{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:19:34Z","timestamp":1787822374536,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Metab Disord"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-026-02057-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:32:52Z","timestamp":1787819572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between fear of hypoglycemia and quality of life and sleep quality among individuals with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Reza","family":"Asgari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid R","family":"Baradaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Jabarbeigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Osooli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2553-8192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elahe","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2057_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-S062","volume":"33","author":"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus","year":"2010","unstructured":"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(1):S62\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc10-S062.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10397","key":"2057_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01301-6","volume":"402","author":"Global regional and national burden of diabetes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Global regional and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Lancet. 2023;402(10397):203\u201334 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01301-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"2057_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0830","volume":"42","author":"JH Pettus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pettus JH, Zhou FL, Shepherd L, Preblick R, Hunt PR, Paranjape S, et al. Incidences of Severe Hypoglycemia and Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Prevalence of Microvascular Complications Stratified by Age and Glycemic Control in U.S. Adult Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A Real-World Study. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(12):2220\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc19-0830.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2057_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2016.40.6.423","volume":"40","author":"JS Yun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yun JS, Ko SH. Risk Factors and Adverse Outcomes of Severe Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(6):423\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4093\/dmj.2016.40.6.423.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"2057_CR5","unstructured":"Davis HA, Spanakis EK, Cryer PE, Siamashvili M, Davis SN. Hypoglycemia During Therapy of Diabetes [Updated 2024 Jul 7]. In: Feingold KR, Adler RA, Ahmed SF, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc. 2000."},{"issue":"12","key":"2057_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i12.2036","volume":"12","author":"A Nakhleh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nakhleh A, Shehadeh N. Hypoglycemia in diabetes: An update on pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention. World J Diabetes. 2021;12(12):2036\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4239\/wjd.v12.i12.2036.","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"issue":"7","key":"2057_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2633","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2633","volume":"12","author":"A Przezak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Przezak A, Bielka W, Mol\u0119da P. Fear of hypoglycemia-An underestimated problem. Brain Behav. 2022;12(7):e2633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.2633.","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"2057_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12158","volume":"55","author":"MT Anarte","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anarte MT, Carreira M, Machado A, Dom\u00ednguez M, Tapia MJ, Vald\u00e9s S, et al. Identification of risk factors for suffering fear of hypoglycemia in type 1 Diabetes Mellitus patients. Scand J Psychol. 2014;55(6):554\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sjop.12158.","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2057_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7971","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86954-0","volume":"11","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zeng Z, Ding J, Yuan R, Wang R, Zhang Y, et al. Fear of hypoglycaemia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):7971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-86954-0.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2057_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.7326\/m16-2855","volume":"167","author":"RW Beck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beck RW, Riddlesworth TD, Ruedy K, Ahmann A, Haller S, Kruger D, et al. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Versus Usual Care in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Receiving Multiple Daily Insulin Injections: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(6):365\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/m16-2855.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2057_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680700100126","volume":"1","author":"HA Wolpert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wolpert HA. Use of continuous glucose monitoring in the detection and prevention of hypoglycemia. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2007;1(1):146\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/193229680700100126.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2057_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2011.09.004","volume":"6","author":"RJ Davey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Davey RJ, Stevens K, Jones TW, Fournier PA. The effect of short-term use of the Guardian RT continuous glucose monitoring system on fear of hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Prim Care Diabetes. 