{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:13:55Z","timestamp":1790730835843,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Clin Dermatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-024-00912-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T07:28:26Z","timestamp":1734593306000},"page":"155-174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia: An Update"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1424-8069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Messenger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0049-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leila","family":"Asfour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0563-8690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Harries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"912_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-019-00424-y","volume":"20","author":"M Iorizzo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iorizzo M, Tosti A. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: an update on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2019;20:379\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40257-019-00424-y.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1994.01690060100013","volume":"130","author":"S Kossard","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kossard S. Postmenopausal frontal fibrosing alopecia. Scarring alopecia in a pattern distribution. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130:770\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archderm.1994.01690060100013.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7753.203176","volume":"8","author":"RM Trueb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Trueb RM. A comment on frontal fibrosing alopecia (Axel Munthe\u2019s syndrome). Int J Trichol. 2016;8:203\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-7753.203176.","journal-title":"Int J Trichol."},{"key":"912_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19276","volume":"37","author":"M Page","year":"2023","unstructured":"Page M, Mistry K, Macbeth AE, et al. Hairlines through history: frontal fibrosing alopecia over 500 years? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023;37:1954\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.19276.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"912_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10945.x","volume":"167","author":"LL Griffin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Griffin LL, Michaelides C, Griffiths CE, et al. Primary cicatricial alopecias: a UK survey. Br J Dermatol. 2012;167:694\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10945.x.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.12.038","volume":"67","author":"A MacDonald","year":"2012","unstructured":"MacDonald A, Clark C, Holmes S. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: a review of 60 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:955\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.12.038.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12424","volume":"169","author":"NC Dlova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dlova NC, Jordaan HF, Skenjane A, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: a clinical review of 20 black patients from South Africa. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169:939\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.12424.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.12.003","volume":"70","author":"S Va\u00f1\u00f3-Galv\u00e1n","year":"2014","unstructured":"Va\u00f1\u00f3-Galv\u00e1n S, Molina-Ruiz AM, Serrano-Falc\u00f3n C, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: a multicenter review of 355 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70:670\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.12.003.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15735","volume":"33","author":"V Kanti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kanti V, Constantinou A, Reygagne P, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: demographic and clinical characteristics of 490 cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33:1976\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.15735.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"912_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16063","volume":"48","author":"W Leecharoen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leecharoen W, Thanomkitti K, Thuangtong R, et al. Use of facial care products and frontal fibrosing alopecia: coincidence or true association? J Dermatol. 2021;48:1557\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1346-8138.16063.","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.08.076","volume":"84","author":"PM Ramos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramos PM, Anzai A, Duque-Estrada B, et al. Risk factors for frontal fibrosing alopecia: a case\u2013control study in a multiracial population. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84:712\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.10.060","volume":"88","author":"JT Pathoulas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pathoulas JT, Flanagan KE, Walker CJ, et al. A multicenter descriptive analysis of 270 men with frontal fibrosing alopecia and lichen planopilaris in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023;88:937\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.10.060.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19399","volume":"183","author":"SM McSweeney","year":"2020","unstructured":"McSweeney SM, Christou EAA, Dand N, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: a descriptive cross-sectional study of 711 cases in female patients from the UK. Br J Dermatol. 2020;183:1136\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.19399.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1159\/000496708","volume":"5","author":"S Vano-Galvan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vano-Galvan S, Saceda-Corralo D, Blume-Peytavi U, et al. Frequency of the types of alopecia at twenty-two specialist hair clinics: a multicenter study. Skin Appendage Disord. 2019;5:309\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000496708.","journal-title":"Skin Appendage Disord."},{"key":"912_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.10.081","volume":"84","author":"MH Trager","year":"2021","unstructured":"Trager MH, Lavian J, Lee EY, et al. Prevalence estimates for lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia in a New York City health care system. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84:1166\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.10.081.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09664.x","volume":"162","author":"AF Junqueira Ribeiro Pereira","year":"2010","unstructured":"Junqueira Ribeiro Pereira AF, Vincenzi C, Tosti A. Frontal fibrosing alopecia in two sisters. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162:1154\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09664.x.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1159\/000512039","volume":"7","author":"SS Ocampo-Garza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ocampo-Garza SS, Orizaga YQTL, Olvera-Rodriguez V, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: is there a link in relatives? Skin Appendage Disord. 2021;7:206\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000512039.","journal-title":"Skin Appendage Disord."},{"key":"912_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09117-w","volume":"10","author":"C Tziotzios","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tziotzios C, Petridis C, Dand N, et al. Genome-wide association study in frontal fibrosing alopecia identifies four susceptibility loci including HLA-B*07:02. Nat Commun. 2019;10:1150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-09117-w.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"912_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4233","volume":"231","author":"MJ Harries","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harries MJ, Meyer K, Chaudhry I, et al. Lichen planopilaris is characterized by immune privilege collapse of the hair follicle\u2019s epithelial stem cell niche. J Pathol. 2013;231:236\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.4233.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"2311\u20134","key":"912_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2023.04.022","volume":"143","author":"T Rayinda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rayinda T, McSweeney SM, Fenton D, et al. Shared genetic risk variants in both male and female frontal fibrosing alopecia. J Invest Dermatol. 2023;143(2311\u20134): e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jid.2023.04.022.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v103.9604","volume":"103","author":"D Saceda-Corralo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saceda-Corralo D, Ortega-Quijano D, Mu\u00f1oz-Mart\u00edn G, et al. Genotyping of the rs1800440 polymorphism in CYP1B1 gene and the rs9258883 polymorphism in HLA-B gene in a Spanish cohort of 223 patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia. Acta Derm Venereol. 2023;103: adv9604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/actadv.v103.9604.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"912_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4103\/ijt.ijt_105_17","volume":"10","author":"LR da Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"da Silva LR, Trueb RM. Case report of connubial frontal fibrosing alopecia. Int J Trichol. 2018;10:76\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijt.ijt_105_17.","journal-title":"Int J Trichol."},{"key":"912_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16448","author":"B de Nicolas-Ruanes","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Nicolas-Ruanes B, Berna-Rico E, Azcarraga-Llobet C, et al. A plausible hypothesis for the clinical pattern of frontal fibrosing alopecia: the persistence of residues of leave-on facial products on hairline and eyebrows. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocd.16448.","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14535","volume":"175","author":"N Aldoori","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aldoori N, Dobson K, Holden CR, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: possible association with leave-on facial skin care products and sunscreens; a questionnaire study. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175:762\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.14535.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17354","volume":"180","author":"WC Cranwell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cranwell WC, Sinclair R. Sunscreen and facial skincare products in frontal fibrosing alopecia: a case\u2013control study. Br J Dermatol. 2019;180:943\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.17354.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.13785","volume":"44","author":"OM Moreno-Arrones","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moreno-Arrones OM, Saceda-Corralo D, Rodrigues-Barata AR, et al. Risk factors associated with frontal fibrosing alopecia: a multicentre case\u2013control study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2019;44:404\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ced.13785.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v102.306","volume":"102","author":"ML Porri\u00f1o-Bustamante","year":"2022","unstructured":"Porri\u00f1o-Bustamante ML, Montero-V\u00edlchez T, Pinedo-Moraleda FJ, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia and sunscreen use: a cross-sectional study of actinic damage. Acta Derm Venereol. 2022;102: adv00757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/actadv.v102.306.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"912_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-023-02604-7","volume":"315","author":"O Kam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kam O, Na S, Guo W, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia and personal care product use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dermatol Res. 2023;315:2313\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00403-023-02604-7.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"912_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/s0190-9622(97)70326-8","volume":"36","author":"S Kossard","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kossard S, Lee MS, Wilkinson B. Postmenopausal frontal fibrosing alopecia: a frontal variant of lichen planopilaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36:59\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0190-9622(97)70326-8.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1039\/c2pp25112d","volume":"12","author":"SQ Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang SQ, Tanner PR, Lim HW, et al. The evolution of sunscreen products in the United States\u2014a 12-year cross sectional study. Photochem Photobiol Sci Off J Eur Photochem Assoc Eur Soc Photobiol. 2013;12:197\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c2pp25112d.","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci Off J Eur Photochem Assoc Eur Soc Photobiol"},{"key":"912_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2012.08.003","volume":"216","author":"E Manov\u00e1","year":"2013","unstructured":"Manov\u00e1 E, von Goetz N, Hauri U, et al. Organic UV filters in personal care products in Switzerland: a survey of occurrence and concentrations. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2013;216:508\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2012.08.003.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"912_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13763","volume":"84","author":"MA Pastor-Nieto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pastor-Nieto MA, Gatica-Ortega ME, Sanchez-Herreros C, et al. Sensitization to benzyl salicylate and other allergens in patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia. Contact Dermatitis. 2021;84:423\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cod.13763.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"912_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14463","volume":"90","author":"MA Pastor-Nieto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pastor-Nieto MA, Gatica-Ortega ME, Borrego L. Sensitisation to ethylhexyl salicylate: another piece of the frontal fibrosing alopecia puzzle. Contact Dermatitis. 2024;90:402\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cod.14463.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"912_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2494.2000.00009.x","volume":"22","author":"C Bennat","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bennat C, Muller-Goymann CC. Skin penetration and stabilization of formulations containing microfine titanium dioxide as physical UV filter. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2000;22:271\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1467-2494.2000.00009.x.","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"key":"912_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17639","volume":"181","author":"CT Thompson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thompson CT, Chen ZQ, Kolivras A, et al. Identification of titanium dioxide on the hair shaft of patients with and without frontal fibrosing alopecia: a pilot study of 20 patients. Br J Dermatol. 2019;181:216\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.17639.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3891","volume":"101","author":"A Lyakhovitsky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lyakhovitsky A, Kartvelishvily E, Drousiotis T, et al. Hair shaft morphology, elemental composition, and nanoparticles in frontal fibrosing alopecia: a case\u2013control study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2021;101: adv00541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/00015555-3891.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"912_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2006.10.019","volume":"66","author":"J Lademann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lademann J, Richter H, Teichmann A, et al. Nanoparticles\u2014an efficient carrier for drug delivery into the hair follicles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2007;66:159\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpb.2006.10.019.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"issue":"24","key":"912_CR38","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"AS Boyd","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boyd AS, Sanyal S, Abraham JL. Dermal titanium dioxide deposits in frontal fibrosing alopecia\u2014a pilot study. J Clin Med Images. 2023;6(24):1\u20132.","journal-title":"J Clin Med Images."},{"key":"912_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4534","volume":"44","author":"C Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li C, Tang M. The toxicological effects of nano titanium dioxide on target organs and mechanisms of toxicity. J Appl Toxicol. 2024;44:152\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.4534.","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"912_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2023.09.011","volume":"192","author":"F Mascarenhas-Melo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mascarenhas-Melo F, Mathur A, Murugappan S, et al. Inorganic nanoparticles in dermopharmaceutical and cosmetic products: properties, formulation development, toxicity, and regulatory issues. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2023;192:25\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpb.2023.09.011.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"912_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0212","volume":"90","author":"SL Davison","year":"2005","unstructured":"Davison SL, Bell R, Donath S, et al. Androgen levels in adult females: changes with age, menopause, and oophorectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:3847\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2005-0212.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"912_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.05.038","volume":"76","author":"GC Ranasinghe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ranasinghe GC, Piliang MP, Bergfeld WF. Prevalence of hormonal and endocrine dysfunction in patients with lichen planopilaris (LPP): a retrospective data analysis of 168 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76:314\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.05.038.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13842","author":"S Nasiri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nasiri S, Dadkhahfar S, Mansouri P, et al. Evaluation of serum level of sex hormones in women with frontal fibrosing alopecia in comparison to healthy controls. Dermatol Ther. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dth.13842.","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"912_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/ijt.ijt_6_20","volume":"12","author":"M Sasannia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sasannia M, Saki N, Aslani FS. Comparison of serum level of sex hormones in patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia with control group. Int J Trichol. 2020;12:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijt.ijt_6_20.","journal-title":"Int J Trichol."},{"issue":"683\u201390","key":"912_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.05.045","volume":"77","author":"SN Tolkachjov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tolkachjov SN, Chaudhry HM, Camilleri MJ, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia among men: a clinicopathologic study of 7 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(683\u201390): e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.05.045.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e291","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14825","volume":"32","author":"A Lobato-Berezo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lobato-Berezo A, March-Rodriguez A, Deza G, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia after antiandrogen hormonal therapy in a male patient. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32:e291\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.14825.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"912_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.09.033","volume":"86","author":"A Lobato-Berezo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lobato-Berezo A, Iglesias-Sancho M, Rodriguez-Lomba E, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia in men: a multicenter study of 39 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022;86:481\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.09.033.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.1315","author":"T Rayinda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rayinda T, McSweeney SM, Christou E, et al. Gene\u2013environment interaction between CYP1B1 and oral contraception on frontal fibrosing alopecia. JAMA Dermatol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.1315.","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12055","volume":"35","author":"JR Schwartz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schwartz JR, Bacon RA, Shah R, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of anti-dandruff shampoos: a randomized clinical trial comparing products based on potentiated zinc pyrithione and zinc pyrithione\/climbazole. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2013;35:381\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ics.12055.","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"912_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10572.x","volume":"165","author":"U Blume-Peytavi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Blume-Peytavi U, Vogt A. Human hair follicle: reservoir function and selective targeting. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(Suppl 2):13\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10572.x.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.22717.x","volume":"123","author":"R Toll","year":"2004","unstructured":"Toll R, Jacobi U, Richter H, et al. Penetration profile of microspheres in follicular targeting of terminal hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;123:168\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.22717.x.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12532792","volume":"73","author":"PE Pochi","year":"1979","unstructured":"Pochi PE, Strauss JS, Downing DT. Age-related changes in sebaceous gland activity. J Invest Dermatol. 1979;73:108\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12532792.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1972.tb07419.x","volume":"87","author":"JA Cotterill","year":"1972","unstructured":"Cotterill JA, Cunliffe WJ, Williamson B, et al. Age and sex variation in skin surface lipid composition and sebum excretion rate. Br J Dermatol. 1972;87:333\u201340.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16933","volume":"179","author":"VB Rocha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rocha VB, Donati A, Contin LA, et al. Photopatch and patch testing in 63 patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia: a case series. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179:1402\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.16933.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13560","volume":"33","author":"L Rudnicka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rudnicka L, Rokni GR, Lotti T, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis in patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia: an international multi-center study. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33: e13560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dth.13560.","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"912_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.01.026","volume":"83","author":"S Prasad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prasad S, Marks DH, Burns LJ, et al. Patch testing and contact allergen avoidance in patients with lichen planopilaris and\/or frontal fibrosing alopecia: a cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83:659\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.01.026.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.12788\/cutis.0974","volume":"113","author":"SE George","year":"2024","unstructured":"George SE, Rodriguez I, Adler BL, et al. Tangled truths: unraveling the link between frontal fibrosing alopecia and allergic contact dermatitis. Cutis. 2024;113:119\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12788\/cutis.0974.","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"912_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/derm.2024.0034","author":"LC Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen LC, Ogbutor C, Spencer C, et al. Patch testing and allergic contact dermatitis in patients with lichen planopilaris and\/or frontal fibrosing alopecia: a systematic reviewand meta-analysis. Dermatitis. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/derm.2024.0034.","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"912_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18380","volume":"182","author":"C Felmingham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Felmingham C, Yip L, Tam M, et al. Allergy to sunscreen and leave-on facial products is not a likely causative mechanism in frontal fibrosing alopecia: perspective from contact allergy experts. Br J Dermatol. 2020;182:481\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.18380.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.03.007","volume":"24","author":"MJ Harries","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harries MJ, Jimenez F, Izeta A, et al. Lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia as model epithelial stem cell diseases. Trends Mol Med. 2018;24:435\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.03.007.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"912_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2022.100113","volume":"2","author":"MM Senna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Senna MM, Peterson E, Jozic I, et al. Frontiers in lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia research: pathobiology progress and translational horizons. JID Innov. 2022;2: 100113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xjidi.2022.100113.","journal-title":"JID Innov."},{"key":"912_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1328","volume":"11","author":"M Ito","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ito M, Liu Y, Yang Z, et al. Stem cells in the hair follicle bulge contribute to wound repair but not to homeostasis of the epidermis. Nat Med. 2005;11:1351\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm1328.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"912_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700376","volume":"126","author":"G Cotsarelis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cotsarelis G. Epithelial stem cells: a folliculocentric view. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126:1459\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.jid.5700376.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1172\/jci26043","volume":"116","author":"M Ohyama","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ohyama M, Terunuma A, Tock CL, et al. Characterization and isolation of stem cell-enriched human hair follicle bulge cells. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:249\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci26043.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"912_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18854","volume":"183","author":"M Harries","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harries M, Hardman J, Chaudhry I, et al. Profiling the human hair follicle immune system in lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia: can macrophage polarization differentiate these two conditions microscopically? Br J Dermatol. 2020;183:537\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.18854.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102728","volume":"20","author":"CC Aragon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aragon CC, Ruiz-Ordonez I, Nieto-Aristizabal I, et al. Letter to the editor: Frontal fibrosing alopecia: an autoimmune manifestation? Autoimmun Rev. 2021;20: 102728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102728.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"912_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.05.016","volume":"86","author":"C Dubin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dubin C, Glickman JW, Del Duca E, et al. Scalp and serum profiling of frontal fibrosing alopecia reveals scalp immune and fibrosis dysregulation with no systemic involvement. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022;86:551\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.05.016.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2007.00524.x","volume":"217","author":"BA Sayed","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sayed BA, Brown MA. Mast cells as modulators of T-cell responses. Immunol Rev. 2007;217:53\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2007.00524.x.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"912_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)63877-1","volume":"162","author":"PC Arck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arck PC, Handjiski B, Peters EM, et al. Stress inhibits hair growth in mice by induction of premature catagen development and deleterious perifollicular inflammatory events via neuropeptide substance P-dependent pathways. Am J Pathol. 2003;162:803\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)63877-1.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"912_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.061206","volume":"171","author":"EM Peters","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peters EM, Liotiri S, Bod\u00f3 E, et al. Probing the effects of stress mediators on the human hair follicle: substance P holds central position. Am J Pathol. 