{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T08:24:44Z","timestamp":1775291084559,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Metab Disord"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-025-01722-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T10:48:05Z","timestamp":1760352485000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Correlates and predictors of peripheral artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Calabar, Nigeria: a multicentre cross-sectional comparative study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Araga","family":"Aburu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enang","family":"Ofem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Nwabueze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oluwakorede","family":"Babatope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Onabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilary","family":"Odo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Love","family":"Okafor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thelma","family":"Bassey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Araga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bassey","family":"Ekeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"1722_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1157\/13109651","volume":"60","author":"FJ Serrano-Hernando","year":"2007","unstructured":"Serrano-Hernando FJ, Conejero AM. Peripheral artery disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2007;60(9):969\u201382.","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3529419","volume":"2016","author":"DO Soyoye","year":"2016","unstructured":"Soyoye DO, Ikem RT, Kolawole BA, Oluwadiya KS, Bolarinwa RA, Adebayo OJ, et al. Prevalence and correlates of peripheral arterial disease in Nigerians with type 2 diabetes. Adv Med. 2016;2016(1):1\u20136.","journal-title":"Adv Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2020.1736562","volume":"18","author":"S Giannopoulos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giannopoulos S, Armstrong EJ. Diabetes mellitus: an important risk factor for peripheral vascular disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2020;18(3):131\u20137.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"1722_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-0940-0","volume":"51","author":"L Prompers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Prompers L, Schaper N, Apelqvist J, Edmonds M, Jude E, Mauricio D, et al. Prediction of outcome in individuals with diabetic foot ulcers: focus on the differences between individuals with and without peripheral arterial disease. EURODIALE Study Diabetologia. 2008;51(5):747\u201355.","journal-title":"EURODIALE Study Diabetologia"},{"issue":"S1","key":"1722_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3276","volume":"36","author":"RJ Hinchliffe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hinchliffe RJ, Forsythe RO, Apelqvist J, Boyko EJ, Fitridge R, Hong JP, et al. Guidelines on diagnosis, prognosis, and management of peripheral artery disease in patients with foot ulcers and diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(S1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-020-01395-3","volume":"20","author":"OF Agboghoroma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agboghoroma OF, Akemokwe FM, Puepet FH. Peripheral arterial disease and its correlates in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a teaching hospital in Northern Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2020;20(1):3\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"1722_CR7","first-page":"405","volume":"31","author":"RD Alvim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alvim RD, Augusto F, Dias L, Oliveira CM, De, Van\u00e7an AR, Horimoto R, et al. Prevalence of peripheral artery disease and associated risk factors in a Brazilian rural population: the Baependi heart study. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2018;31(4):405\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"PC Obi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Obi PC, Anyanwu AC, Nwatu CB, Ekwueme C, Mbaike A, Nwako FO, et al. Prevalence and Predictors of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Owerri, Nigeria. Cardiol and Angiol: An international J. 2019;8(3):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Cardiol and Angiol: An international J"},{"issue":"7","key":"1722_CR9","first-page":"7","volume":"8","author":"A Hagos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hagos A, Fekadu S, Allison T, Wondafrash M, Bushra AW, Mulatu HA. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and associated factors among adults in Jimma town, South-West Ethiopia: a community based survey. J Clin Exp Cardiol. 2017;8(7):7\u201311.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1722_CR10","first-page":"388","volume":"5","author":"JM Al-Kaabi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Kaabi JM, Al Maskari F, Zoubeidi T, Abdulle A, Sihah S, Cragg P, et al. Peripheral artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients from the united Arab Emirates. J Diabetes Metab. 2014;5(6):388\u201394.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"1722_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9419413","volume":"2020","author":"Y Akalu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akalu Y, Birhan A. Peripheral arterial disease and its associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Debre Tabor general hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. J Diabetes Res. 2020;2020:2020:9419413.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1722_CR12","first-page":"107","volume":"88","author":"L Urbano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Urbano L, Portilla E, Munoz W, Hofman Albert, Carlos AS. Prevalence and risk factors associated with peripheral arterial disease in an adult population from Colombia. Arch Cardiol Mex. 2018;88(2):107\u201315.","journal-title":"Arch Cardiol Mex"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-019-1213-1","volume":"19","author":"S Kamil","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kamil S, Sehested TS, Carlson N, Houlind K, Lassen JF, Bang CN, et al. Diabetes and risk of peripheral artery disease in patients undergoing first-time coronary angiography between 2000 and 2012 - a nationwide study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2019;19(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2314-x","volume":"9","author":"J Odenigbo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Odenigbo J, Seneviratne R, Weerasinghe MC, Wijeyaratne SM. Risk factors of peripheral arterial disease: a case control study in Sri Lanka. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9(1):508.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"8","key":"1722_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.8.884","volume":"163","author":"JJ Belch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Belch JJ, Topol EJ, Agnelli G, Bertrand M, Califf RM, Clement D, et al. Critical issues in peripheral arterial disease detection and management: A call to action. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(8):884\u201392.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1722_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"96","author":"Federal Republic of Nigeria. National Population Commission (NPC)","year":"2009","unstructured":"Federal Republic of Nigeria. National Population Commission (NPC). Off Gaz [Internet]. 2009;96(2):1\u201342.","journal-title":"Off Gaz [Internet]"},{"key":"1722_CR17","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"AA Kazi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kazi AA, Blonde L. Classification of diabetes mellitus. Clin Lab Med. 2001;21(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR19","first-page":"8","volume":"2","author":"PD Yakubu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yakubu PD, Khanna NN, Bakari AG, Garko SB, Abubakar AB, Iheonye HO, et al. Predictors and prevalence of peripheral artery disease among type 2 diabetic patients in zaria, Northern Nigeria. Int J Clin Cardiol Res. 2018;2(1):8\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Cardiol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1722_CR20","volume":"7","author":"A Abouhamda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abouhamda A, Alturkstani M, Jan Y. Lower sensitivity of ankle-brachial index measurements among people suffering with diabetes-associated vascular disorders: a systematic review. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7(2):205031211983503.","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v4i1.354","volume":"4","author":"BO Oyelade","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oyelade BO, OlaOlorun AD, Odeigah LO, Amole IO, Adediran OS. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in diabetic subjects in south-west Nigeria. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2012;4(1):354\u201360.","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"1722_CR22","volume":"13","author":"D Abdissa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdissa D, Hirpa D. Poor glycemic control and its associated factors among diabetes patients attending public hospitals in West Shewa zone, Oromia, Ethiopia: an institutional based cross-sectional study. Metabol Open. 2021;13:100154.","journal-title":"Metabol Open"},{"key":"1722_CR23","first-page":"8","volume":"2008","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2008","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio. Report of a WHO expert consultation. Geneva. 2008;2008:8\u201311.","journal-title":"Geneva"},{"issue":"7576","key":"1722_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39001.562813.DE","volume":"333","author":"K Cassar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cassar K. Intermittent claudication. BMJ. 2006;333(7576):1002\u20135.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"1722_CR25","first-page":"67","volume":"27","author":"AB Oladimeji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oladimeji AB. Sample size estimation for health and social science researchers: the principles and considerations for different study designs. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2018;27(2):67\u201375.","journal-title":"Niger Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"1722_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2010.07.006","volume":"28","author":"G Ogedegbe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ogedegbe G, Pickering T. Principles and techniques of blood pressure measurement. Cardiol Clin. 2010;28(4):571\u201386.","journal-title":"Cardiol Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/8756479303259269","volume":"20","author":"J Baun","year":"2004","unstructured":"Baun J. Practical arterial evaluation of the lower extremity. J Diagn Med Sonography. 2004;20(1):5\u201313.","journal-title":"J Diagn Med Sonography"},{"key":"1722_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.09.012","volume":"293","author":"G Agnelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agnelli G, Belch JF, Baumgartner I, Giovas P, Hoffmann U. Morbidity and mortality associated with atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis. 2020;293:94\u2013100.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"7","key":"1722_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.593442","volume":"114","author":"BA Golomb","year":"2006","unstructured":"Golomb BA, Dang TT, Criqui MH. Peripheral arterial disease: morbidity and mortality implications. Circulation. 2006;114(7):688\u201399.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR30","first-page":"200","volume":"32","author":"EM Umuerri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Umuerri EM, Obasohan AO. Lower extremity peripheral artery disease: prevalence and risk factors among adult Nigerians with diabetes mellitus. West Afr J Med. 2013;32(3):200\u20135.","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR31","first-page":"27","volume":"25","author":"T Raimi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raimi T, Akintoye O, Ajayi D, Ibidapo O. Association of peripheral artery disease, peripheral neuropathy and insulin resistance among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ekiti. Nigeria AJBR [Internet]. 2022;25(1):27\u201332.","journal-title":"Nigeria AJBR [Internet]"},{"key":"1722_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-016-0247-x","volume":"16","author":"K Yeboah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yeboah K, Puplampu P, Ainuson J, Akpalu J, Gyan B, Amoah AG. Peripheral artery disease and exertional leg symptoms in diabetes patients in Ghana. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2016;16:68.","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"1722_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-14-75","volume":"14","author":"S Okello","year":"2014","unstructured":"Okello S, Millard A, Owori R, Asiimwe SB, Siedner MJ, Rwebembera J, et al. Prevalence of lower extremity peripheral artery disease among adult diabetes patients in Southwestern Uganda. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014;14:75.","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1722_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2011.35.5.543","volume":"35","author":"JH Yu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yu JH, Hwang JY, Shin MS, Jung CH, Kim EH, Lee SA, et al. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending a university hospital. Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(5):543\u201350.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2022.11.019","volume":"33","author":"G Sartore","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sartore G, Caprino R, Ragazzi E, Bianchi L, Lapolla A, Piarulli F. The ankle-brachial index for assessing the prevalence of peripheral artery disease and cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2023;33(3):560\u20137.