU J Pharm Sci"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40199-026-00650-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T16:22:18Z","timestamp":1788193338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aloin attenuates high-glucose-induced oxidative and inflammatory damage in renal cells via AMPK\/Nrf2 signaling"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Huang","family":"Guangde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Yanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"650_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513008","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1513008","volume":"16","author":"X Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma X, Liu R, Xi X, Zhuo H, Gu Y. Global burden of chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus, 1990\u20132021, and projections to 2050. Front Endocrinol. 2025;16:1513008.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"650_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551088","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2025.1551088","volume":"6","author":"GI Adebayo-Gege","year":"2025","unstructured":"Adebayo-Gege GI, Adegbola PI, Adedayo LD, Oyefabi AM, Oyeyemi IT, Olubukola O, et al. Prevalence of nephropathy among patients with diabetes mellitus in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Clin Diabetes Healthc. 2025;6:1551088.","journal-title":"Front Clin Diabetes Healthc"},{"issue":"3","key":"650_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032133","volume":"24","author":"B Deng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deng B, Song A, Zhang C. Cell-cycle dysregulation in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease: an update. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(3):2133.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"650_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030727","volume":"14","author":"JP Joumaa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Joumaa JP, Raffoul A, Sarkis C, Chatrieh E, Zaidan S, Attieh P, et al. Mechanisms, biomarkers, and treatment approaches for diabetic kidney disease: current insights and future perspectives. J Clin Med. 2025;14(3):727.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"650_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.105826","volume":"64","author":"M Chang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chang M, Liu K, Zhu G, Gul P, Khan J. Structural characterization and hypoglycaemic effects on type 2 diabetic mice of spirulina platensis polysaccharides and se-modified polysaccharides. Food Bioscience. 2025;64:105826.","journal-title":"Food Bioscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"650_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020539","volume":"13","author":"T Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu T, Ding L, Andoh V, Zhang J, Chen L. The mechanism of hyperglycemia-induced renal cell injury in diabetic nephropathy disease: an update. Life. 2023;13(2):539.","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"650_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571576","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1571576","volume":"16","author":"W He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He W, Tang P, Lv H. Targeting oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy: mechanisms, pathology, and novel treatment approaches. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1571576.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"650_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587806","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1587806","volume":"16","author":"L Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma L, Liu D, Yu Y, Li Z, Wang Q. Immune-mediated renal injury in diabetic kidney disease: from mechanisms to therapy. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1587806.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.14018","volume":"135","author":"ZA Hussein","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hussein ZA, Abu-Raghif AR, Fawzi HA. The mitigating effect of para\u2010hydroxycinnamic acid in bleomycin\u2010induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice through targeting oxidative, inflammatory and fibrotic pathways. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2024;135(1):23\u201342.","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2025.2607563","volume":"64","author":"C Ge","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ge C, Shi Z, He J, Feng X, Shang K, Liao X, et al. Cyanoglycosides isolated from Moringa oleifera seeds inhibited PFKFB3\/TGF-\u03b21\/smads pathway to alleviate diabetic nephropathy through driving metabolic reprogramming. Pharm Biol. 2026;64(1):130\u201342.","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12010108","volume":"12","author":"F Kong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kong F, Pan Y, Wu D. Activation and regulation of pancreatic stellate cells in chronic pancreatic fibrosis: A potential therapeutic approach for chronic pancreatitis. Biomedicines. 2024;12(1):108.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"650_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xujiu W, Li Z. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B protein macromolecule combined with aerobic exercise intervention on lipid metabolism in type II diabetes patients. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2026;9:1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2026.2628187"},{"issue":"3","key":"650_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14030534","volume":"14","author":"DM Tanase","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tanase DM, Apostol AG, Costea CF, Tarniceriu CC, Tudorancea I, Maranduca MA, et al. Oxidative stress in arterial hypertension (HTN): The nuclear factor erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, implications and future perspectives. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(3):534.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"10\u201312","key":"650_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2023.0339","volume":"41","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang J, Lv W, Zhang G, Zeng M, Cao W, Su J, et al. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 and mitochondria form a mutually regulating circuit in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2024;41(10\u201312):744\u201368.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"3","key":"650_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00079.2021","volume":"54","author":"Y Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu Y, An L, Taylor MR, Chen QM. Nrf2 signaling in heart failure: Expression of Nrf2, Keap1, antioxidant, and detoxification genes in dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy. Physiol Genom. 2022;54(3):115\u201327.","journal-title":"Physiol Genom"},{"issue":"7","key":"650_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9070617","volume":"9","author":"T-C Kang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kang T-C. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and mitochondrial dynamics\/mitophagy in neurological diseases. Antioxidants. 2020;9(7):617.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15010113","volume":"15","author":"B Buttari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Buttari B, Tramutola A, Rojo AI, Chondrogianni N, Saha S, Berry A, et al. Proteostasis decline and redox imbalance in Age-Related diseases: the therapeutic potential of NRF2. Biomolecules. 2025;15(1):113.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"12","key":"650_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-02044-x","volume":"33","author":"Y-K Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li Y-K, Li W-R, Ren H, Xiao C-L, Guo Z, Luo J-Q. Gut microbiome-targeted therapeutics for chronic kidney disease: comparative efficacy of probiotic and microbial preparations. Inflammopharmacology. 