2007;171:1872\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2353\/ajpath.2007.061206.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"912_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac111","volume":"1","author":"EHC Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang EHC, Monga I, Sallee BN, et al. Primary cicatricial alopecias are characterized by dysregulation of shared gene expression pathways. PNAS Nexus. 2022;1: pgac111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac111.","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus."},{"key":"912_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13816","volume":"29","author":"A Hobo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hobo A, Harada K, Maeda T, et al. IL-17-positive mast cell infiltration in the lesional skin of lichen planopilaris: possible role of mast cells in inducing inflammation and dermal fibrosis in cicatricial alopecia. Exp Dermatol. 2020;29:273\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/exd.13816.","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14539","volume":"175","author":"C Sol\u00e9","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sol\u00e9 C, Gimenez-Barcons M, Ferrer B, et al. Microarray study reveals a transforming growth factor-\u03b2-dependent mechanism of fibrosis in discoid lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175:302\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.14539.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/002215549804600310","volume":"46","author":"S Eichm\u00fcller","year":"1998","unstructured":"Eichm\u00fcller S, van der Veen C, Moll I, et al. Clusters of perifollicular macrophages in normal murine skin: physiological degeneration of selected hair follicles by programmed organ deletion. J Histochem Cytochem. 1998;46:361\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002215549804600310.","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"912_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13608","volume":"30","author":"L Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu L, Xue Y, Wang J, et al. Transcriptome analysis of frontal fibrosis alopecia revealed involvement of immune cells and ferroptosis. Skin Res Technol. 2024;30: e13608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/srt.13608.","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol."},{"key":"912_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.652191","volume":"12","author":"GE Ryan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ryan GE, Harris JE, Richmond JM. Resident memory T cells in autoimmune skin diseases. Front Immunol. 2021;12: 652191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.652191.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"912_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19040","volume":"183","author":"E Del Duca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Del Duca E, Ruano RJ, Pavel AB, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia shows robust T helper 1 and Janus kinase 3 skewing. Br J Dermatol. 2020;183:1083\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.19040.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08818.x","volume":"159","author":"KC Meyer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meyer KC, Klatte JE, Dinh HV, et al. Evidence that the bulge region is a site of relative immune privilege in human hair follicles. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:1077\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08818.x.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1087-0024.2003.00807.x","volume":"8","author":"R Paus","year":"2003","unstructured":"Paus R, Ito N, Takigawa M, et al. The hair follicle and immune privilege. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2003;8:188\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1087-0024.2003.00807.x.","journal-title":"J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc"},{"key":"912_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.09.014","volume":"26","author":"R Paus","year":"2005","unstructured":"Paus R, Nickoloff BJ, Ito T. A \u201chairy\u201d privilege. Trends Immunol. 2005;26:32\u201340.","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"912_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.09.047","volume":"138","author":"H Imanishi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Imanishi H, Ansell DM, Cheret J, et al. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal stem cell transition in a human organ: lessons from lichen planopilaris. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138:511\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jid.2017.09.047.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09682.x","volume":"162","author":"M Nakamura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nakamura M, Tokura Y. Expression of Snail1 in the fibrotic dermis of postmenopausal frontal fibrosing alopecia: possible involvement of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition and a review of the Japanese patients. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162:1152\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09682.x.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e195","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16114","volume":"34","author":"J Ch\u00e9ret","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ch\u00e9ret J, Piccini I, Hardman-Smart J, et al. Preclinical evidence that the PPAR\u03b3 modulator, N-acetyl-GED-0507-34-levo, may protect human hair follicle epithelial stem cells against lichen planopilaris-associated damage. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34:e195\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.16114.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"912_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.15245","volume":"47","author":"J Sanz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sanz J, Lin D, Miteva M. Drugs targeting epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition molecules for treatment of lichen planopilaris. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2022;47:1642\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ced.15245.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.369","volume":"129","author":"P Karnik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karnik P, Tekeste Z, McCormick TS, et al. Hair follicle stem cell-specific PPARgamma deletion causes scarring alopecia. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:1243\u201357.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14062","volume":"29","author":"Y Ramot","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramot Y, Bertolini M, Boboljova M, et al. PPAR-gamma signalling as a key mediator of human hair follicle physiology and pathology. Exp Dermatol. 2020;29:312\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/exd.14062.","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.10.036","volume":"72","author":"NA Mesinkovska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mesinkovska NA, Tellez A, Dawes D, et al. The use of oral pioglitazone in the treatment of lichen planopilaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72:355\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.10.036.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20165029","volume":"91","author":"NK Gaspar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gaspar NK. DHEA and frontal fibrosing alopecia: molecular and physiopathological mechanisms. An Bras Dermatol. 2016;91:776\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20165029.","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20174","volume":"38","author":"S Vano-Galvan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vano-Galvan S, Saceda-Corralo D. Oral dutasteride is a first-line treatment for frontal fibrosing alopecia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2024;38:1455\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.20174.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"912_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e326","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16287","volume":"34","author":"I Doche","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doche I, Pagliari C, Hordinsky MK, et al. Overexpression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in frontal fibrosing alopecia and lichen planopilaris: a potential pathogenic role for dioxins?: an investigational study of 38 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34:e326\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.16287.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"912_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.2147\/ccid.S262803","volume":"13","author":"R Noakes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Noakes R. Frontal fibrosing alopecia. An example of disrupted aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated immunological homeostasis in the skin? Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2020;13:479\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ccid.S262803.","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/s0041-008x(03)00083-8","volume":"189","author":"PR Hanlon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hanlon PR, Ganem LG, Cho YC, et al. AhR- and ERK-dependent pathways function synergistically to mediate 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin suppression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma1 expression and subsequent adipocyte differentiation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2003;189:11\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0041-008x(03)00083-8.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"912_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038449","volume":"7","author":"SP Panicker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Panicker SP, Ganguly T, Consolo M, et al. Sterol intermediates of cholesterol biosynthesis inhibit hair growth and trigger an innate immune response in cicatricial alopecia. PLoS ONE. 2012;7: e38449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0038449.