2012;6(1):35\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcd.2011.09.004.","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"key":"2057_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"TALBO MK, KATZ A, PETERS T, YALE J-F, WU, Z, BRAZEAU A, -S. 660-P: The Effect of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitors on Fear of Hypoglycemia in People with Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Diabetes. 2022;71(Supplement_1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db22-660-P","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-660-P"},{"issue":"5","key":"2057_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2011.610852","volume":"14","author":"C Fidler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fidler C, Elmelund Christensen T, Gillard S. Hypoglycemia: an overview of fear of hypoglycemia, quality-of-life, and impact on costs. J Med Econ. 2011;14(5):646\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3111\/13696998.2011.610852.","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2057_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-025-01715-4","volume":"24","author":"DP Pinto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pinto DP, Feitosa\u00b9 ACR. Risk factors and mortality associated with severe spontaneous hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients: a retrospective cohort study. J Diabetes Metabolic Disorders. 2025;24(2):203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40200-025-01715-4.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metabolic Disorders"},{"key":"2057_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gupta B, Gupta S, Singh R, Verma N, Gupta K, Goel R, Mittal A. Effectiveness of Digital Health Interventions on Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review, Network Meta-Analysis, and RE-AIM Implementation Assessment. Natl J Community Med. 2026;17(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55489\/njcm.170220266176.","DOI":"10.55489\/njcm.170220266176"},{"issue":"7","key":"2057_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2019.04.009","volume":"29","author":"MC Rossi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rossi MC, Nicolucci A, Ozzello A, Gentile S, Aglialoro A, Chiambretti A, et al. Impact of severe and symptomatic hypoglycemia on quality of life and fear of hypoglycemia in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Results of the Hypos-1 observational study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;29(7):736\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2019.04.009.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2057_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2015.1045815","volume":"127","author":"M D\u00f8mgaard","year":"2015","unstructured":"D\u00f8mgaard M, Bagger M, Rhee NA, Burton CM, Thorsteinsson B. Individual and societal consequences of hypoglycemia: A cross-sectional survey. Postgrad Med. 2015;127(5):438\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00325481.2015.1045815.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2057_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2011.624144","volume":"15","author":"M Brod","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brod M, Christensen T, Bushnell DM. Impact of nocturnal hypoglycemic events on diabetes management, sleep quality, and next-day function: results from a four-country survey. J Med Econ. 2012;15(1):77\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3111\/13696998.2011.624144.","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"2057_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chatwin H, Broadley M, Valdersdorf Jensen M, Hendrieckx C, Carlton J, Heller S, et al Never again will I be carefree\u2019: a qualitative study of the impact of hypoglycemia on quality of life among adults with type 1 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021;9(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002322.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002322"},{"issue":"1","key":"2057_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-025-01650-4","volume":"24","author":"F Fallah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fallah F, Vahid MKA, Salehi M. The relationship between depression, anxiety and health literacy with the severity of diabetes: the mediating role of fear of disease progression. J Diabetes Metabolic Disorders. 2025;24(1):137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40200-025-01650-4.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metabolic Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"2057_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-026-01875-x","volume":"25","author":"SM Petersen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Petersen SM, Ibsen DB, Andersen A. Do insomnia and physical activity mediate the relationship between diabetes and depression in people with type 2 diabetes? J Diabetes Metabolic Disorders. 2026;25(1):50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40200-026-01875-x.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metabolic Disorders"},{"key":"2057_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108752","volume":"174","author":"H Chatwin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chatwin H, Broadley M, Speight J, Cantrell A, Sutton A, Heller S, et al. The impact of hypoglycaemia on quality of life outcomes among adults with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021;174:108752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108752.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2057_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15538","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Li S, Zou Y, Wu X, Bi Y, Zhang L, et al. Fear of hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes: a systematic review. J Clin Nurs. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.15538.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"2057_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"22","key":"2057_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104315","volume":"55","author":"M Pourahmadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pourahmadi M, Delavari S, Koes B, Keshtkar A, Nazemipour M, Mansournia MA. How to formulate appropriate review questions for systematic reviews in sports medicine and rehabilitation? Br J Sports Med. 2021;55(22):1246\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104315.