{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T10:50:24Z","timestamp":1756896624858,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, Beh\u00f6rde f\u00fcr Arbeit, Gesundheit, Soziales, Familie und Integration"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychiatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40211-025-00518-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T23:13:58Z","timestamp":1742685238000},"page":"55-67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Examining the safety and side effects of exposure therapy in virtual reality for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","Untersuchung der Sicherheit und Nebenwirkungen einer Expositionstherapie in virtueller Realit\u00e4t bei Patient:innen mit einer Zwangsst\u00f6rung"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8468-9073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luzie","family":"Lohse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2068-1478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Rolvien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0978-234X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swantje","family":"Borsutzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6823-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2845-8665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska","family":"Miegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5292-350X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena","family":"Jelinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"518_CR1","first-page":"276","volume":"18","author":"P Cuijpers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cuijpers\u00a0P. Targets and outcomes of psychotherapies for mental disorders: An overview. World Psychiatry. 2019;18:276.","journal-title":"Targets Outcomes Psychother Ment Disord Overview World Psychiatry"},{"key":"518_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herzog P, Lauff S, Rief W, Brakemeier EL. Assessing the unwanted: A\u00a0systematic review of instruments used to assess negative effects of psychotherapy. Brain Behav. 2019;9.","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1447"},{"key":"518_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiebe A, Kannen K, Selaskowski B, Mehren A, Th\u00f6ne AK, Pramme L, et\u00a0al. Virtual reality in the diagnostic and therapy for mental disorders: A\u00a0systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;98.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102213"},{"key":"518_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klatte R, Strauss B, Fl\u00fcckiger C, Rosendahl J. Adverse effects of psychotherapy: Protocol for a\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2018;7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-018-0802-x"},{"key":"518_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23000","volume":"37","author":"SC Schneider","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schneider\u00a0SC, Knott\u00a0L, Cepeda\u00a0SL, Hana\u00a0LM, McIngvale\u00a0E, Goodman\u00a0WK, et\u00a0al. Serious negative consequences associated with exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A\u00a0survey of therapist attitudes and experiences. Depress Anxiety. 2020;37:418\u201328.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"518_CR6","unstructured":"Barnard D. History of VR\u2014Timeline of events and tech. development. 2023."},{"key":"518_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.08.003","volume":"61","author":"E Carl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carl\u00a0E, Stein\u00a0AT, Levihn-Coon\u00a0A, Pogue\u00a0JR, Rothbaum\u00a0B, Emmelkamp\u00a0P, et\u00a0al. Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A\u00a0meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J\u00a0Anxiety Disord. 2019;61:27\u201336.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"518_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2021.102404","volume":"80","author":"AJ Cullen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cullen\u00a0AJ, Dowling\u00a0NL, Segrave\u00a0R, Carter\u00a0A, Y\u00fccel\u00a0M. Exposure therapy in a\u00a0virtual environment: Validation in obsessive compulsive disorder. J\u00a0Anxiety Disord. 2021;80:102404.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"518_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04402-3","volume":"22","author":"R Javaherirenani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Javaherirenani\u00a0R, Mortazavi\u00a0SS, Shalbafan\u00a0M, Ashouri\u00a0A, Farani\u00a0AR. Virtual reality exposure and response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with contamination subtype in comparison with in vivo exposure therapy: A\u00a0randomized clinical controlled trial. Bmc Psychiatry. 2022;22:740.","journal-title":"Bmc Psychiatry"},{"key":"518_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12780","volume":"136","author":"J Scott","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scott\u00a0J. The science and practice of psychotherapy: the critical need for quality assurance and vigilance to monitor the ratio of benefits to risks of therapies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;136:233\u20135.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"518_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olatunji BO, Deacon BJ, Cruelest Cure AJST. Issues in the implementation of exposure-based treatments. Ethical. 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2008.07.004"},{"key":"518_CR12","volume-title":"Mechanisms of harmful treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology","author":"D McKay","year":"2020","unstructured":"McKay\u00a0D, Abramowitz\u00a0JS, Storch\u00a0EA. Mechanisms of harmful treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology. and Practice: Science; 2020."},{"key":"518_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2015.02.002","volume":"20155","author":"S Moritz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moritz\u00a0S, Fieker\u00a0M, Hottenrott\u00a0B, Seeralan\u00a0T, Cludius\u00a0B, Kolbeck\u00a0K, et\u00a0al. No pain, no gain? Adverse effects of psychotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder and its relationship to treatment gains. J\u00a0Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord. 2015;20155:61\u20136.","journal-title":"J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord"},{"key":"518_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1159\/000367928","volume":"24","author":"I Ladwig","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ladwig\u00a0I, Rief\u00a0W, Nestoriuc\u00a0Y. What are the risks and side effects of psychotherapy? \u2013 Development of an inventory for the assessment of negative effects of psychotherapy (INEP). Verhaltenstherapie. 2014;24:252\u201363.","journal-title":"Verhaltenstherapie"},{"key":"518_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendriks L, de Kleine RA, Broekman TG, Hendriks GJ, van Minnen A. Intensive prolonged exposure therapy for chronic PTSD patients following multiple trauma and multiple treatment attempts. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2018;9.","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2018.1425574"},{"key":"518_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobson, N. S., Truax, P. (1991). Clinical Significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. J Consult Clin Psychol, 59.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006X.59.1.12"},{"key":"518_CR17","unstructured":"Rolvien L, Lohse L, Borgmann L, Moritz S, K\u00fchn S, Jelinek L, et al. Exposure and response prevention in virtual reality for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized controlled trial. (submitted)."},{"key":"518_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2529","volume":"28","author":"L Jelinek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jelinek\u00a0L, Peth\u00a0J, Runde\u00a0A, Arlt\u00a0S, Scheunemann\u00a0J, Gallinat\u00a0J. Metacognitive Training for Depression: Feasibility, safety and acceptability of two new treatment modules to reduce suicidality. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2020;28:669\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"518_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","volume":"3","author":"RS Kennedy","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kennedy\u00a0RS, Lane\u00a0NE, Berbaum\u00a0KS, Lilienthal\u00a0MG. Simulator sickness questionnaire: An enhanced method of quantifying simulator sickness. Int J Aviat Psychol. 1993;3:203\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Aviat Psychol"},{"key":"518_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouchard S, Berthiaume M, Robillard G, Forget H, Daudelin-Peltier C, Renaud P, et al. Arguing in favor of revising the simulator sickness questionnaire factor structure when assessing side effects induced by immersions in virtual reality. Front Psychiatry. 1926; 2021.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.739742"},{"key":"518_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","volume":"46","author":"WK Goodman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goodman\u00a0WK, Price\u00a0LH, Rasmussen\u00a0SA, Mazure\u00a0C, Fleischmann\u00a0RL, Hill\u00a0CL, et\u00a0al. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:1006\u201311.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"518_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000257972","volume":"1","author":"I Hand","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hand\u00a0I, B\u00fcttner-Westphal\u00a0H. Die Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS): Ein halbstrukturiertes Interview zur Beurteilung des Schweregrades von Denk- und Handlungszw\u00e4ngen. Verhaltenstherapie. 1991;1:223\u20135.","journal-title":"Verhaltenstherapie"},{"key":"518_CR23","first-page":"631","volume-title":"Clinical significance: A&nbsp;statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Methodological Issues & Strategies in Clinical Research","author":"NS Jacobson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jacobson\u00a0NS, Truax\u00a0P. Clinical significance: A\u00a0statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Methodological Issues & Strategies in Clinical Research. 2004:631\u2013648."},{"key":"518_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.08.015","volume":"83","author":"B Patterson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patterson\u00a0B, Boyle\u00a0MH, Kivlenieks\u00a0M, Van Ameringen\u00a0M. The use of waitlists as control conditions in anxiety disorders research. J\u00a0Psychiatr Res. 2016;83:112\u201320.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"518_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.10.003","volume":"46","author":"MG Craske","year":"2008","unstructured":"Craske\u00a0MG, Kircanski\u00a0K, Zelikowsky\u00a0M, Mystkowski\u00a0J, Chowdhury\u00a0N, Baker\u00a0A. Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy. Behav Res Ther. 2008;46:5\u201327.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"518_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.165.6.781","volume":"165","author":"GP Keijsers","year":"1994","unstructured":"Keijsers\u00a0GP, Hoogduin\u00a0CAL, Schaap\u00a0CPDR. Predictors of treatment outcome in the behavioural treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 1994;165:781\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"518_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2022.41.5.423","volume":"41","author":"LF Merling","year":"2022","unstructured":"Merling LF, Siev J, Delucia C, Davidtz J. I\u00a0think I\u00a0can: The role of self-efficacy in exposure to contamination. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2022;41(5):423\u201343.","journal-title":"J Soc Clin Psychol"},{"key":"518_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-006-9079-9","volume":"30","author":"JA Himle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Himle\u00a0JA, Van Etten\u00a0ML, Janeck\u00a0AS, Fischer\u00a0DJ. Insight as a\u00a0predictor of treatment outcome in behavioral group treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognit Ther Res. 2006;30:661\u20136.","journal-title":"Cognit Ther Res"},{"key":"518_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2021.2013532","volume":"76","author":"J Gan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gan\u00a0J, He\u00a0J, Fu\u00a0H, Zhu\u00a0X. Association between obsession, compulsion, depression and insight in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a\u00a0meta-analysis. Nord J Psychiatry. 2022;76:489\u201396.","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"518_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1159\/000490574","volume":"87","author":"J Guidi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guidi\u00a0J, Brakemeier\u00a0EL, Bockting\u00a0CLH, Cosci\u00a0F, Cuijpers\u00a0P, Jarrett\u00a0RB, et\u00a0al. Methodological recommendations for trials of psychological interventions. Psychother Psychosom. 2018;87:276\u201384.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"}],"container-title":["neuropsychiatrie"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40211-025-00518-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40211-025-00518-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40211-025-00518-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T19:02:43Z","timestamp":1748977363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40211-025-00518-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40211-025-00518-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0948-6259","2194-1327"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0948-6259"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2194-1327"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"L.\u00a0Lohse, L.\u00a0Rolvien, S.\u00a0Borsutzky, S.\u00a0K\u00fchn, F.\u00a0Miegel and L.\u00a0Jelinek declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Center for Psychosocial Medicine of University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (Germany LPEK-0020). Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}}]}}