{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:05:44Z","timestamp":1786982744870,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Metab Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of the study was to collect and summarise information available in the scientific literature on the probable reasons that lead to negative outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing obesity and \/or type 2 diabetes mellitus and influence on their treatment as also mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was observed that disease severity is often correlated with existing comorbidities, mainly in older obese male patients. SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with chronic diseases required hospitalisation more often and their overall prognosis is worse. The following review describes the impact of obesity and diabetes on the SARS-CoV-2 infection course and mortality risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes and obesity have a multifactorial impact on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, as well as on the nature and dynamics of the development of the infection. In turn, the presence of these diseases significantly increased the risk of requiring intensified treatment, complications and ultimately death. Limited access to medical care systems due to the pandemic and the impact on everyday activities made it even more difficult to control diabetes and obesity, leading to the deterioration of patient\u2019s condition and the occurrence of new cases of disease. Therefore, it is necessary not only to appropriately modify treatment of those already infected, but also to use appropriate prevention to reduce the number of potential high-risk patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-025-01706-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T07:00:23Z","timestamp":1756710023000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The impact of diabetes and obesity on the severity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4839-7552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Klaudel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3976-6503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Pelczarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3264-011X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Zaborska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0894-1007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Sadowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0146-5774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samanta Anna","family":"Ostrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4293-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Drzyma\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0405-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142 Jakub","family":"Bu\u0142dak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1706_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. One in eight people are now living with obesity. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/01-03-2024-one-in-eight-people-are-now-living-with-obesity. 01-03-2024."},{"key":"1706_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cort\u00e9s FJ, Morales-Can\u00e9 I, Rodr\u00edguez-Mu\u00f1oz PM, Cappadona R, De Giorgi A, Manfredini R et al. Individual circadian preference, eating disorders and obesity in children and adolescents: a dangerous liaison?? A systematic review and a Meta-Analysis. Children. 2022.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9020167"},{"key":"1706_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-024-00567-y","volume":"13","author":"MV Zuccaro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zuccaro MV, LeDuc CA, Thaker VV. Updates on rare genetic variants, genetic testing, and gene therapy in individuals with obesity. Curr Obes Rep. 2024;13:626\u201341.","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"1706_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.07.001","volume":"13","author":"M Versini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Versini M, Jeandel P-Y, Rosenthal E, Shoenfeld Y. Obesity in autoimmune diseases: not a passive bystander. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:981\u20131000.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"1706_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R284","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00257.2017","volume":"315","author":"KG Stenkula","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stenkula KG, Erlanson-Albertsson C. Adipose cell size: importance in health and disease. Am J Physiology-Regulatory Integr Comp Physiol. 2018;315:R284\u201395.","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Regulatory Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"1706_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mika A, Macaluso F, Barone R, Di Felice V, Sledzinski T. Effect of exercise on fatty acid metabolism and adipokine secretion in adipose tissue. Front Physiol. 2019;10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00026"},{"key":"1706_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.104489","volume":"126","author":"L Chang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chang L, Villacorta L, Li R, Hamblin M, Xu W, Dou C, et al. Loss of perivascular adipose tissue on peroxisome Proliferator\u2013Activated Receptor-\u03b3 deletion in smooth muscle cells impairs intravascular thermoregulation and enhances atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2012;126:1067\u201378.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1706_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI92035","volume":"127","author":"AR Saltiel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2017;127:1\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1706_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26174","volume":"119","author":"MSH Akash","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akash MSH, Rehman K, Liaqat A. Tumor necrosis Factor-Alpha: role in development of insulin resistance and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cell Biochem. 2018;119:105\u201310.","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"1706_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/13813450802181047","volume":"114","author":"I Nieto-Vazquez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nieto-Vazquez I, Fern\u00e1ndez-Veledo S, Kr\u00e4mer DK, Vila-Bedmar R, Garcia-Guerra L, Lorenzo M. Insulin resistance associated to obesity: the link TNF-alpha. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2008;114:183\u201394.","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"1706_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5076858","volume":"2020","author":"H Alzamil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alzamil H. Elevated serum TNF- \u03b1 is related to obesity in type 2 diabetes mellitus and is associated with glycemic control and insulin resistance. J Obes. 2020;2020:1\u20135.","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"key":"1706_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(02)01003-1","volume":"19","author":"A Misra","year":"2003","unstructured":"Misra A, Vikram NK. Clinical and pathophysiological consequences of abdominal adiposity and abdominal adipose tissue depots. Nutrition. 