{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T04:42:57Z","timestamp":1786164177573,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Metab Disord"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-026-02032-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T04:07:44Z","timestamp":1786162064000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of time-restricted feeding and high-intensity interval training on thermogenesis-related protein abundance in white adipose tissue of diabetic rats"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ahmad Reza","family":"Moein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Javad","family":"Pourvaghar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Kazeminasab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Baharlooie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darryn","family":"Willoughby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Dutheil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2032_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0251863","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251863","volume":"16","author":"M Picard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Picard M, Tauveron I, Magdasy S, Benichou T, Bagheri R, Ugbolue UC, et al. Effect of exercise training on heart rate variability in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(5):e0251863.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"2032_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2020.1846202","volume":"129","author":"O Asbaghi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asbaghi O, Fouladvand F, Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Choghakhori R, Wong A, et al. Effects of green tea supplementation on serum concentrations of adiponectin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2023;129(2):536\u201343.","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"2032_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161521","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1161521","volume":"14","author":"R Ruze","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ruze R, Liu T, Zou X, Song J, Chen Y, Xu R, et al. Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: connections in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatments. Front Endocrinol. 2023;14:1161521.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2032_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102911","volume":"12","author":"A Tremblay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tremblay A, Clinchamps M, Pereira B, Courteix D, Lesourd B, Chapier R, et al. Dietary fibres and the management of obesity and metabolic syndrome: the RESOLVE study. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):2911.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"2032_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.12.012","volume":"34","author":"S Klein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klein S, Gastaldelli A, Yki-J\u00e4rvinen H, Scherer PE. Why does obesity cause diabetes? Cell Metab. 2022;34(1):11\u201320.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2032_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13282","volume":"25","author":"C Urzeala","year":"2022","unstructured":"Urzeala C, Duclos M, Chris Ugbolue U, Bota A, Berthon M, Kulik K, et al. COVID-19 lockdown consequences on body mass index and perceived fragility related to physical activity: A worldwide cohort study. Health Expect. 2022;25(2):522\u201331.","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2032_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171293","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171293","volume":"12","author":"I Tokubuchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tokubuchi I, Tajiri Y, Iwata S, Hara K, Wada N, Hashinaga T, et al. Beneficial effects of metformin on energy metabolism and visceral fat volume through a possible mechanism of fatty acid oxidation in human subjects and rats. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(2):e0171293.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2032_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2020.1870060","volume":"10","author":"L Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng L, Wang J, Dai H, Duan Y, An Y, Shi L, et al. Brown and beige adipose tissue: a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adipocyte. 2021;10(1):48\u201365.","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"issue":"17","key":"2032_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6241","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176241","volume":"21","author":"A Kury\u0142owicz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kury\u0142owicz A, Puzianowska-Ku\u017anicka M. Induction of adipose tissue browning as a strategy to combat obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17):6241.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2032_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eade7864","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade7864","volume":"9","author":"JM Johnson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Johnson JM, Peterlin AD, Balderas E, Sustarsic EG, Maschek JA, Lang MJ, et al. Mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine modulates UCP1 to promote brown adipose thermogenesis. Sci Adv. 2023;9(8):eade7864.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"24","key":"2032_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13295","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413295","volume":"25","author":"YA Kononova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kononova YA, Tuchina TP, Babenko AY. Brown and beige adipose tissue: one or different targets for treatment of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders? Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(24):13295.