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2057_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-154","volume":"13","author":"R Herzog","year":"2013","unstructured":"Herzog R, \u00c1lvarez-Pasquin MJ, D\u00edaz C, Del Barrio JL, Estrada JM, Gil \u00c1. Are healthcare workers\u2019 intentions to vaccinate related to their knowledge, beliefs and attitudes? A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-13-154.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2057_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.12","volume":"1","author":"M Borenstein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JP, Rothstein HR. A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random\u2010effects models for meta\u2010analysis. Res synthesis methods. 2010;1(2):97\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.12.","journal-title":"Res synthesis methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"2057_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164496056003004","volume":"56","author":"MT Rupinski","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rupinski MT, Dunlap WP. Approximating Pearson product-moment correlations from Kendall\u2019s tau and Spearman\u2019s rho. Educ Psychol Meas. 1996;56(3):419\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164496056003004.","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"2057_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000662","author":"T Stanley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stanley T, Doucouliagos H, Maier M, Barto\u0161 F. Correcting bias in the meta-analysis of correlations. Psychol Methods. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000662.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"2057_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52636-2_287","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Clinical Trials","author":"T Evrenoglou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Evrenoglou T, Metelli S, Chaimani A. Introduction to Meta-Analysis. In: Piantadosi S, Meinert CL, editors. Principles and Practice of Clinical Trials. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2022. pp. 2179\u201395."},{"issue":"2","key":"2057_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.11.2.193","volume":"11","author":"TB Huedo-Medina","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huedo-Medina TB, S\u00e1nchez-Meca J, Mar\u00edn-Mart\u00ednez F, Botella J. Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I\u00b2 index? Psychol Methods. 2006;11(2):193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.11.2.193.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"2057_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d549","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d549","volume":"342","author":"RD Riley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Riley RD, Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ. Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses. BMJ. 2011;342:d549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.d549.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7109","key":"2057_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2057_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","volume":"36","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36:1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v036.i03.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"8","key":"2057_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14565","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14565","volume":"38","author":"M Coolen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coolen M, Aalders J, Broadley M, Aanstoot HJ, Hartman E, Hendrieckx C, et al. Hypoglycaemia and diabetes-specific quality of life in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2021;38(8):e14565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.14565.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2057_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202302_31402","volume":"27","author":"S Turen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Turen S, Y\u0131lmazer RG. The relationship between fear of hypoglycemia and health-related quality of life in diabetic patients with heart disease. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27(4):1592\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26355\/eurrev_202302_31402.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2057_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2025.05.032","volume":"84","author":"N \u015een Celasin","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u015een Celasin N, Sevin\u00e7 Ak\u0131n HY, Karaarslan D, T\u00fcrkmen Balc\u0131 \u00d6. Effects of fear of hypoglycemia on quality of life of children\/adolescents with type 1 diabetes- evaluation from the perspectives of children and their parents: A descriptive cross-sectional study. J Pediatr Nurs. 2025;84:302\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedn.2025.05.032.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"2057_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-014-0167-3","volume":"12","author":"L Shi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shi L, Shao H, Zhao Y, Thomas NA. Is hypoglycemia fear independently associated with health-related quality of life? Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014;12:167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-014-0167-3.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2057_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.12.018","volume":"124","author":"RB Strandberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Strandberg RB, Graue M, Wentzel-Larsen T, Peyrot M, Wahl AK, Rokne B. The relationships among fear of hypoglycaemia, diabetes-related quality of life and psychological well-being in Norwegian adults with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;124:11\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.12.018.