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"912_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1159\/000444758","volume":"1","author":"MJ Harries","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harries MJ, Wong S, Farrant P. Frontal fibrosing alopecia and increased scalp sweating: is neurogenic inflammation the common link? Skin Appendage Disord. 2016;1:179\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000444758.","journal-title":"Skin Appendage Disord."},{"key":"912_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13835","volume":"29","author":"I Doche","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doche I, Wilcox GL, Ericson M, et al. Evidence for neurogenic inflammation in lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia pathogenic mechanism. Exp Dermatol. 2020;29:282\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/exd.13835.","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-03153-3","volume":"316","author":"A Anzai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anzai A, Abujamra BA, Aoki V, et al. Upregulation of caveolae-associated structural proteins in the hair follicle bulge of lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia. Arch Dermatol Res. 2024;316:330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00403-024-03153-3.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"912_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9050572","author":"I Jozic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jozic I, Ch\u00e9ret J, Abujamra BA, et al. A cell membrane-level approach to cicatricial alopecia management: is caveolin-1 a viable therapeutic target in frontal fibrosing alopecia? Biomedicines. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines9050572.","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"key":"912_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19259","volume":"183","author":"JA Hardman-Smart","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hardman-Smart JA, Purba TS, Panicker S, et al. Does mitochondrial dysfunction of hair follicle epithelial stem cells play a role in the pathobiology of lichen planopilaris? Br J Dermatol. 2020;183:964\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.19259.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2009.05.001","volume":"55","author":"G Miglio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Miglio G, Rosa AC, Rattazzi L, et al. PPARgamma stimulation promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and prevents glucose deprivation-induced neuronal cell loss. Neurochem Int. 2009;55:496\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2009.05.001.","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"912_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9030266","author":"A Constantinou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Constantinou A, Polak-Witka K, Tomazou M, et al. Dysbiosis and enhanced beta-defensin production in hair follicles of patients with lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia. Biomedicines. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines9030266.","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"key":"912_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.13989","volume":"45","author":"L Yip","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yip L, Barrett TH, Harries MJ. Folliculitis decalvans and lichen planopilaris phenotypic spectrum: a case series of biphasic clinical presentation and theories on pathogenesis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2020;45:63\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ced.13989.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.06.030","volume":"137","author":"C Tziotzios","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tziotzios C, Ainali C, Holmes S, et al. Tissue and circulating microRNA co-expression analysis shows potential involvement of miRNAs in the pathobiology of frontal fibrosing alopecia. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137:2440\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jid.2017.06.030.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05973-0","volume":"9","author":"J Ch\u00e9ret","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ch\u00e9ret J, Bertolini M, Ponce L, et al. Olfactory receptor OR2AT4 regulates human hair growth. Nat Commun. 2018;9:3624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-05973-0.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"912_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10809.x","volume":"167","author":"M Miteva","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miteva M, Whiting D, Harries M, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia in black patients. Br J Dermatol. 2012;167:208\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10809.x.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adotama P, Callender V, Kolla A, et al. Comparing the clinical differences in white and black women with frontal fibrosing alopecia. Br J Dermatol. 2021:185:1074\u20136.","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20605"},{"key":"912_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000494603","volume":"235","author":"JS Mervis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mervis JS, Borda LJ, Miteva M. Facial and extrafacial lesions in an ethnically diverse series of 91 patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia followed at a single center. Dermatology. 2019;235:112\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000494603.","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"912_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11146.x","volume":"168","author":"NC Dlova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dlova NC. Frontal fibrosing alopecia and lichen planus pigmentosus: is there a link? Br J Dermatol. 2013;168:439\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11146.x.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.36849\/jdd.0324","volume":"23","author":"SA Azim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Azim SA, Whiting C, Friedman A. Highlighting the link between lichen planus pigmentosus and frontal fibrosing alopecia. J Drugs Dermatol. 2024;23:196\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36849\/jdd.0324.","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000456038","volume":"3","author":"R Romiti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Romiti R, Biancardi Gavioli CF, Anzai A, et al. Clinical and histopathological findings of frontal fibrosing alopecia-associated lichen planus pigmentosus. Skin Appendage Disord. 2017;3:59\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000456038.","journal-title":"Skin Appendage Disord."},{"key":"912_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xavier de Brito FA-O, Cortez de Almeida RA-OX, Machado CJ, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia associated with lichen planus pigmentosus: a multicentre retrospective descriptive analytical study of 104 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.19093.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19093"},{"key":"912_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_881_20","volume":"12","author":"K Vinay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vinay K, Bishnoi A, Kamat D, et al. Acquired dermal macular hyperpigmentation: an update. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2021;12:663\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_881_20.","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"912_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1982.tb00500.x","volume":"21","author":"H Rorsman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rorsman H. Riehl\u2019s melanosis. Int J Dermatol. 1982;21:75\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1982.tb00500.x.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14053","volume":"86","author":"ME Gatica-Ortega","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gatica-Ortega ME, Pastor-Nieto MA, Torres-Aranda R, et al. Contact sensitization to Magnolia officinalis bark extract and other allergens in a patient with frontal fibrosing alopecia and lichen planus pigmentosus. Contact Dermatitis. 2022;86:434\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cod.14053.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"912_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14139","volume":"87","author":"ME Gatica-Ortega","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gatica-Ortega ME, Vergara-de-la-Campa L, Alonso-Naranjo L, et al. Relevant sensitization to diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate and fragrances in a patient with frontal fibrosing alopecia and acquired dermal macular hyperpigmentation. Contact Dermatitis. 2022;87:287\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cod.14139.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"912_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17017","volume":"63","author":"K Vinay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vinay K, Kamat D, Narayan RV, et al. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene frequency in acquired dermal macular hyperpigmentation: a case control study. Int J Dermatol. 2024;63:773\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijd.17017.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.08.015","author":"MH Trager","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trager MH, Lavian J, Lee EY, et al. Medical comorbidities and gender distribution among patients with lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia: a retrospective cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.08.015.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13996","volume":"57","author":"RM Fertig","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fertig RM, Hu S, Maddy AJ, et al. Medical comorbidities in patients with lichen planopilaris, a retrospective case\u2013control study. Int J Dermatol. 