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2032_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00029","volume":"7","author":"G Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang G, Sun Q, Liu C. Influencing factors of thermogenic adipose tissue activity. Front Physiol. 2016;7:29.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"6617","key":"2032_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl8007","volume":"378","author":"C Hepler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hepler C, Weidemann BJ, Waldeck NJ, Marcheva B, Cedernaes J, Thorne AK, et al. Time-restricted feeding mitigates obesity through adipocyte thermogenesis. Science. 2022;378(6617):276\u201384.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"41","key":"2032_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16810","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R117.789628","volume":"292","author":"ET Chouchani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chouchani ET, Kazak L, Spiegelman BM. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and adipose tissue thermogenesis: Bridging physiology and mechanisms. J Biol Chem. 2017;292(41):16810\u20136.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2032_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.12.017","volume":"137","author":"AT De Nardi","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Nardi AT, Tolves T, Lenzi TL, Signori LU, da Silva AMV. High-intensity interval training versus continuous training on physiological and metabolic variables in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;137:149\u201359.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2032_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37489-z","volume":"13","author":"K Khaledi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khaledi K, Hoseini R, Gharzi A. Effects of aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation on glycemic indices and adipose tissue gene expression in type 2 diabetic rats. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):10218.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2032_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-1-5","volume":"1","author":"KR Westerterp","year":"2004","unstructured":"Westerterp KR. Diet induced thermogenesis. Nutr metabolism. 2004;1(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Nutr metabolism"},{"issue":"8","key":"2032_CR18","first-page":"e43697","volume":"15","author":"F Sugandh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sugandh F, Chandio M, Raveena F, Kumar L, Karishma F, Khuwaja S, et al. Advances in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Focus on Personalized Medicine. Cureus. 2023;15(8):e43697.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"2032_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2018.11.001","volume":"62","author":"AS Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumar AS, Maiya AG, Shastry B, Vaishali K, Ravishankar N, Hazari A, et al. Exercise and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals Phys rehabilitation Med. 2019;62(2):98\u2013103.","journal-title":"Annals Phys rehabilitation Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2032_CR20","first-page":"115","volume":"7","author":"N Motahari-Tabari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Motahari-Tabari N, Shirvani MA, Shirzad-e-Ahoodashty M, Yousefi-Abdolmaleki E, Teimourzadeh M. The effect of 8 weeks aerobic exercise on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Global J health Sci. 2015;7(1):115.","journal-title":"Global J health Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2032_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091404","volume":"17","author":"M Mohebinejad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mohebinejad M, Kazeminasab F, Ghanbari Rad M, Bagheri R, Razi M, Willoughby D, et al. The combined effect of high-intensity interval training and time-restricted feeding on the AKT-IGF-1-mTOR signaling pathway in the muscle tissue of type 2 diabetic rats. Nutrients. 2025;17(9):1404.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"2032_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13898","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96703-2","volume":"15","author":"F Sharafifard","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharafifard F, Kazeminasab F, Ghanbari Rad M, Ghaedi K, Rosenkranz SK. The combined effects of high-intensity interval training and time-restricted feeding on the AKT\/FOXO1\/PEPCK pathway in diabetic rats. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):13898.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"2032_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1279","volume":"64","author":"GI Smith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smith GI, Yoshino J, Stromsdorfer KL, Klein SJ, Magkos F, Reeds DN, et al. Protein ingestion induces muscle insulin resistance independent of leucine-mediated mTOR activation. Diabetes. 2015;64(5):1555\u201363.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"2032_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.78","volume":"1","author":"BL Furman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Furman BL. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic models in mice and rats. Curr Protocols. 2021;1(4):e78.","journal-title":"Curr Protocols"},{"key":"2032_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivasan K, Viswanad B, Asrat L, Kaul C, Ramarao P. Combination of high fat diet fed and low dosestreptozotoein treated rat: a model for type 2 diabetes and pharmaeologieal sereening. Pharmacol Res. 2005;52(4):313\u201320.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2005.05.004"},{"key":"2032_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114340","volume":"271","author":"F Kazeminasab","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kazeminasab F, Baharlooie M, Rezazadeh H, Soltani N, Rosenkranz SK. The effects of aerobic exercise on liver function, insulin resistance, and lipid profiles in prediabetic and type 2 diabetic mice. Physiol Behav. 