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1423-2","volume":"8","author":"AO Ogbera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ogbera AO, Adeleye O, Solagberu B, Azenabor A. Screening for peripheral neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease in persons with diabetes mellitus in a Nigerian university teaching hospital. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8(1):533.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"7","key":"1722_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i7.961","volume":"6","author":"T Thiruvoipati","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thiruvoipati T, Kielhorn CE, Armstrong EJ. Peripheral artery disease in patients with diabetes: epidemiology, mechanisms, and outcomes. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(7):961\u20139.","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"1722_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.5.894","volume":"25","author":"AI Adler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Adler AI, Stevens RJ, Neil A, Stratton IM, Boulton AJ, Holman RR. UKPDS 59: hyperglycemia and other potentially modifiable risk factors for peripheral vascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(5):894\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4103\/1118-8561.112058","volume":"16","author":"CU Odenigbo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Odenigbo CU, Ajaero C, Oguejiofor OC. Prevalence of peripheral artery disease in adult hypertensive patients in Nnewi, Nigeria. Sahel Med J. 2013;16(1):15\u20138.","journal-title":"Sahel Med J"},{"issue":"8","key":"1722_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.5455\/ijmsph.2015.03122014217","volume":"4","author":"H Pandya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pandya H, Bhansali P. Pattern of peripheral arterial disease and serum lipid profile in patients with diabetes mellitus. Int J Med Sci Public Health. 2015;4(8):1046\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1722_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-019-1129-5","volume":"21","author":"AW Aday","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aday AW, Everett BM, Cardiovascular C. Dyslipidemia profiles in patients with peripheral artery disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2019;21(6):42.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1722_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-011-0109-x","volume":"13","author":"EV Ratchford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ratchford EV, Black JH 3rd. Approach to smoking cessation in the patient with vascular disease. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2011;13(2):91\u2013102.","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1722_CR43","first-page":"17556","volume":"13","author":"AM Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan AM, Lohana P, Anvekar P, Hassan MS, Kumar R, Lnu A, et al. Risk factors of peripheral vascular disease in diabetes mellitus in abbottabad, pakistan: A Cross-Sectional study. Cureus. 2021;13(8):17556.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0787-8","volume":"17","author":"M Kosiborod","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kosiborod M, Gomes MB, Nicolucci A, Pocock S, Rathmann W, Shestakova MV, et al. Vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: prevalence and associated factors in 38 countries (the DISCOVER study program). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):150.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1722_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.12.3333","volume":"26","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2003","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. Peripheral arterial disease in people with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(12):3333\u201341.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"1722_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2005.03.060","volume":"42","author":"T Vainas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vainas T, Stassen FR, Graaf R, Twiss EL, Herngreen SB, Welten RJ, et al. C-reactive protein in peripheral arterial disease: relation to severity of the disease and to future cardiovascular events. J Vasc Surg. 2005;42(2):243\u201351.","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"1722_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3383","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S267122","volume":"13","author":"M Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu M, Fan F, Liu B, Jia J, Jiang Y, Sun P, et al. Joint effects of plasma homocysteine concentration and traditional cardiovascular risk factors on the risk of new-onset peripheral arterial disease Diabetes, Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther. 2020;13:3383\u201393.","journal-title":"Diabetes, Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2009.05.007","volume":"38","author":"N Khandanpour","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khandanpour N, Loke YK, Meyer FJ, Jennings B, Armon MP. Homocysteine and peripheral arterial disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;38(3):316\u201322.","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR49","first-page":"401","volume":"34","author":"K Seki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Seki K, Sumino H, Nara M, Ishiyama N, Nishino M, Murakami M. Relationships between blood rheology and age, body mass index, blood cell count, fibrinogen, and lipids in healthy subjects. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2006;34(3):401\u201310.","journal-title":"Clin Hemorheol Microcirc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR50","first-page":"426","volume":"15","author":"Y Indrayana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Indrayana Y, Harahap HS. Serum homocysteine level and ankle-brachial index in peripheral arterial disease. J Kesehat Masy. 2020;15(3):426\u201331.","journal-title":"J Kesehat Masy"},{"issue":"13","key":"1722_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000089189.70578.E2","volume":"108","author":"TF L\u00fcscher","year":"2003","unstructured":"L\u00fcscher TF, Creager MA, Beckman JA, Cosentino F. Diabetes and vascular disease: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: part II. Circulation. 2003;108(13):1655\u201361.","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40200-025-01722-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40200-025-01722-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40200-025-01722-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T02:54:36Z","timestamp":1767495276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40200-025-01722-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40200-025-01722-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2251-6581"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2251-6581","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"For the study was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH\/NHREC\/07\/10\/2012) and was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before data collection.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"223"}}