2003;19:457\u201366.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"1706_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu K, Yan F, Qin X, Zhang K, He W, Dong M et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in vascular endothelial cells and its role in atherosclerosis. Front Physiol. 2022;13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1084604"},{"key":"1706_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.109193","volume":"5","author":"T Sharma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sharma T, Singh I, Singh N, Vardey G, Kumawat M, Ghalaut V, et al. Antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with and without nephropathy. N Am J Med Sci. 2013;5:213.","journal-title":"N Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"1706_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-0669","volume":"69","author":"SRA Wijnant","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wijnant SRA, Jacobs M, Van Eeckhoutte HP, Lapauw B, Joos GF, Bracke KR, et al. Expression of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, in lung tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2020;69:2691\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1706_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bindom SM, Lazartigues E. The sweeter side of ACE2: physiological evidence for a role in diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2008.09.020"},{"key":"1706_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4058","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07918-6","volume":"12","author":"A Gheware","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gheware A, Ray A, Rana D, Bajpai P, Nambirajan A, Arulselvi S, et al. ACE2 protein expression in lung tissues of severe COVID-19 infection. Sci Rep. 2022;12:4058.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1706_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldman N, Fink D, Cai J, Lee YN, Davies Z. High prevalence of COVID-19-associated diabetic ketoacidosis in UK secondary care. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;166.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108291"},{"key":"1706_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7922","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34889-z","volume":"13","author":"J-L Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang J-L, Hsu C-R, Wu C-Y, Lin H-H. Diabetes and obesity and risk of pyogenic liver abscess. Sci Rep. 2023;13:7922.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1706_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.02.016","volume":"35","author":"X Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan X, Han J, Zhao E, Fang J, Wang D, Cheng Y, et al. The effects of obesity and metabolic abnormalities on severe COVID-19-related outcomes after vaccination: A population-based study. Cell Metab. 2023;35:585\u2013e6005.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"1706_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshahrani JA, Alshahrani AM, Ali Alshahrani S, Abdullah Alshahrani F, Saeed Matar Alzahrani M, Jaza Albalawi R et al. A Holistic View of Psoriasis: Examining Its Association With Dyslipidemia and Obesity in a Decade-Long Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus. 2023.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.49241"},{"key":"1706_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-024-00562-3","volume":"13","author":"A Beurton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beurton A, Kooistra EJ, De Jong A, Schiffl H, Jourdain M, Garcia B, et al. Specific and Non-specific aspects and future challenges of ICU care among COVID-19 patients with obesity: A narrative review. Curr Obes Rep. 2024;13:545\u201363.","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"1706_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in wuhan, china: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"1706_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2024.1791","volume":"21","author":"J Sadowski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sadowski J, Klaudel T, Rombel\u2013Bryzek A, Bu\u0142dak R. Cognitive dysfunctions in the course of SARS\u2013CoV\u20132 virus infection, including neurocovid, frontal syndrome and cytokine storm (Review). Biomed Rep. 2024;21:103.","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"key":"1706_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-02991-5","volume":"316","author":"M Zaborska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zaborska M, Chruszcz M, Sadowski J, Klaudel T, Pelczarski M, Sztangreciak-Lehun A, et al. The most common skin symptoms in young adults and adults related to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Arch Dermatol Res. 2024;316:292.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"1706_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","volume":"426","author":"W Li","year":"2003","unstructured":"Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003;426:450\u20134.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1706_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-020-00408-4","volume":"198","author":"F Scialo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scialo F, Daniele A, Amato F, Pastore L, Matera MG, Cazzola M, et al. ACE2: the major cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Lung. 2020;198:867\u201377.","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"1706_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Essalmani R, Jain J, Susan-Resiga D, Andr\u00e9o U, Evagelidis A, Derbali RM et al. Distinctive roles of Furin and TMPRSS2 in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. J Virol. 2022;96.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00745-22"},{"key":"1706_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharm Anal. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2020.03.001"},{"key":"1706_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"la Torre A, Lo Vecchio F, Greco A. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Aging and Aging-Associated Diseases. Cells. 2023.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12081163"},{"key":"1706_CR31","first-page":"400","volume":"11","author":"A Yonekawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yonekawa A, Shimono N. Clinical significance of COVID-19 and diabetes: in the pandemic situation of SARS-CoV-2 variants including Omicron (B.1.1.529). Biology (Basel). 