2025;33(12):7569\u201385.","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"650_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1067","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00005.2010","volume":"298","author":"KR Hallows","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hallows KR, Mount PF, Pastor-Soler NM, Power DA. Role of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase in renal physiology and disease. Am J Physiology-Renal Physiol. 2010;298(5):F1067\u201377.","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2024.188","volume":"33","author":"H An","year":"2024","unstructured":"An H, Jang Y, Choi J, Hur J, Kim S, Kwon Y. New insights into AMPK, as a potential therapeutic target in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and hepatic fibrosis. Biomolecules Ther. 2024;33(1):18.","journal-title":"Biomolecules Ther"},{"key":"650_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611400","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1611400","volume":"16","author":"H Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang H, Liu X, Wang C, Yu S, Yang X, Cao X, et al. Natural active botanical metabolites: targeting AMPK signaling pathway to treat metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1611400.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"650_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-016-1451-y","volume":"94","author":"T He","year":"2016","unstructured":"He T, Xiong J, Nie L, Yu Y, Guan X, Xu X, et al. Resveratrol inhibits renal interstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy by regulating AMPK\/NOX4\/ROS pathway. J Mol Med. 2016;94(12):1359\u201371.","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR23","first-page":"2418671","volume":"2017","author":"X Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun X, Liu Y, Li C, Wang X, Zhu R, Liu C, et al. Recent advances of curcumin in the prevention and treatment of renal fibrosis. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017(1):2418671.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010015","volume":"11","author":"M Mohany","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohany M, Ahmed MM, Al-Rejaie SS. Molecular mechanistic pathways targeted by natural antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of chronic kidney disease. Antioxidants. 2021;11(1):15.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"650_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513329","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1513329","volume":"16","author":"H Jiao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiao H, Zhang M, Chen L, Zhang Z. Traditional Chinese Medicine targeting the TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic strategy for renal fibrosis. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1513329.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"650_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582258","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1582258","volume":"16","author":"S Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen S, Wu Z, Zhang J, Lin Y, Xie J, Yin D, et al. Research and application of medicines for treating liver fibrosis: current status and prospects. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1582258.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"650_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13061424","volume":"13","author":"J Geng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Geng J, Ma S, Tang H, Zhang C. Pathogenesis and therapeutic perspectives of tubular injury in diabetic kidney disease: an update. Biomedicines. 2025;13(6):1424.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"8","key":"650_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082806","volume":"21","author":"P Calle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Calle P, Hotter G. Macrophage phenotype and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(8):2806.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"650_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-50-06-04","volume":"50","author":"D Verzola","year":"2002","unstructured":"Verzola D, Bertolotto MB, Villaggio B, Ottonello L, Dallegri F, Frumento G, et al. Taurine prevents apoptosis induced by high ambient glucose in human tubule renal cells. J Investig Med. 2002;50(6):443\u201351.","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"key":"650_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehuo Y, Ying W, Lin C. Regulation of the MAPK\/ERK Pathway by miRNA-27b in gastric cancer: diagnostic implications and therapeutic potential of aloin. Asia\u2010Pacific J Clin Oncol. 2025;21(6):660\u2013671.","DOI":"10.1111\/ajco.14171"},{"issue":"2","key":"650_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2025.02.003","volume":"23","author":"Y-n Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Y-n, Lu J-y, Gao C-f, Fang Z-r, Zhou Y. Aloin blocks the malignant behavior of lung squamous cell carcinoma cells and M2 macrophage polarization by modulating the NR3C2\/MT1M axis. J Integr Med. 2025;23(2):195\u2013208.","journal-title":"J Integr Med"},{"key":"650_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.112928","volume":"178","author":"C Niu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Niu C, Ye W, Cui X, Sun J, Xiao S, Chen G, et al. UHPLC-MS\/MS method for the quantification of aloin-A in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2020;178:112928.","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2008.2.1.17","volume":"2","author":"MY Park","year":"2008","unstructured":"Park MY, Kwon HJ, Sung MK. Plasma, tissue and urinary levels of aloin in rats after the administration of pure aloin. Nutr Res Pract. 2008;2(1):17\u201321.","journal-title":"Nutr Res Pract"},{"key":"650_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154403","volume":"106","author":"H Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang H, Shi G-F, Fang Y-X, Liu Y-Q, Wang Q, Zheng X, et al. Aloin A prevents ulcerative colitis in mice by enhancing the intestinal barrier function via suppressing the Notch signaling pathway. Phytomedicine. 2022;106:154403.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"650_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157612","volume":"150","author":"S Qin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Qin S, Luo M, Liu S, Sun C, Yin J, Peng C, et al. Single-cell analysis integrated with RNA-Sequencing uncovers new action of Patchoulol on adipose tissue remodeling in obesity. Phytomedicine. 2026;150:157612.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"650_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243834","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1243834","volume":"14","author":"M Su","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su M, Tang T, Tang W, Long Y, Wang L, Liu M. Astragalus improves intestinal barrier function and immunity by acting on intestinal microbiota to treat T2DM: a research review. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1243834.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"650_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-025-00856-x","volume":"31","author":"J Chen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chen J, Qin S, Xing Z, Wan F, Yin J, Peng C, et al. Targeting the sirtuin 6\u2013NF-\u03baB p65 axis by 6-hydroxyhyoscyamine hydrobromide: a deacetylation-driven new therapy for diabetic wounds. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2026;31(1):23.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"}],"container-title":["DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40199-026-00650-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40199-026-00650-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40199-026-00650-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T16:22:19Z","timestamp":1788193339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40199-026-00650-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40199-026-00650-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2008-2231"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2008-2231","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"67"}}