{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:10:44Z","timestamp":1793211044923,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643932800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Clin Dermatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-021-00661-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T11:28:30Z","timestamp":1643974110000},"page":"257-266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Culprit Medications and Risk Factors Associated with Stevens\u2013Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: Population-Based Nested Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4369-6813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi","family":"Gronich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Maman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nili","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walid","family":"Saliba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"661_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31821201ed","volume":"39","author":"R Gerull","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gerull R, Nelle M, Schaible T. Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome: a review. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(6):1521\u201332.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"661_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1159\/000335627","volume":"97","author":"T Harr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harr T, French LE. Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2012;97:149\u201366.","journal-title":"Chem Immunol Allergy"},{"key":"661_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.03.023","volume":"136","author":"DY Hsu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hsu DY, Brieva J, Silverberg NB, Silverberg JI. Morbidity and mortality of Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in United States adults. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136:1387\u201397.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"661_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701033","volume":"128","author":"M Mockenhaupt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mockenhaupt M, Viboud C, Dunant A, Naldi L, Halevy S, Bouwes Bavinck JN, et al. Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: assessment of medication risks with emphasis on recently marketed drugs. The EuroSCAR-study. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128(1):35\u201344.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"661_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-019-00825-2","volume":"42","author":"T Bell\u00f3n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bell\u00f3n T. Mechanisms of severe cutaneous adverse reactions: recent advances. Drug Saf. 2019;42(8):973\u201392.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"4","key":"661_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2010.04.006","volume":"94","author":"MJ Torres","year":"2010","unstructured":"Torres MJ, Blanca M. The complex clinical picture of beta-lactam hypersensitivity: penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, and clavams. Med Clin North Am. 2010;94(4):805\u201320 (xii).","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"661_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3282370c5f","volume":"7","author":"WH Chung","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chung WH, Hung SI, Chen YT. Human leukocyte antigens and drug hypersensitivity. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;7(4):317\u201323.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"661_CR8","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Annex I: summary of product characteristics. Available from: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/product-information\/sildenafil-teva-epar-product-information_en.pdf. Accessed 29 Nov 2021."},{"key":"661_CR9","unstructured":"US FDA. CYMBALTA: highlights of prescribing information. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2017\/021427s049lbl.pdf. Accessed 29 Nov 2021."},{"key":"661_CR10","unstructured":"DailyMed. GLIMEPIRIDE tablet. Available from: https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/lookup.cfm?setid=9b74fbac-9e04-4927-9981-1e3dace89c6d. Accessed 29 Nov 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"661_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2009.252","volume":"88","author":"B Sassolas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sassolas B, Haddad C, Mockenhaupt M, Dunant A, Liss Y, Bork K, et al. ALDEN, an algorithm for assessment of drug causality in Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: comparison with case\u2013control analysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;88(1):60\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"661_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e3282f3ef9c","volume":"18","author":"C Lonjou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lonjou C, Borot N, Sekula P, Ledger N, Thomas L, Halevy S, et al. A European study of HLA-B in Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis related to five high-risk drugs. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2008;18:99\u2013107.","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet Genomics"},{"issue":"9","key":"661_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e328330a3b8","volume":"19","author":"W Tassaneeyakul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tassaneeyakul W, Jantararoungtong T, Chen P, Lin PY, Tiamkao S, Khunarkornsiri U, et al. Strong association between HLA-B*5801 and allopurinol-induced Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in a Thai population. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2009;19(9):704\u20139.","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet Genomics"},{"issue":"24","key":"661_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512143332404","volume":"333","author":"J Roujeau","year":"1995","unstructured":"Roujeau J, Kelly J, Naldi L, Rzany B, Stern R, Anderson T, et al. Medication use and the risk of Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(24):1600\u20137.