2018;57:804\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijd.13996.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.09.004","volume":"78","author":"C Pindado-Ortega","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pindado-Ortega C, Saceda-Corralo D, Buend\u00eda-Casta\u00f1o D, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia and cutaneous comorbidities: a potential relationship with rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78:596-7.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.09.004.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.985081","volume":"13","author":"L Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu L, Chen Y, Chen J, et al. Association between frontal fibrosing alopecia and rosacea: results from clinical observational studies and gene expression profiles. Front Immunol. 2022;13: 985081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.985081.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"912_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16481","volume":"179","author":"L Gether","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gether L, Overgaard LK, Egeberg A, et al. Incidence and prevalence of rosacea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179:282\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.16481.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08861.x","volume":"160","author":"KT Tan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tan KT, Messenger AG. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: clinical presentations and prognosis. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:75\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08861.x.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15372","volume":"33","author":"M Starace","year":"2019","unstructured":"Starace M, Brandi N, Alessandrini A, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: a case series of 65 patients seen in a single Italian centre. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33:433\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.15372.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"912_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2022.08.003","volume":"9","author":"RL Imhof","year":"2022","unstructured":"Imhof RL, Villalpando B, Proffer S, et al. Eyebrow hair loss as a prognostic factor for frontal fibrosing alopecia. JAAD Int. 2022;9:44\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdin.2022.08.003.","journal-title":"JAAD Int."},{"key":"912_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.09008.x","volume":"160","author":"MJ Harries","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harries MJ, Trueb RM, Tosti A, et al. How not to get scar(r)ed: pointers to the correct diagnosis in patients with suspected primary cicatricial alopecia. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:482\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.09008.x.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.0359","volume":"156","author":"D Saceda-Corralo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saceda-Corralo D, Pindado-Ortega C, Moreno-Arrones OM, et al. Association of inflammation with progression of hair loss in women with frontal fibrosing alopecia. JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156:700\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.0359.","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.03.017","volume":"91","author":"COC Fechine","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fechine COC, Sakai Valente NY, Romiti R, et al. Correlation of clinical and trichoscopy features with the degree of histologic inflammation in lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia in a cross-sectional study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024;91:161\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.03.017.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1159\/000487158","volume":"4","author":"MA Mart\u00ednez-Velasco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Velasco MA, V\u00e1zquez-Herrera NE, Misciali C, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia severity index: a trichoscopic visual scale that correlates thickness of peripilar casts with severity of inflammatory changes at pathology. Skin Appendage Disord. 2018;4:277\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000487158.","journal-title":"Skin Appendage Disord."},{"key":"912_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12139","volume":"27","author":"E Racz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Racz E, Gho C, Moorman PW, et al. Treatment of frontal fibrosing alopecia and lichen planopilaris: a systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27:1461\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.12139.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"912_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.15035","volume":"47","author":"DM Cummins","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cummins DM, Marshall C, Asfour L, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: survey of severity assessment methods in routine clinical practice and validation of the International Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia Cooperative Group measurement guidance. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2022;47:903\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ced.15035.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.12.054","volume":"75","author":"P Mirmirani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mirmirani P, Zimmerman B. Cocking the eyebrows to find the missing hairline in frontal fibrosing alopecia: a useful clinical maneuver. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;75:e63\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.12.054.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.08.054","volume":"62","author":"C Chiang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chiang C, Sah D, Cho BK, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and lichen planopilaris: efficacy and introduction of Lichen Planopilaris Activity Index scoring system. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:387\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.08.054.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.01.060","volume":"90","author":"LC Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen LC, Ogbutor C, Kelley KJ, et al. Topical tofacitinib for patients with lichen planopilaris and\/or frontal fibrosing alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024;90:1260\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.01.060.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14445","volume":"175","author":"S Holmes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holmes S, Ryan T, Young D, et al. Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia Severity Index (FFASI): a validated scoring system for assessing frontal fibrosing alopecia. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175:203\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.14445.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.09.034","volume":"78","author":"D Saceda-Corralo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saceda-Corralo D, Moreno-Arrones OM, Fonda-Pascual P, et al. Development and validation of the Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia Severity Score. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78:522\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.09.034.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20567","volume":"185","author":"EA Olsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olsen EA, Harries M, Tosti A, et al. Guidelines for clinical trials of frontal fibrosing alopecia: consensus recommendations from the International FFA Cooperative Group (IFFACG). Br J Dermatol. 2021;185:1221\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.20567.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.04.045","volume":"64","author":"A Donati","year":"2011","unstructured":"Donati A, Assouly P, Matard B, et al. Clinical and photographic assessment of lichen planopilaris treatment efficacy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64:597\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.04.045.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1159\/000524127","volume":"8","author":"J Sici\u0144ska","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sici\u0144ska J, Kasprzak M, Walecka I. Trichoscopy-derived hairline recession equivalent in monitoring frontal fibrosing alopecia. Skin Appendage Disord. 2022;8:362\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000524127.","journal-title":"Skin Appendage Disord."},{"key":"912_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4103\/ijt.ijt_58_19","volume":"11","author":"OM Moreno-Arrones","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moreno-Arrones OM, Alfageme F, Alegre A, et al. Ultrasonographic characteristics of frontal fibrosing alopecia. Int J Trichol. 2019;11:183\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijt.ijt_58_19.","journal-title":"Int J Trichol."},{"key":"912_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14571","volume":"32","author":"NE Vazquez-Herrera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vazquez-Herrera NE, Eber AE, Martinez-Velasco MA, et al. Optical coherence tomography for the investigation of frontal fibrosing alopecia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32:318\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.14571.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"912_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10424.x","volume":"165","author":"M Agozzino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Agozzino M, Tosti A, Barbieri L, et al. Confocal microscopic features of scarring alopecia: preliminary report. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165:534\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10424.x.