2023;271:114340.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2032_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2016.10.007","volume":"84","author":"S Nath","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nath S, Ghosh SK, Choudhury Y. A murine model of type 2 diabetes mellitus developed using a combination of high fat diet and multiple low doses of streptozotocin treatment mimics the metabolic characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2017;84:20\u201330.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"2032_CR28","first-page":"1278","volume":"47","author":"TG Bedford","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bedford TG, Tipton CM, Wilson NC, Oppliger RA, Gisolfi CV. Maximum oxygen consumption of rats and its changes with various experimental procedures. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1979;47(6):1278\u201383.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2032_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1113\/JP280820","volume":"600","author":"RFL Vieira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vieira RFL, Mu\u00f1oz VR, Junqueira RL, de Oliveira F, Gaspar RC, Nakandakari S, et al. Time-restricted feeding combined with aerobic exercise training can prevent weight gain and improve metabolic disorders in mice fed a high-fat diet. J Physiol. 2022;600(4):797\u2013813.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2032_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1977.171.09.842","volume":"171","author":"LF Van Pelt","year":"1977","unstructured":"Van Pelt LF. Ketamine and xylazine for surgical anesthesia in rats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1977;171(9):842\u20134.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"14","key":"2032_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0985-4332","volume":"40","author":"Z Samadian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Samadian Z, Azar JT, Moshari S, Razi M, Tofighi A. Moderate-intensity exercise training in sole and simultaneous forms with insulin ameliorates the experimental type 1 diabetes-induced intrinsic apoptosis in testicular tissue. Int J Sports Med. 2019;40(14):909\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"2032_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032010000200009","volume":"47","author":"ALFA Salgado","year":"2010","unstructured":"Salgado ALFA, Ld C, Oliveira AC, Santos VNd, Vieira JG, Parise ER. Insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in the differentiation of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and healthy individuals. Arq Gastroenterol. 2010;47:165\u20139.","journal-title":"Arq Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2032_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","volume":"193","author":"OH Lowry","year":"1951","unstructured":"Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J biol Chem. 1951;193(1):265\u201375.","journal-title":"J biol Chem"},{"key":"2032_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira RFL, Mu\u00f1oz VR, Junqueira RL, de Oliveira F, Gaspar RC, Nakandakari SCBR, et al. Time-restricted feeding combined with aerobic exercise training can prevent weight gain and improve metabolic disorders in mice fed a high-fat diet. J Physiol. 2022 Feb 1;600(4):797-813.","DOI":"10.1113\/JP280820"},{"key":"2032_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150059","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1150059","volume":"14","author":"S Xue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xue S, Lee D, Berry DC. Thermogenic adipose tissue in energy regulation and metabolic health. Front Endocrinol. 2023;14:1150059.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2032_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2023.0011","volume":"47","author":"S-M An","year":"2023","unstructured":"An S-M, Cho S-H, Yoon JC. Adipose tissue and metabolic health. Diabetes metabolism J. 2023;47(5):595\u2013611.","journal-title":"Diabetes metabolism J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2032_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac015","volume":"44","author":"AC Carpentier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carpentier AC, Blondin DP, Haman F, Richard D. Brown adipose tissue\u2014a translational perspective. Endocr Rev. 2023;44(2):143\u201392.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2032_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalafi M, Mohebbi H, Symonds ME, Karimi P, Akbari A, Tabari E et al. The Impact of Moderate-Intensity Continuous or High-Intensity Interval Training on Adipogenesis and Browning of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Obese Male Rats. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):925.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040925"},{"issue":"6617","key":"2032_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade6720","volume":"378","author":"D Lagarde","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lagarde D, Kazak L. The timing of eating controls energy use. Science. 2022;378(6617):251\u20132.","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40200-026-02032-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40200-026-02032-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40200-026-02032-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T04:07:46Z","timestamp":1786162066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40200-026-02032-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40200-026-02032-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2251-6581"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2251-6581","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of animal welfare and ethics, and was approved by the Institutional Review Committee (IR.KASHANU.REC.1402.023, September 26, 2023) at University of Kashan.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Institutional Review Board Statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"228"}}