2022;11:400.","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"1706_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-023-00501-8","volume":"17","author":"F Sheikhian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sheikhian F, Sadeghi Mofrad S, Tarashi S, Ghazanfari Jajin M, Sakhaee F, Ahmadi I, et al. The impact of ACE2 polymorphisms (rs1978124, rs2285666, and rs2074192) and ACE1 rs1799752 in the mortality rate of COVID-19 in different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Hum Genomics. 2023;17:54.","journal-title":"Hum Genomics"},{"key":"1706_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2017","volume":"98","author":"A Hammarstedt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hammarstedt A, Gogg S, Hedjazifar S, Nerstedt A, Smith U. Impaired adipogenesis and dysfunctional adipose tissue in human hypertrophic obesity. Physiol Rev. 2018;98:1911\u201341.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"1706_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3390\/life14070856","volume":"14","author":"I Savulescu-Fiedler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Savulescu-Fiedler I, Mihalcea R, Dragosloveanu S, Scheau C, Baz RO, Caruntu A, et al. The interplay between obesity and inflammation. Life. 2024;14:856.","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"1706_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v14.i8.1259","volume":"14","author":"F Alawadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alawadi F, Bashier A, Bin Hussain AA, Al-Hashmi N, Bachet FAT, Hassanein MMA, et al. Risk and predictors of severity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and COVID-19 in Dubai. World J Diabetes. 2023;14:1259\u201370.","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"1706_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05814-4","volume":"21","author":"Z Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Z, Wang Z. Identification of risk factors for in-hospital death of COVID \u2013\u200919 pneumonia -- lessions from the early outbreak. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:113.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1706_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Feky AY, Abdrabo MG, Abdou MS, Sabry SH, Badr AA, Mohsen AM. Factors affecting outcomes of COVID-19 infection among older adults with type 2 diabetes: A single center, Cross-Sectional study. Clin Diabetol. 2023;12.","DOI":"10.5603\/DK.a2023.0026"},{"key":"1706_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang J, Kong W, Xia P, Xu Y, Li L, Li Q et al. Impaired fasting glucose and diabetes are related to higher risks of complications and mortality among patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00525"},{"key":"1706_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang X, Liu Z, Li J, Zhang J, Tian S, Lu S et al. Impacts of type 2 diabetes on disease severity, therapeutic effect, and mortality of patients with COVID-19. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa535"},{"key":"1706_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108227","volume":"165","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Cui Y, Shen M, Zhang J, Liu B, Dai M, et al. Association of diabetes mellitus with disease severity and prognosis in COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;165:108227.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1706_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14134","volume":"22","author":"P Vas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vas P, Hopkins D, Feher M, Rubino F, Whyte B. Diabetes, obesity and <\u2009scp\u2009>\u2009covid -19: A complex interplay. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22:1892\u20136.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"1706_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheen AJ, Marre M, Thivolet C. Prognostic factors in patients with diabetes hospitalized for COVID-19: findings from the CORONADO study and other recent reports. Diabetes Metab. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2020.05.008"},{"key":"1706_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrie JR, Guzik TJ, Touyz RM. Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: clinical insights and vascular mechanisms. Can J Cardiol. 2018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2017.12.005"},{"key":"1706_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.102268","volume":"15","author":"M Nassar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nassar M, Daoud A, Nso N, Medina L, Ghernautan V, Bhangoo H, et al. Diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: review Article. Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome: Clin Res Reviews. 2021;15:102268.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome: Clin Res Reviews"},{"key":"1706_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valencia I, Lumpuy-Castillo J, Magalhaes G, S\u00e1nchez-Ferrer CF, Lorenzo \u00d3, Peir\u00f3 C. Mechanisms of endothelial activation, hypercoagulation and thrombosis in COVID-19: a link with diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02097-8"},{"key":"1706_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1081\/CEH-120027330","volume":"26","author":"RK Sindhu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sindhu RK, Koo J, Roberts CK, Vaziri ND. Dysregulation of hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in diabetes: response to insulin and antioxidant therapies. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2004;26:43\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"1706_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0118436","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118436","volume":"10","author":"M Lagman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lagman M, Ly J, Saing T, Kaur Singh M, Vera Tudela E, Morris D, et al. Investigating the causes for decreased levels of glutathione in individuals with type II diabetes. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0118436.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1706_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Y, Yang D, Cheng B, Chen J, Peng A, Yang C et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with diabetes and COVID-19 in association with Glucose-Lowering medication. Diabetes Care. 2020;43.","DOI":"10.2337\/figshare.12194748"},{"key":"1706_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6039","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08504-3","volume":"50","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang J, He L, Huang R, Alvarez JF, Yang DH, Sun Q, et al. Synergistic effect of elevated glucose levels with SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein induced NOX-dependent ROS production in endothelial cells. Mol Biol Rep. 2023;50:6039\u201347.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"1706_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-023-00423-2","volume":"28","author":"A Janaszak-Jasiecka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Janaszak-Jasiecka A, P\u0142oska A, Wiero\u0144ska JM, Dobrucki LW, Kalinowski L. Endothelial dysfunction due to eNOS uncoupling: molecular mechanisms as potential therapeutic targets. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2023;28:21.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"},{"key":"1706_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giacco F, Brownlee M. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ Res. 2010.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.223545"},{"key":"1706_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979789","volume":"28","author":"D Reinhold","year":"1996","unstructured":"Reinhold D, Ansorge S. Elevated glucose levels stimulate transforming growth Factor-\u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21), suppress Interleukin IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 production and DNA synthesis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Horm Metab Res. 1996;28:267\u201370.","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"1706_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Tian C et al. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36.","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3319"},{"key":"1706_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lisius G, Duttagupta R, Ahmed AA, Hensley M, Al-Yousif N, Lu M et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of secondary infections in COVID-19 by sequencing of plasma microbial cell-free DNA. iScience. 2023;26.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108093"},{"key":"1706_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitocco D, Fuso L, Conte EG, Zaccardi F, Condoluci C, Scavone G et al. The diabetic lung\u2013a new target organ? Rev Diabet Stud. 2012.","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2012.9.23"},{"key":"1706_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolahian S, Leiss V, N\u00fcrnberg B. Diabetic lung disease: fact or fiction? Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2019.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09516-w"},{"key":"1706_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khateeb J, Fuchs E, Khamaisi M. Diabetes and lung disease: A neglected relationship. Rev Diabet Stud. 2018;15.","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2018.15.1"},{"key":"1706_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein OL, Krishnan JA, Glick S, Smith LJ. Systematic review of the association between lung function and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2010.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03073.x"},{"key":"1706_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F, Henry BM. Response to: is newly diagnosed diabetes a stronger risk factor than pre-existing diabetes for COVID-19 severity? J Diabetes. 2021.","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13127"},{"key":"1706_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceriello A. Hyperglycemia and the worse prognosis of COVID-19. Why a fast blood glucose control should be mandatory. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108186"},{"key":"1706_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gawish R, Starkl P, Pimenov L, Hladik A, Lakovits K, Oberndorfer F et al. ACE2 is the critical in vivo receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in a novel COVID-19 mouse model with TNF- and IFN\u03b3-driven immunopathology. Elife. 2022;11.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.74623"},{"key":"1706_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bornstein SR, Rubino F, Khunti K, Mingrone G, Hopkins D, Birkenfeld AL et al. Practical recommendations for the management of diabetes in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30152-2"},{"key":"1706_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai Q, Chen F, Wang T, Luo F, Liu X, Wu Q et al. Obesity and COVID-19 severity in a designated hospital in shenzhen, China. Diabetes Care. 2020;43.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0576"},{"key":"1706_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palaiodimos L, Kokkinidis DG, Li W, Karamanis D, Ognibene J, Arora S et al. Severe obesity, increasing age and male sex are independently associated with worse in-hospital outcomes, and higher in-hospital mortality, in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 in the Bronx, New York. Metabolism. 2020;108.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154262"},{"key":"1706_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Galdamez DR, Gonz\u00e1lez-Block M\u00c1, Romo-Due\u00f1as DK, Lima-Morales R, Hern\u00e1ndez-Vicente IA, Lumbreras-Guzm\u00e1n M et al. Increased risk of hospitalization and death in patients with COVID-19 and Pre-existing noncommunicable diseases and modifiable risk factors in Mexico. Arch Med Res. 2020;51.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.07.003"},{"key":"1706_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bode B, Garrett V, Messler J, McFarland R, Crowe J, Booth R et al. Glycemic characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the united States. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020;14.","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296820924469"},{"key":"1706_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palermo NE, Sadhu AR, McDonnell ME. Diabetic ketoacidosis in COVID-19: unique concerns and considerations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa360"},{"key":"1706_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2020.05.017","volume":"155","author":"GV Soraya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soraya GV, Ulhaq ZS. Crucial laboratory parameters in COVID-19 diagnosis and prognosis: an updated meta-analysis. Med Clin (Barc). 2020;155:143\u201351.","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"1706_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112419","volume":"10","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li X, Weber NC, Cohn DM, Hollmann MW, DeVries JH, Hermanides J, et al. Effects of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus on coagulation and hemostasis. J Clin Med. 2021;10:2419.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1706_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1080\/00313020701230658","volume":"39","author":"EU Nwose","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nwose EU, Richards RS, Jelinek HF, Kerr PG. D-dimer identifies stages in the progression of diabetes mellitus from family history of diabetes to cardiovascular complications. Pathology. 2007;39:252\u20137.","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"1706_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01462-5","volume":"11","author":"SR Varikasuvu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Varikasuvu SR, Varshney S, Dutt N, Munikumar M, Asfahan S, Kulkarni PP, et al. D-dimer, disease severity, and deaths (3D-study) in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 100 studies. Sci Rep. 2021;11:21888.