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12940","volume":"27","author":"M Kurzeja","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kurzeja M, Czuwara J, Walecka I, et al. Features of classic lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia in reflectance confocal microscopy: a preliminary study. Skin Res Technol. 2021;27:266\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/srt.12940.","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol."},{"key":"912_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2022.02.036","volume":"23","author":"CT Thompson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thompson CT, Martinez Velasco MA, Tosti A. Three-dimensional imaging of a peripilar cast and compound follicle in frontal fibrosing alopecia. JAAD Case Rep. 2022;23:46\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdcr.2022.02.036.","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"912_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4103\/ijt.ijt_17_18","volume":"10","author":"AR Rodrigues-Barata","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rodrigues-Barata AR, Moreno-Arrones OM, Corralo DS, et al. The \u201cStarry Night Sky Sign\u201d using ultraviolet-light-enhanced trichoscopy: a new sign that may predict efficacy of treatment in frontal fibrosing alopecia. Int J Trichol. 2018;10:241\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijt.ijt_17_18.","journal-title":"Int J Trichol."},{"key":"912_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.5415","volume":"159","author":"C Gudobba","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gudobba C, Mane T, Bayramova A, et al. Automating hair loss labels for universally scoring alopecia from images: rethinking alopecia scores. JAMA Dermatol. 2023;159:143\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.5415.","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13259","volume":"172","author":"YZ Chiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chiang YZ, Bundy C, Griffiths CE, et al. The role of beliefs: lessons from a pilot study on illness perception, psychological distress and quality of life in patients with primary cicatricial alopecia. Br J Dermatol. 2015;172:130\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.13259.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2017.6330","volume":"154","author":"D Saceda-Corralo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saceda-Corralo D, Pindado-Ortega C, Moreno-Arrones \u00d3M, et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154:479\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamadermatol.2017.6330.","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12030824","author":"ML Porri\u00f1o-Bustamante","year":"2023","unstructured":"Porri\u00f1o-Bustamante ML, Montero-V\u00edlchez T, Fern\u00e1ndez-Pugnaire MA, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia quality of life index: a validated Disease-Specific Questionnaire involving women. J Clin Med. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12030824.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"912_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1615281","volume":"34","author":"MV Heppt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heppt MV, Letul\u00e9 V, Laniauskaite I, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: a retrospective analysis of 72 patients from a German Academic Center. Facial Plast Surg. 2018;34:88\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0037-1615281.","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"912_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.09.093","volume":"84","author":"C Pindado-Ortega","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pindado-Ortega C, Saceda-Corralo D, Moreno-Arrones \u00d3M, et al. Effectiveness of dutasteride in a large series of patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia in real clinical practice. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84:1285\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.09.093.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12479","volume":"53","author":"N Banka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Banka N, Mubki T, Bunagan MJ, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: a retrospective clinical review of 62 patients with treatment outcome and long-term follow-up. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53:1324\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijd.12479.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09994.x","volume":"163","author":"JC Donovan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Donovan JC, Samrao A, Ruben BS, et al. Eyebrow regrowth in patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia treated with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163:1142\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09994.x.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.05.036","volume":"93","author":"RL Imhof","year":"2018","unstructured":"Imhof RL, Chaudhry HM, Larkin SC, et al. Frontal fibrosing alopecia in women: the Mayo Clinic experience with 148 patients, 1992\u20132016. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93:1581\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.05.036.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"912_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09965.x","volume":"163","author":"A Samrao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Samrao A, Chew AL, Price V. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: a clinical review of 36 patients. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163:1296\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09965.x.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15993","volume":"23","author":"M Saber","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saber M, Farokhshahi M, Fatemi NF, et al. Clinical effectiveness of finasteride versus hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of frontal fibrosing alopecia: a randomized controlled trial. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2024;23:576\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocd.15993.","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR155","unstructured":"Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Hydroxychloquine and chloroquine retinopathy: recommendations on monitoring. https:\/\/www.rcophth.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Hydroxychloroquine-and-Chloroquine-Retinopathy-Monitoring-Executive-Summary.pdf. 2020."},{"key":"912_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e372","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.16313","volume":"61","author":"A Moussa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moussa A, Bennett M, Bhoyrul B, et al. Clinical features and treatment outcomes of frontal fibrosing alopecia in men. Int J Dermatol. 2022;61:e372\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijd.16313.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.089","volume":"85","author":"A Murad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murad A, Bergfeld WF. Reply to Effectiveness of dutasteride in a large series of patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia in real clinical practice. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;85: e93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.089.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7753.114709","volume":"5","author":"R Oliveira-Soares","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oliveira-Soares R, Silva JME, Correia MP, et al. Finasteride 5 mg\/day treatment of patterned hair loss in normo-androgenetic postmenopausal women. Int J Trichol. 2013;5:22\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-7753.114709.","journal-title":"Int J Trichol."},{"key":"912_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2147\/clep.S124674","volume":"9","author":"KW Hagberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hagberg KW, Divan HA, Fang SC, et al. Risk of gynecomastia and breast cancer associated with the use of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Clin Epidemiol. 2017;9:83\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/clep.S124674.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"912_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.Epi-18-0904","volume":"28","author":"TM Kj\u00e6rulff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kj\u00e6rulff TM, Ersb\u00f8ll AK, Green A, et al. Finasteride use and risk of male breast cancer: a case\u2013control study using individual-level registry data from Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2019;28:980\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.Epi-18-0904.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"912_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113052","author":"SM Seyed Jafari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seyed Jafari SM, Heidemeyer K, Hunger RE, et al. Safety of antiandrogens for the treatment of female androgenetic alopecia with respect to gynecologic malignancies. J Clin Med. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13113052.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"912_CR162","first-page":"988","volume":"16","author":"A Rakowska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rakowska A, Gradzinska A, Olszewska M, et al. Efficacy of isotretinoin and acitretin in treatment of frontal fibrosing alopecia: retrospective analysis of 54 cases. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16:988\u201392.","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2020.1750553","volume":"33","author":"H Mahmoudi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahmoudi H, Rostami A, Tavakolpour S, et al. Oral isotretinoin combined with topical clobetasol 0.05% and tacrolimus 0.1% for the treatment of frontal fibrosing alopecia: a randomized controlled trial. J Dermatol Treat. 