{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T13:16:19Z","timestamp":1772457379224,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychiatr"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40211-026-00575-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T12:34:21Z","timestamp":1772454861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prolonged social withdrawal (hikikomori) in a\u00a0small European island state: a\u00a0case report","Prolongierter sozialer R\u00fcckzug (Hikikomori) in einem kleinen europ\u00e4ischen Inselstaat: ein Fallbericht"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3191-2224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Borg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Vassallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Dimech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"575_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12895","volume":"73","author":"TA Kato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kato\u00a0TA, Kanba\u00a0S, Teo\u00a0AR. Hikikomori: Multidimensional understanding, assessment, and future international perspectives. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2019;73:427\u201340.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"575_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.5152\/pcp.2022.22429","volume":"32","author":"B Dong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dong\u00a0B, Li\u00a0D, Baker\u00a0GB. Hikikomori: A\u00a0society-bound syndrome of severe social withdrawal. Psychiatry Clin Psychopharmacol. 2022;32:167\u201373.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"575_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2023.103596","volume":"84","author":"Y Takefuji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Takefuji\u00a0Y. Review of hikikomori: A\u00a0global health issue, identification and treatment. Asian J Psychiatr. 2023;84:103596.","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"575_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181e086b1","volume":"198","author":"AR Teo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Teo\u00a0AR, Gaw\u00a0AC. Hikikomori, a\u00a0Japanese culture-bound syndrome of social withdrawal?: A\u00a0proposal for DSM\u20115. J\u00a0Nerv Ment Dis. 2010;198:444\u20139.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"575_CR5","unstructured":"Maltese Mental Health Act. Chapter 525 of the Laws of Malta. 2012."},{"key":"575_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-022-00441-0","volume":"11","author":"\u015e Akpinar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akpinar \u015e, Karada\u011f\u00a0MG. Is vitamin D important in anxiety or depression? What is the truth? Curr Nutr Rep. 2022;11:675\u201381.","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"key":"575_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20989","volume":"21","author":"MB First","year":"2022","unstructured":"First\u00a0MB, Yousif\u00a0LH, Clarke\u00a0DE, Wang\u00a0PS, Gogtay\u00a0N, Appelbaum\u00a0PS. DSM-5-TR: Overview of what\u2019s new and what\u2019s changed. World Psychiatry. 2022;21:218\u20139.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"575_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20705","volume":"19","author":"TA Kato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kato\u00a0TA, Kanba\u00a0S, Teo\u00a0AR. Defining pathological social withdrawal: Proposed diagnostic criteria for hikikomori. World Psychiatry. 2020;19:116\u20137.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"575_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2024.152573","volume":"138","author":"V Pupi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pupi\u00a0V, Bressi\u00a0C, Porcelli\u00a0PM, Rossetti\u00a0MG, Bellani\u00a0M, Trabacca\u00a0A, et\u00a0al. Hikikomori (prolonged social withdrawal) and co-occurring psychiatric disorders and symptoms in adolescents and young adults: A\u00a0scoping review. Compr Psychiatry. 2025;138:152573.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"575_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang W, Chen MY, Feng Y, Su Z, Cheung T, Jackson T, et\u00a0al. Epidemiology of hikikomori: A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis of 19\u00a0studies. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2025.","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13768"},{"key":"575_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12368","volume":"70","author":"TA Kato","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kato\u00a0TA, Kanba\u00a0S. Editorial. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2016;70:1\u20132.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"575_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00006","volume":"7","author":"E Stip","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stip\u00a0E, Thibault\u00a0A, Beauchamp-Chatel\u00a0A, Kisely\u00a0S. Internet addiction, hikikomori syndrome, and the prodromal phase of psychosis. Front Psychiatry. 2016;7:6.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"575_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000929","volume":"37","author":"TA Kato","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kato\u00a0TA, Sartorius\u00a0N, Shinfuku\u00a0N. Shifting the paradigm of social withdrawal: A new era of coexisting pathological and non-pathological hikikomori. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2024;37:177\u201384.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"575_CR14","unstructured":"United Nations. World population prospects. 2024. Accessed on 09\/03\/2025 via population.un.org."}],"container-title":["neuropsychiatrie"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40211-026-00575-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40211-026-00575-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40211-026-00575-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T12:34:24Z","timestamp":1772454864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40211-026-00575-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"references-count":14,"alternative-id":["575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40211-026-00575-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0948-6259","2194-1327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0948-6259","type":"print"},{"value":"2194-1327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"N.\u00a0Borg, C.\u00a0Vassallo and C.\u00a0Dimech declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The patient provided voluntary informed consent for publication of information about him in this case report. Additionally, he accepted to review the manuscript and approved the final version.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}