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1706_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4863","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83831-8","volume":"11","author":"F Carubbi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carubbi F, Salvati L, Alunno A, Maggi F, Borghi E, Mariani R, et al. Ferritin is associated with the severity of lung involvement but not with worse prognosis in patients with COVID-19: data from two Italian COVID-19 units. Sci Rep. 2021;11:4863.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1706_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.517","volume":"9","author":"M Alroomi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alroomi M, Rajan R, Omar AA, Alsaber A, Pan J, Fatemi M, et al. Ferritin level: A predictor of severity and mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2021;9:1648\u201355.","journal-title":"Immun Inflamm Dis"},{"key":"1706_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-022-04813-y","volume":"101","author":"M Lucijanic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lucijanic M, Demaria M, Gnjidic J, Rob Z, Filipovic D, Penovic T, et al. Higher ferritin levels in COVID-19 patients are associated with hyperinflammation, worse prognosis, and more bacterial infections without pronounced features of hemophagocytosis. Ann Hematol. 2022;101:1119\u201321.","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"1706_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.05.063","volume":"40","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, Shi L, Wang Y, Yang H. An updated meta-analysis of AST and ALT levels and the mortality of COVID-19 patients. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;40:208\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"1706_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29364-8","volume":"13","author":"R Kowsar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kowsar R, Rahimi AM, Sroka M, Mansouri A, Sadeghi K, Bonakdar E, et al. Risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients: a meta- and network analysis. Sci Rep. 2023;13:2138.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1706_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-022-02180-6","volume":"26","author":"E Gur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gur E, Levy D, Topaz G, Naser R, Wand O, Kitay-Cohen Y, et al. Disease severity and renal outcomes of patients with chronic kidney disease infected with COVID-19. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2022;26:445\u201352.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"1706_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8650","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12652-0","volume":"12","author":"E La Porta","year":"2022","unstructured":"La Porta E, Baiardi P, Fassina L, Faragli A, Perna S, Tovagliari F, et al. The role of kidney dysfunction in COVID-19 and the influence of age. Sci Rep. 2022;12:8650.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1706_CR79","unstructured":"Lee MH, Wong C, Ng CH, Yuen DCW, Lim AYL, Khoo CM. Effects of hyperglycaemia on complications of COVID-19: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021."},{"key":"1706_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Chi J, Lv W, Wang Y. Obesity and diabetes as high-risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (<\u2009scp\u2009>\u2009covid \u201019). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2021;37.","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3377"},{"key":"1706_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2024.1951","volume":"39","author":"J-H Cho","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cho J-H, Suh S. Glucocorticoid-Induced hyperglycemia: A neglected problem. Endocrinol Metabolism. 2024;39:222\u201338.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"key":"1706_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elamari S, Motaib I, Zbiri S, Elaidaoui K, Chadli A, Elkettani C. Characteristics and outcomes of diabetic patients infected by the SARS-CoV-2. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;37.","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.37.32.25192"},{"key":"1706_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li J, Wei Q, McCowen KC, Xiong W, Liu J, Jiang W et al. Inpatient use of Metformin and acarbose is associated with reduced mortality of COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2022;5.","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.301"},{"key":"1706_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108038","volume":"26","author":"T Fumeaux","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fumeaux T, Berger C, Bausch A, Wright M, Vilimanovich U, Soldatovic I, et al. The KINETIC phase 2 randomized controlled trial of oral pamapimod-pioglitazone in non-critically ill COVID-19 inpatients. iScience. 2023;26:108038.","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"1706_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baagar K, Alessa T, Abu-Farha M, Abubaker J, Alhumaidi H, Franco Ceruto JA et al. Effect of Pioglitazone on inflammatory response and clinical outcome in T2DM patients with COVID-19: a randomized multicenter double-blind clinical trial. Front Immunol. 2024;15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1369918"},{"key":"1706_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apicella M, Campopiano MC, Mantuano M, Mazoni L, Coppelli A, Del Prato S. COVID-19 in people with diabetes: Understanding the reasons for worse outcomes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30238-2"},{"key":"1706_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.08.007","volume":"84","author":"BM Scirica","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scirica BM, Lincoff AM, Lingvay I, Bogdanski P, Buscemi S, Colhoun H, et al. The effect of semaglutide on mortality and COVID-19\u2013Related deaths. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;84:1632\u201342.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1706_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obiri-Yeboah D, Bena J, Alwakeel M, Buehler L, Makin V, Zhou K et al. Association of metformin, dipeptidyl Dipeptidase-4 inhibitors, and insulin with coronavirus disease 2019\u2013Related hospital outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr Pract. 2023;29.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2023.06.001"},{"key":"1706_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30226-6","volume":"8","author":"JJ Mukherjee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mukherjee JJ, Gangopadhyay KK, Ray S. Management of diabetes in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:666.