{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T17:27:58Z","timestamp":1783013278119,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Metab Disord"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-026-01869-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T08:43:29Z","timestamp":1770972209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term time in target range waist circumference and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: longitudinal cohort study with 18 years of follow-up"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Safdar","family":"Masoumi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Hajizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davood","family":"Khalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzad","family":"Eskandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10397","key":"1869_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","volume":"402","author":"KL Ong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ong KL, et al. Global, regional, and National burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet. 2023;402(10397):203\u201334.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1869_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaiser AB, Zhang N, Pluijm WVD. Global prevalence of type 2 diabetes over the next ten years (2018\u20132028). Diabetes. 2018;67(Supplement_1):202-LB.","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-202-LB"},{"key":"1869_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p108086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108086","volume":"162","author":"P Saeedi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saeedi P, et al. Mortality attributable to diabetes in 20\u201379 years old adults, 2019 estimates: results from the international diabetes federation diabetes atlas. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;162:p108086.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"10258","key":"1869_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","volume":"396","author":"CJ Murray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murray CJ, et al. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1223\u201349.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"1869_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0310-7","volume":"16","author":"R Ross","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ross R, et al. Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a consensus statement from the IAS and ICCR working group on visceral obesity. Nat Reviews Endocrinol. 2020;16(3):177\u201389.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1869_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0176-8","volume":"15","author":"M Bl\u00fcher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bl\u00fcher M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019;15(5):288\u201398.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"15","key":"1869_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.15.1617","volume":"168","author":"RP Wildman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wildman RP, et al. The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering: prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999\u20132004). Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(15):1617\u201324.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"1869_CR8","unstructured":"Rubino F, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology; 2025."},{"key":"1869_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis JP, et al. Duration of abdominal obesity beginning in young adulthood and incident diabetes through middle age: the CARDIA study. Diabetes care. 2013;36(5):1241\u20137.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1714"},{"issue":"12","key":"1869_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad165","volume":"30","author":"M Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu M, et al. Body weight time in target range and cardiovascular outcomes in adults with overweight\/obesity and type 2 diabetes. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023;30(12):1263\u201371.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1869_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-1727","volume":"47","author":"C Zu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zu C, et al. Association of body weight time in target range with the risk of kidney outcomes in patients with overweight\/obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(3):371\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"1869_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.01.014","volume":"77","author":"N Fatani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fatani N, et al. Systolic blood pressure time in target range and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(10):1290\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1869_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21651","volume":"80","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang J, et al. Systolic blood pressure time in target range and incident atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertension: insights from the SPRINT trial. Hypertension. 2023;80(11):2306\u201314.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"1","key":"1869_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6581-13-2","volume":"13","author":"G Veghari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Veghari G, et al. The association of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and waist circumference in Northern adults in iran: a population based study. J Diabetes Metabolic Disorders. 2014;13(1):2.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metabolic Disorders"},{"key":"1869_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-10-5","volume":"10","author":"F Azizi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Azizi F, et al. Prevention of non-communicable disease in a population in nutrition transition: Tehran lipid and glucose study phase II. Trials. 2009;10:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"6","key":"1869_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19990330)18:6<681::AID-SIM71>3.0.CO;2-R","volume":"18","author":"S Van Buuren","year":"1999","unstructured":"Van Buuren S, Boshuizen HC, Knook DL. Multiple imputation of missing blood pressure covariates in survival analysis. Stat Med. 1999;18(6):681\u201394.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"1869_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3618","volume":"28","author":"IR White","year":"2009","unstructured":"White IR, Royston P. Imputing missing covariate values for the Cox model. Stat Med. 2009;28(15):1982\u201398.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"1869_CR18","unstructured":"Rubin DB. Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. Volume 81. Wiley; 2004."},{"key":"1869_CR19","first-page":"1","volume":"894","author":"W Consultation","year":"2000","unstructured":"Consultation W. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894:1\u2013253.","journal-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser"},{"issue":"6","key":"1869_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.11","volume":"32","author":"A Romero-Corral","year":"2008","unstructured":"Romero-Corral A, et al. Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population. Int J Obes. 2008;32(6):959\u201366.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"3","key":"1869_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdv067","volume":"38","author":"M Sperrin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sperrin M, et al. Body mass index relates weight to height differently in women and older adults: serial cross-sectional surveys in England (1992\u20132011). J Public Health. 2016;38(3):607\u201313.","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"1869_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102254","volume":"15","author":"GA Bray","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bray GA. Beyond BMI. Nutrients. 2023;15(10):2254.