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2057_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.46389\/rjd-2023-1160","volume":"30","author":"M Momeni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Momeni M, Ghorbani A, Hasandoost F, Rezaeian S. The relationship of health-related quality of life to fear of hypoglycemia among Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes treated with oral antihyperglycemic agents. Romanian J Diabetes Nutr Metabolic Dis. 2023;30(1):73\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46389\/rjd-2023-1160.","journal-title":"Romanian J Diabetes Nutr Metabolic Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2057_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15066","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.15066","volume":"40","author":"TA Hitt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hitt TA, Hershey JA, Olivos-Stewart D, Forth E, Stuart F, Garren P, et al. The impact of fear of hypoglycaemia on sleep in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2023;40(5):e15066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.15066.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2057_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13765","volume":"74","author":"P Martyn-Nemeth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martyn-Nemeth P, Phillips SA, Mihailescu D, Farabi SS, Park C, Lipton R, et al. Poor sleep quality is associated with nocturnal glycaemic variability and fear of hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes. J Adv Nurs. 2018;74(10):2373\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jan.13765.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2057_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102119","volume":"62","author":"MK Talbo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Talbo MK, Katz A, Hill L, Peters TM, Yale JF, Brazeau AS. Effect of diabetes technologies on the fear of hypoglycaemia among people living with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;62:102119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102119.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"2057_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-1178","volume":"48","author":"M Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao M, Saravanan S, Munyombwe T, Speight J, Hill AJ, Traviss-Turner G, et al. Effects of Modern Glucose Monitoring and Insulin Delivery Technologies on Patient-Reported Outcomes and Experiences in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2025;48(12):2160\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc25-1178.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2057_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26137","volume":"10","author":"L Tian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tian L, Liu K, Li L, Wu W, Zhang N. Effect of fear of hypoglycaemia on sleep quality of patients with type 2 mellitus diabetes: The mediating role of alexithymia. Heliyon. 2024;10(4):e26137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26137.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"2","key":"2057_CR47","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"TG Guilliams","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guilliams TG, Edwards L. Chronic stress and the HPA axis. standard. 2010;9(2):1\u201312.","journal-title":"standard"},{"issue":"5","key":"2057_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1056","volume":"90","author":"TM Buckley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Buckley TM, Schatzberg AF. On the interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sleep: normal HPA axis activity and circadian rhythm, exemplary sleep disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(5):3106\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2004-1056.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2057_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1501","volume":"11","author":"WJ Katon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katon WJ, Young BA, Russo J, Lin EH, Ciechanowski P, Ludman EJ, et al. Association of depression with increased risk of severe hypoglycemic episodes in patients with diabetes. Ann Fam Med. 2013;11(3):245\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1370\/afm.1501.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"2057_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.09.017","volume":"343","author":"M Kwon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kwon M, Lee M, Kim EH, Choi DW, Jung E, Kim KY, et al. Risk of depression and anxiety disorders according to long-term glycemic variability. J Affect Disord. 2023;343:50\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2023.09.017.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"2057_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15425","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.15425","volume":"41","author":"CS Kelly","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kelly CS, Nguyen H, Chapman KS, Wolf WA. The emotional burden of type 1 diabetes: A cross-sectional study to understand associations between diabetes distress and glucose metrics in adulthood. Diabet Med. 2024;41(11):e15425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.15425.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2057_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jeter K, Fisher R, Traino K, Dattilo T, Allen R, Anderson M, et al. The impact of continuous glucose monitoring on diabetes distress among high-risk adolescents and young adults: Secondary outcomes from a pilot randomized controlled trial. Psychol Health Med. 2025;1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13548506.2025.2575402.","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2025.2575402"},{"issue":"7","key":"2057_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47409","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000047409","volume":"105","author":"Z Song","year":"2026","unstructured":"Song Z, Zhao H, Yu X, Sun X. Association between sleep disorders and alterations in glucose metabolism, insulin, and glucagon in patients with type 2 diabetes. Med (Baltim). 2026;105(7):e47409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000047409.