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"1706_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li H, Ping F, Li X, Wang Z, Xiao J, Jiang H et al. COVID-19 vaccine coverage, safety, and perceptions among patients with diabetes mellitus in china: a cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1172089"},{"key":"1706_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2023.0097","volume":"37","author":"S Yuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuan S, He W, Liu B, Liu Z. Research progress on the weak immune response to the COVID-19 vaccine in patients with type 2 diabetes. Viral Immunol. 2024;37:79\u201388.","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"1706_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13771","volume":"13","author":"K Sasaki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sasaki K, Morioka T, Okada N, Natsuki Y, Kakutani Y, Ochi A, et al. New-onset fulminant type 1 diabetes after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination: A case report. J Diabetes Investig. 2022;13:1286\u20139.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"1706_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kshetree B, Lee J, Acharya S. COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Rapid Progression of Prediabetes to Ketosis-Prone Diabetes Mellitus in an Elderly Male. Cureus. 2022.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.28830"},{"key":"1706_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2021.102738","volume":"125","author":"A Patrizio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patrizio A, Ferrari SM, Antonelli A, Fallahi P. A case of graves\u2019 disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. J Autoimmun. 2021;125:102738.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"1706_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-022-00405-7","volume":"22","author":"SA Paschou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paschou SA, Karalis V, Psaltopoulou T, Charitaki I, Sklirou AD, Iconomidou VA, et al. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus present similar immunological response to COVID-19 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine to healthy subjects: a prospective cohort study. Hormones. 2023;22:5\u201311.","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"1706_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai G, Liu S, Lu Y, Takaki Y, Matsumoto F, Yoshikawa A et al. Impact of COVID-19 vaccination status on hospitalization and disease severity: A descriptive study in Nagasaki prefecture, Japan. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2024;20.","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2322795"},{"key":"1706_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12010088","volume":"12","author":"J Angeles-Martinez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Angeles-Martinez J, Monroy-Mu\u00f1oz IE, Mu\u00f1oz-Medina JE, Fernandes-Matano L, Salas-Lais \u00c1G, Hern\u00e1ndez-Cueto MDL\u00c1, et al. A potential association between abdominal obesity and the efficacy of humoral immunity induced by COVID-19 and by the AZD1222, convidecia, BNT162b2, sputnik V, and coronavac vaccines. Vaccines (Basel). 2024;12:88.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"1706_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-01022-8","volume":"9","author":"M D\u2019Souza","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza M, Keeshan A, Gravel CA, Langlois M-A, Cooper CL. Obesity does not influence SARS-CoV-2 humoral vaccine immunogenicity. NPJ Vaccines. 2024;9:226.","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"1706_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-024-01556-w","volume":"48","author":"P Xue","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xue P, Merikanto I, Delale EA, Bjelajac A, Yordanova J, Chan RNY, et al. Associations between obesity, a composite risk score for probable long COVID, and sleep problems in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated individuals. Int J Obes. 2024;48:1300\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1706_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu T, Cai S, Zheng Z, Cai X, Liu Y, Yin S et al. Association between clinical manifestations and prognosis in patients with COVID-19. Clin Ther. 2020;42.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.04.009"},{"key":"1706_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6915e3","volume":"69","author":"S Garg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, O\u2019Halloran A, Cummings C, Holstein R, et al. Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 \u2014 COVID-NET, 14 states, March 1\u201330, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:458\u201364.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"1706_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa415","volume":"71","author":"J Lighter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lighter J, Phillips M, Hochman S, Sterling S, Johnson D, Francois F, et al. Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for COVID-19 hospital admission. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:896\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1706_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixon AE, Peters U. The effect of obesity on lung function. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2018.","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2018.1506331"},{"key":"1706_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154249","volume":"108","author":"J-F Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang J-F, Wang X-B, Zheng KI, Liu W-Y, Chen J-J, George J, et al. Letter to the editor: obesity hypoventilation syndrome and severe COVID-19. Metabolism. 2020;108:154249.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1706_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e558","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1268","volume":"72","author":"MW Fried","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fried MW, Crawford JM, Mospan AR, Watkins SE, Munoz B, Zink RC, et al. Patient characteristics and outcomes of 11 721 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalized across the united States. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72:e558\u201365.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1706_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167322","volume":"1870","author":"J Currey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Currey J, Ellsworth C, Khatun MS, Wang C, Chen Z, Liu S, et al. Upregulation of inflammatory genes and pathways links obesity to severe COVID-19. Biochimica et biophysica acta (BBA). - Mol Basis Disease. 2024;1870:167322.","journal-title":"- Mol Basis Disease"},{"key":"1706_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhu L, Liu L, Zhao X, an, Zhang Z, Xue L et al. Overweight and Obesity are Risk Factors of Severe Illness in Patients with COVID-19. Obesity. 