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"1869_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.113905","volume":"309","author":"KM Flegal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flegal KM, et al. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013;309(1):71\u201382.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"1869_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2021.12.004","volume":"16","author":"L Mehran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mehran L, et al. Anthropometric measures and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: an 18 years follow-up. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2022;16(1):63\u201371.","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"1869_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-022-01051-x","volume":"21","author":"F Fotouhi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fotouhi F, et al. High prevalence of diabetes in elderly of iran: an urgent public health issue. J Diabetes Metabolic Disorders. 2022;21(1):777\u201384.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metabolic Disorders"},{"key":"1869_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574111","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.574111","volume":"8","author":"A Budreviciute","year":"2020","unstructured":"Budreviciute A, et al. Management and prevention strategies for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors. Front Public Health. 2020;8:574111.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1869_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0327-3","volume":"73","author":"S Browne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Browne S, et al. Effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving dietary behaviours among people at higher risk of or with chronic non-communicable diseases: an overview of systematic reviews. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019;73(1):9\u201323.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1869_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20662","volume":"22","author":"LAR Group","year":"2014","unstructured":"Group LAR. Eight-year weight losses with an intensive lifestyle intervention: the look AHEAD study. Obesity. 2014;22(1):5\u201313.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"14","key":"1869_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1831","volume":"325","author":"TA Wadden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wadden TA, et al. Effect of subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo as an adjunct to intensive behavioral therapy on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1403\u201313.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"21","key":"1869_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4654","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214654","volume":"14","author":"L Xi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xi L, et al. Waist Circumference-Years construct analysis and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: China health and nutrition Survey, 1997\u20132015. Nutrients. 2022;14(21):4654.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"1869_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2003.01229.x","volume":"254","author":"M Dalton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dalton M, et al. Waist circumference, waist\u2013hip ratio and body mass index and their correlation with cardiovascular disease risk factors in Australian adults. J Intern Med. 2003;254(6):555\u201363.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"1869_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7077-6","volume":"19","author":"J Jeon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeon J, Jung KJ, Jee SH. Waist circumference trajectories and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korean population: the Korean genome and epidemiology study (KoGES). BMC Public Health. 2019;19:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1869_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427785","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1427785","volume":"15","author":"X Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao X, et al. Waist circumference glucose, a novel and effective predictor of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study. Front Endocrinol. 2024;15:1427785.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1869_CR34","first-page":"454285","volume":"2013","author":"SM Grundy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grundy SM, et al. Waist circumference as measure of abdominal fat compartments. J Obes. 2013;2013(1):454285.","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"issue":"3","key":"1869_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-1605","volume":"29","author":"SB Racette","year":"2006","unstructured":"Racette SB, et al. Abdominal adiposity is a stronger predictor of insulin resistance than fitness among 50\u201395 year olds. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(3):673\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"1869_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.88","volume":"38","author":"D Andersson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andersson D, et al. Waist circumference to assess reversal of insulin resistance following weight reduction after bariatric surgery: cohort and cross-sectional studies. Int J Obes. 2014;38(3):438\u201343.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"1","key":"1869_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X159489","volume":"23","author":"SC Smith Jr","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smith SC Jr, Haslam D. Abdominal obesity, waist circumference and cardiometabolic risk: awareness among primary care physicians, the general population and patients at risk\u2013the shape of the nations survey. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(1):29\u201347.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"1869_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925293","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.925293","volume":"10","author":"J-Y Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun J-Y, et al. Trends in general and abdominal obesity in US adults: evidence from the National health and nutrition examination survey (2001\u20132018). Front Public Health. 2022;10:925293.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1869_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01881-9","volume":"46","author":"L Mehran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mehran L, et al. Weight fluctuation, mortality, and cardiovascular disease in adults in 18 years of follow-up: Tehran lipid and glucose study. J Endocrinol Investig. 2023;46(1):37\u201349.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"}],"container-title":["Journal of Diabetes &amp; Metabolic Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40200-026-01869-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40200-026-01869-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40200-026-01869-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T17:14:20Z","timestamp":1783012460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40200-026-01869-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40200-026-01869-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2251-6581"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2251-6581","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol follows the guidelines of the Iranian government for epidemiological studies in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. The ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and the University of Tarbiat Modares, Iran (no. IR.MODARES.REC.1404.034) and was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Additionally, informed consent was obtained from the patient.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Written informed consent for publication was obtained from the patients"}},{"value":"not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"57"}}