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2057_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13248","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.13248","volume":"30","author":"D Yildirim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yildirim D, \u00c7iri\u015f Yildiz C, Ergin E, \u00d6zbay \u0130. Hypoglycaemia fear, treatment adherence, and the quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes and its determinants. Int J Nurs Pract. 2024;30(2):e13248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijn.13248.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Pract"},{"key":"2057_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107988","volume":"160","author":"V Suteau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suteau V, Saulnier PJ, Wargny M, Gonder-Frederick L, Gand E, Chaillous L, et al. Association between sleep disturbances, fear of hypoglycemia and psychological well-being in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus, data from cross-sectional VARDIA study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;160:107988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107988.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2057_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5603\/DK.2020.0057","volume":"10","author":"L YekeFallah","year":"2021","unstructured":"YekeFallah L, Namdar P, Jalalpour A, Talebi F, Mafi M. The relationship between fear of hypoglycemia and sleep quality among type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Diabetol. 2021;10(1):149\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/DK.2020.0057.","journal-title":"Clin Diabetol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2057_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rce.2014.07.009","volume":"215","author":"E J\u00f3dar-Gimeno","year":"2015","unstructured":"J\u00f3dar-Gimeno E, \u00c1lvarez-Guisasola F, \u00c1vila-Lachica L, Palomares-Ortega R, Rold\u00e1n-Su\u00e1rez C, Liz\u00e1n-Tudela L. Quality of life and fear for hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Rev Clin Esp (Barc). 2015;215(2):91\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rce.2014.07.009.","journal-title":"Rev Clin Esp (Barc)"},{"issue":"11","key":"2057_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2022.108232","volume":"37","author":"H Chatwin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chatwin H, Broadley M, Hendrieckx C, Carlton J, Heller S, Amiel SA, et al. The impact of hypoglycaemia on quality of life among adults with type 1 diabetes: Results from YourSAY: Hypoglycaemia. J Diabetes Complicat. 2023;37(11):108232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2022.108232.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complicat"},{"key":"2057_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hussain HR, Ahmed N, Akram MW, Gulzar F, Khan JA, Asad M, et al. Fear of hypoglycemia: a key predictor of sleep quality among the diabetic population. Front Endocrinol. 2025;16\u20132025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1456641.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1456641"},{"key":"2057_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563410","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1563410","volume":"16","author":"\u00c1M Mesa D\u00edaz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mesa D\u00edaz \u00c1M, Belmonte Lomas S, Rodr\u00edguez de Vera G\u00f3mez P, Llanes Gonz\u00e1lez MV, Mateo Rodr\u00edguez C, Hidalgo Sotelo L, et al. Fear of hypoglycemia is linked to poorer glycemic control and reduced quality of life in adults with type 1 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2025;16:1563410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1563410.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2057_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.17049\/jnursology.1555373","volume":"28","author":"D K\u00fclc\u00fc","year":"2025","unstructured":"K\u00fclc\u00fc D, Alt\u0131nta\u015f M, \u00c7elebio\u011flu A. The Effect of Fear of Hypoglycemia on Glycemic Control and Quality of Life in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. J Nursology. 2025;28(3):233\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17049\/jnursology.1555373.","journal-title":"J Nursology"},{"key":"2057_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.2147\/dmso.S431704","volume":"16","author":"J Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu J, Xiao S, Xie X, Kang Y, Peng D, Lu Y. Latent Profile Analysis of Fear of Hypoglycemia in Middle-Aged and Elderly Hospitalized Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Its Relationship with Sleep Quality. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023;16:3641\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/dmso.S431704.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"2057_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yekefallah L, Talebi F, Ghorbani A, Mafi M, Mafi MH. The Relationship between Fear of Hypoglycemia and Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Iran J Endocrinol Metab. 2019;21(3):138\u2013144.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.2.10880\/v1"},{"key":"2057_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hitt T, Smith J, Forth E, Garren P, De la Vega M, Gettings J et al. Fear of hypoglycemia impacts quality of life in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Poster Tour 2 \u2013 Psychosocial Issues, Education, Nutrition, and Exercise2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12924","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12924"}],"container-title":["Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40200-026-02057-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40200-026-02057-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40200-026-02057-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:32:54Z","timestamp":1787819574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40200-026-02057-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40200-026-02057-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2251-6581"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2251-6581","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was based on previously published data and did not involve the collection of individual participant data. Therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"245"}}