2020;28.","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22979"},{"key":"1706_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen L, Li X, Chen M, Feng Y, Xiong C. The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;116.","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa078"},{"key":"1706_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasquarelli-do-Nascimento G, Braz-de-Melo HA, Faria SS, Santos I, de O, Kobinger GP, Magalh\u00e3es KG. Hypercoagulopathy and adipose tissue exacerbated inflammation May explain higher mortality in COVID-19 patients with obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00530"},{"key":"1706_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misumi I, Starmer J, Uchimura T, Beck MA, Magnuson T, Whitmire JK. Obesity expands a distinct population of T cells in adipose tissue and increases vulnerability to infection. Cell Rep. 2019;27.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.03.030"},{"key":"1706_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myers MG, Cowley MA, M\u00fcnzberg H. Mechanisms of leptin action and leptin resistance. Annu Rev Physiol. 2008.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100707"},{"key":"1706_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao L. Obesity Accompanying COVID-19: The Role of Epicardial Fat. Obesity. 2020.","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22867"},{"key":"1706_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(02)00311-4","volume":"35","author":"S Engeli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Engeli S, Schling P, Gorzelniak K, Boschmann M, Janke J, Ailhaud G, et al. The adipose-tissue renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system: role in the metabolic syndrome? Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2003;35:807\u201325.","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"1706_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1882-z","volume":"21","author":"H Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang H, Baker A. Recombinant human ACE2: acing out angiotensin II in ARDS therapy. Crit Care. 2017;21:305.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"1706_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watanabe M, Risi R, Tuccinardi D, Baquero CJ, Manfrini S, Gnessi L. Obesity and SARS-CoV-2: A population to safeguard. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020.","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3325"},{"key":"1706_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decyk A, Kobyli\u0144ska M, Antosik K, Kurowska K. VITAMIN D IN SARS-COV-2 INFECTION. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny \/ Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene; 2022.","DOI":"10.32394\/rpzh.2022.0191"},{"key":"1706_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00051-6","volume":"9","author":"DA Jolliffe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jolliffe DA, Camargo CA, Sluyter JD, Aglipay M, Aloia JF, Ganmaa D, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9:276\u201392.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"1706_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heshmati HM. Interactions between COVID-19 infection and diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1306290"},{"key":"1706_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadowitz B, Maier KG, Gahtan V. Basic science review: Statin therapy-part I: the pleiotropic effects of Statins in cardiovascular disease. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2010.","DOI":"10.1177\/1538574410362922"},{"key":"1706_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-020-08791-9","volume":"60","author":"K Koushki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koushki K, Shahbaz SK, Mashayekhi K, Sadeghi M, Zayeri ZD, Taba MY, et al. Anti-inflammatory action of Statins in cardiovascular disease: the role of inflammasome and Toll-Like receptor pathways. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2021;60:175\u201399.","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"1706_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vahedian-Azimi A, Mohammadi SM, Beni FH, Banach M, Guest PC, Jamialahmadi T, et al. Improved COVID-19 ICU admission and mortality outcomes following treatment with statins: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Medical Science; 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1901772"},{"key":"1706_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30116-8"},{"key":"1706_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang XJ, Qin JJ, Cheng X, Shen L, Zhao YC, Yuan Y et al. In-Hospital use of Statins is associated with a reduced risk of mortality among individuals with COVID-19. Cell Metab. 2020;32.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.015"},{"key":"1706_CR124","unstructured":"Lam KW, Chow KW, Vo J, Hou W, Li H, Richman PS et al. Continued in-hospital ACE inhibitor and ARB use in hypertensive COVID-19 patients is associated with positive clinical outcomes. J Infect Dis. 2020;11794."},{"key":"1706_CR125","unstructured":"American Heart Association. Patients taking ACE-i and ARBs who contract COVID-19 should continue treatment, unless otherwise advised by their physician. 2020."},{"key":"1706_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkinson E. RECOVERY trial: the UK covid-19 study resetting expectations for clinical trials. BMJ. 2020;m1626.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1626"},{"key":"1706_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022926","volume":"383","author":"Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in","year":"2020","unstructured":"Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in. Hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2030\u201340.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1706_CR128","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Corticosteroids for COVID-19. 2020."},{"key":"1706_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ou X, Jiang J, Lin B, Liu Q, Lin W, Chen G et al. Antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccination in people with obesity: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2023;17.","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13078"},{"key":"1706_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11050996","volume":"11","author":"C Fu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu C, Lin N, Zhu J, Ye Q. Association between overweight\/obesity and the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review. Vaccines (Basel). 2023;11:996.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"1706_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhandari N, Cuffey JM, Miao R, Zilberman D. Heterogeneity of the association between obesity and COVID-19 mortality and the roles of policy interventions: U.S. National-Level analysis. AJPM Focus. 2024;100312.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focus.2024.100312"},{"key":"1706_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101638","volume":"10","author":"M Golec","year":"2022","unstructured":"Golec M, Konka A, Fronczek M, Zembala-John J, Chrapiec M, Wystyrk K, et al. The antibody response to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 booster in healthcare workers: association between the IgG antibody titers and anthropometric and body composition parameters. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;10:1638.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"1706_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li H, Xue Q, Xu X. Involvement of the nervous system in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Neurotox Res. 2020.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-020-00219-8"},{"key":"1706_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858419848293","volume":"26","author":"D Kempuraj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kempuraj D, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Thangavel R, Dhaliwal AS, Dubova I, et al. Brain Injury\u2013Mediated neuroinflammatory response and alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuroscientist. 2020;26:134\u201355.","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"1706_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalili N, Haseli S, Bahrami-Motlagh H, Keshavarz E, Khalili N, Langroudi TF et al. Neurologic involvement in COVID-19: radiologists\u2019 perspective. Acad Radiol. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2020.04.035"},{"key":"1706_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30198-5","volume":"20","author":"H Qiu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen D. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in zhejiang, china: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:689\u201396.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1706_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang J, Xie B, Hashimoto K. Current status of potential therapeutic candidates for the COVID-19 crisis. Brain Behav Immun. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.046"},{"key":"1706_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang L, Yan X, Fan Q, Liu H, Liu X, Liu Z et al. D-dimer levels on admission to predict in-hospital mortality in patients with Covid-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18.","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14859"},{"key":"1706_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Jiang Q. Uncoupled pyroptosis and IL-1\u03b2 secretion downstream of inflammasome signaling. Front Immunol. 2023.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1128358"},{"key":"1706_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathinam VAK, Fitzgerald KA. Inflammasome complexes: emerging mechanisms and effector functions. Cell 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.03.046"},{"key":"1706_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isath A, Malik AH, Goel A, Gupta R, Shrivastav R, Bandyopadhyay D. Nationwide analysis of the outcomes and mortality of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2022.101440"},{"key":"1706_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir448","volume":"53","author":"S Jain","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jain S, Chaves SS. Obesity and influenza. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:422\u20134.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1706_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giorgino F, Bhana S, Czupryniak L, Dagdelen S, Galstyan GR, Jane\u017e A et al. Management of patients with diabetes and obesity in the COVID-19 era: experiences and learnings from South and East europe, the middle east, and Africa. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108617"},{"key":"1706_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogata H, Mori M, Jingushi Y, Matsuzaki H, Katahira K, Ishimatsu A et al. Impact of visceral fat on the prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019: an observational cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06958-z"},{"key":"1706_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16071015","volume":"16","author":"S Dhokte","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dhokte S, Czaja K. Visceral adipose tissue: the hidden culprit for type 2 diabetes. Nutrients. 2024;16:1015.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1706_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saccon TD, Mousovich-Neto F, Ludwig RG, Carregari VC, dos Anjos Souza AB, dos Passos ASC et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects adipose tissue in a fat depot- and viral lineage-dependent manner. Nat Commun. 2022;13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33218-8"},{"key":"1706_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Despr\u00e9s JP, Lemieux I, Prud\u2019homme D. Treatment of obesity: need to focus on high risk abdominally obese patients. Br Med J. 2001.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7288.716"},{"key":"1706_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang WY, Schwartz EA, Permana PA, Reaven PD. Pioglitazone inhibits the expression of inflammatory cytokines from both monocytes and lymphocytes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28.","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.175687"},{"key":"1706_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vepa A, Bae JP, Ahmed F, Pareek M, Khunti K. COVID-19 and ethnicity: A novel pathophysiological role for inflammation. Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome: Clin Res Reviews. 2020;14.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.06.056"}],"container-title":["Journal of Diabetes &amp; Metabolic Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40200-025-01706-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40200-025-01706-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40200-025-01706-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T02:57:01Z","timestamp":1767495421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40200-025-01706-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1706"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40200-025-01706-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2251-6581"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2251-6581","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Figures\n                      \n                      ,\n                      \n                      ,\n                      \n                      and\n                      \n                      were created using the Servier Medical Art Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported Licence\n                      \n                      .\n                      \n                      .","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No ethical approval was required as this was a review study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Patient consent was not required as this was a review study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Consent to participate\/publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional review board approval status"}}],"article-number":"195"}}