2022;33:284\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09546634.2020.1750553.","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"912_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17356","author":"AM Beyzaee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beyzaee AM, Babaei M, Ghoreishi B, et al. Isotretinoin as a promising option in the treatment of facial papules of frontal fibrosing alopecia. Int J Dermatol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijd.17356.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1159\/000534631","volume":"10","author":"M Nasimi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nasimi M, Ansari MS. JAK inhibitors in the treatment of lichen planopilaris. Skin Appendage Disord. 2024;10:10\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000534631.","journal-title":"Skin Appendage Disord."},{"key":"912_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2023.07.037","volume":"40","author":"C Dunn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dunn C, Griffith V, Coican A, et al. Janus kinase inhibition for the treatment of refractory frontal fibrosing alopecia: a case series and review of the literature. JAAD Case Rep. 2023;40:47\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdcr.2023.07.037.","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"912_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.34169","volume":"15","author":"RK Hamel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamel RK, Chen L, O\u2019Connell C, et al. Oral low-dose naltrexone in the treatment of frontal fibrosing alopecia and lichen planopilaris: an uncontrolled open-label prospective study. Cureus. 2023;15: e34169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.34169.","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"912_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2020.1774488","volume":"33","author":"V Lajevardi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lajevardi V, Salarvand F, Ghiasi M, et al. The efficacy and safety of oral low dose naltrexone versus placebo in the patients with lichen planopilaris: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Dermatol Treat. 2022;33:769\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09546634.2020.1774488.","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"912_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.425","volume":"129","author":"MJ Harries","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harries MJ, Paus R. Scarring alopecia and the PPAR-gamma connection. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:1066\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jid.2008.425.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15868","volume":"35","author":"V Lajevardi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lajevardi V, Ghiasi M, Balighi K, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral pioglitazone in the management of lichen planopilaris in comparison with clobetasol: a randomized clinical trial. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35: e15868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dth.15868.","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"912_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.7996","volume":"314","author":"JD Lewis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lewis JD, Habel LA, Quesenberry CP, et al. Pioglitazone use and risk of bladder cancer and other common cancers in persons with diabetes. JAMA. 2015;314:265\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2015.7996.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"912_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.026","volume":"84","author":"S Va\u00f1\u00f3-Galv\u00e1n","year":"2021","unstructured":"Va\u00f1\u00f3-Galv\u00e1n S, Trindade de Carvalho L, Saceda-Corralo D, et al. Oral minoxidil improves background hair thickness in lichen planopilaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84:1684\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.026.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.7743","volume":"23","author":"N Ly","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ly N, McClure EM, Hordinsky MK, et al. Safety and efficacy of minoxidil treatment in scarring alopecia: a scoping review. J Drugs Dermatol. 2024;23:146\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36849\/JDD.7743.","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.05.031","volume":"81","author":"S Va\u00f1\u00f3-Galv\u00e1n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Va\u00f1\u00f3-Galv\u00e1n S, Villodres E, Pigem R, et al. Hair transplant in frontal fibrosing alopecia: a multicenter review of 51 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;81:865\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.05.031.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28551","volume":"131","author":"JA Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee JA, Levy DA, Patel KG, et al. Hair transplantation in frontal fibrosing alopecia and lichen planopilaris: a systematic review. Laryngoscope. 2021;131:59\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.28551.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"912_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1097\/dss.0000000000002207","volume":"46","author":"A Audickaite","year":"2020","unstructured":"Audickaite A, Alam M, Jimenez F. Eyebrow hair transplantation in frontal fibrosing alopecia: pitfalls of short- and long-term results. Dermatol Surg. 2020;46:922\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/dss.0000000000002207.","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"912_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1177\/12034754231177599","volume":"27","author":"A Garcia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garcia A, Navarro MR, Ramirez A, et al. Plasma rich in growth factors as an adjuvant treatment for the management of frontal fibrosing alopecia: a retrospective observational clinical study. J Cutan Med Surg. 2023;27:340\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/12034754231177599.","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"912_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.09.006","volume":"28","author":"A Gerkowicz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gerkowicz A, Bartosi\u0144ska J, Wolska-Gawron K, et al. Application of superluminescent diodes (sLED) in the treatment of scarring alopecia\u2014a pilot study. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther. 2019;28:195\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.09.006.","journal-title":"Photodiagn Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"912_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175981","author":"A Gerkowicz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gerkowicz A, Bartosi\u0144ska J, Raczkiewicz D, et al. Novel application of light-emitting diode therapy in the treatment of eyebrow loss in frontal fibrosing alopecia. Sensors (Basel). 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21175981.","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)."},{"key":"912_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13695","volume":"20","author":"E Tierney","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tierney E, Kavanagh GM. Koebnerization secondary to microblading. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021;20:1040\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocd.13695.","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"912_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3420204","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3420204","volume":"2018","author":"S Kaul","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaul S, Gulati N, Verma D, et al. Role of nanotechnology in cosmeceuticals: a review of recent advances. J Pharm (Cairo). 2018;2018:3420204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/3420204.","journal-title":"J Pharm (Cairo)."},{"key":"912_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10050979","author":"G Fytianos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fytianos G, Rahdar A, Kyzas GZ. Nanomaterials in cosmetics: recent updates. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano10050979.","journal-title":"Nanomaterials (Basel)."},{"key":"912_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666x.2022.2106971","volume":"18","author":"HA Ram\u00edrez-Mar\u00edn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Mar\u00edn HA, Tosti A. Examining the autoimmune aspects of frontal fibrosing alopecia. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2022;18:1091\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1744666x.2022.2106971.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Clinical Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40257-024-00912-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40257-024-00912-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40257-024-00912-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T03:27:09Z","timestamp":1740367629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40257-024-00912-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"references-count":183,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["912"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40257-024-00912-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1175-0561","1179-1888"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1175-0561","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1888","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"AGM: Pfizer (consultant), Samson Clinical (shareholding). AGM is an Editorial Board member of the American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. AGM was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. LS: AbbVie (consultant, investigator), Sanofi (investigator), L\u2019Or\u00e9al (consultant), Pfizer (education grant). MH: AbbVie (consultant, investigator), Eli Lilly (consultant), Pfizer (speaker, consultant), Sanofi (investigator).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Patient consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors contributed equally to the design and production of the manuscript. The final version has been read and approved by all the authors.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}