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"661_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.20513","volume":"319","author":"O Reges","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reges O, Greenland P, Dicker D, Leibowitz M, Hoshen M, Gofer I, et al. Association of bariatric surgery using laparoscopic banding, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, or laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy vs usual care obesity management with all-cause mortality. JAMA. 2018;319(3):279\u201390.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"661_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101765","author":"N Dagan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dagan N, Barda N, Kepten E, Miron O, Perchik S, Katz MA, et al. BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide mass vaccination setting. N Engl J Med. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2101765 (Epub ahead of print).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"661_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00061.x","volume":"115","author":"S Bastuji-Garin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bastuji-Garin S, Fouchard N, Bertocchi M, Roujeau JC, Revuz J, Wokenstein P. SCORTEN: a severity of illness score for toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Invest Dermatol. 2000;115:149\u201353.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"661_CR18","unstructured":"The RegiSCAR Project. Available from: http:\/\/www.regiscar.org\/Office_1.html. Accessed 29 Nov 2021."},{"issue":"3","key":"661_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2015.01.002","volume":"64","author":"J Abe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abe J, Mataki K, Umetsu R, Ueda N, Kato Y, Nakayama Y, Kinosada Y, et al. Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: the Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system, 2004\u20132013. Allergol Int. 2015;64(3):277\u20139.","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"661_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1987.01660330077013","volume":"123","author":"JC Guillaume","year":"1987","unstructured":"Guillaume JC, Roujeau JC, Revuz J, Penso D, Touraine R. The culprit drugs in 87 cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell\u2019s syndrome). Arch Dermatol. 1987;123(9):1166\u201370.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"661_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.12.015","volume":"138","author":"N Frey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Frey N, Bircher A, Bodmer M, Jick SS, Meier CR, Spoendlin J. Antibiotic drug use and the risk of Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a population-based case\u2013control study. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(5):1207\u20139.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"661_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4124","volume":"26","author":"N Frey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Frey N, Bircher A, Bodmer M, Jick SS, Meier CR, Spoendlin J. Validation of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis diagnoses in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2017;26(4):429\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pds.4124 (Epub 2016 Nov 20).","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"8","key":"661_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13601-017-0188-1","volume":"22","author":"B Sousa-Pinto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sousa-Pinto B, Ara\u00fajo L, Freitas A, Correia O, Delgado L. Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome\/toxic epidermal necrolysis and erythema multiforme drug-related hospitalisations in a national administrative database. Clin Transl Allergy. 2018;22(8):2.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Allergy."},{"issue":"5","key":"661_CR24","first-page":"12","volume":"15","author":"JE Sahag\u00fan Flores","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sahag\u00fan Flores JE, Soto Ortiz JA, Tovar M\u00e9ndez CE, C\u00e1rdenas Ochoa EC, Hern\u00e1ndez FG. S\u00edndrome de Stevens Johnson m\u00e1s colestasis intrahep\u00e1tica inducido por clindamicina o clorfeniramina [Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome plus intrahepatic cholestasis caused by clindamycin or chlorpheniramine]. Dermatol Online J. 2009;15(5):12 (Spanish).","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J"},{"issue":"9","key":"661_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4622","volume":"27","author":"S Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00edn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00edn S, Mart\u00edn-Merino E, Lerma V, Rodr\u00edguez-Miguel A, Gonz\u00e1lez O, Gonz\u00e1lez-Herrada C, et al. Active surveillance of severe cutaneous adverse reactions: a case-population approach using a registry and a health care database. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2018;27(9):1042\u201350.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"5","key":"661_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.18104","volume":"33","author":"DL Limauro","year":"1999","unstructured":"Limauro DL, Chan-Tompkins NH, Carter RW, Brodmerkel GJ Jr, Agrawal RM. Amoxicillin\/clavulanate-associated hepatic failure with progression to Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33(5):560\u20134.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"29","key":"661_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4697","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.4697","volume":"14","author":"G Okan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Okan G, Yaylaci S, Peker O, Kaymakoglu S, Saruc M. Vanishing bile duct and Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome associated with ciprofloxacin treated with tacrolimus. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(29):4697\u2013700.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"661_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15144","volume":"60","author":"AV Pej\u010di\u0107","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pej\u010di\u0107 AV. Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with the use of macrolide antibiotics: a review of published cases. Int J Dermatol. 2021;60(1):12\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"661_CR29","first-page":"220","volume":"14","author":"VS Narayanan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Narayanan VS, Mamatha GP, Ashok L, Rajashekar N. Steven Johnson syndrome due to I.V ceftriaxone: a case report. Indian J Dent Res. 2003;14(4):220\u20133.","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"issue":"1152","key":"661_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-138326","volume":"97","author":"B Banik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Banik B, Bhar D, Sil A. Terbinafine-induced Steven-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS\/TEN) overlap. Postgrad Med J. 2021;97(1152):630\u201331.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J."},{"issue":"9","key":"661_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12219","volume":"40","author":"JH Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee JH, Lee JH, Lee JH, Kim SY, Kim GM. Case of sunitinib-induced Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome. J Dermatol. 2013;40(9):753\u20134.","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2018","key":"661_CR32","first-page":"5376476","volume":"17","author":"CY Ng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ng CY, Chen CB, Wu MY, Wu J, Yang CH, Hui RC, et al. Anticancer drugs induced severe adverse cutaneous drug reactions: an updated review on the risks associated with anticancer targeted therapy or immunotherapies. J Immunol Res. 2018;17(2018):5376476.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"661_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000641","volume":"37","author":"D Moubayed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moubayed D, Gifuni AJ, Tourian L. Methotrimeprazine-associated Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome in 2 Ashkenazi Jewish patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;37(1):112\u20133.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"18","key":"661_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12948-020-00133-6","volume":"6","author":"CM Rossi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rossi CM, Beretta FN, Traverso G, Mancarella S, Zenoni D. A case report of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in a patient with COVID-19 treated with hydroxychloroquine: are these two partners in crime? Clin Mol Allergy. 2020;6(18):19.","journal-title":"Clin Mol Allergy."},{"issue":"2","key":"661_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000000032","volume":"25","author":"AC Rosen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rosen AC, Balagula Y, Raisch DW, Garg V, Nardone B, Larsen N, et al. Life-threatening dermatologic adverse events in oncology. Anticancer Drugs. 2014;25(2):225\u201334.","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"issue":"12","key":"661_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13925","volume":"58","author":"N Frey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Frey N, Bodmer M, Bircher A, R\u00fcegg S, Jick SS, Meier CR, et al. The risk of Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in new users of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2017;58(12):2178\u201385.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"661_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2003.107","volume":"48","author":"R Mandelcorn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mandelcorn R, Shear NH. Lupus-associated toxic epidermal necrolysis: a novel manifestation of lupus? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48:525\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"15","key":"661_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025488","volume":"100","author":"TM Nyambuya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nyambuya TM, Dludla PV, Mxinwa V, Nkambule BB. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the regulation of programmed cell death-1 on T-cells in type 2 diabetes. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(15): e25488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000025488.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"661_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6494795","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6494795","volume":"2017","author":"C Xia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xia C, Rao X, Zhong J. Role of T lymphocytes in type 2 diabetes and diabetes-associated Inflammation. J Diabetes Res. 2017;2017:6494795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/6494795 (Epub 2017 Jan 31).","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Clinical Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40257-021-00661-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40257-021-00661-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40257-021-00661-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T11:16:32Z","timestamp":1744715792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40257-021-00661-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40257-021-00661-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1175-0561","1179-1888"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1175-0561","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1888","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 November 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No funding was received for this work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"No conflict of interest reported for all authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The Lady Davis Carmel Review Board approved the study protocol (0098-19-CMC).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Anonymized data will be available upon request by qualifying researchers.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"DM, NS, and NG performed the analysis; DM, WS, and NG planned the study and interpreted the results; DM and NG drafted the manuscript.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}