{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T09:13:27Z","timestamp":1778663607498,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Clin Dermatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-026-01023-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:08:32Z","timestamp":1775038112000},"page":"537-555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emerging Therapeutic Strategies in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0128-8531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoni","family":"Sacknovitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Bear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maggie H.","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua A.","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larisa J.","family":"Geskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1023_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-11-251926","volume":"116","author":"JJ Campbell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Campbell JJ, Clark RA, Watanabe R, Kupper TS. S\u00e9zary syndrome and Mycosis Fungoides arise from distinct T-cell subsets: a biologic rationale for their distinct clinical behaviors. Blood. 2010;116(5):767\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2009-11-251926.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"16","key":"1023_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-11-881268","volume":"133","author":"R Willemze","year":"2019","unstructured":"Willemze R, Cerroni L, Kempf W, et al. The 2018 update of the WHO-EORTC classification for primary cutaneous lymphomas. Blood. 2019;133(16):1703\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2018-11-881268.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"7","key":"1023_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.143.7.854","volume":"143","author":"VD Criscione","year":"2007","unstructured":"Criscione VD, Weinstock MA. Incidence of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in the United States, 1973-2002. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(7):854\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archderm.143.7.854.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26760","volume":"98","author":"AC Hristov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hristov AC, Tejasvi T, Wilcox RA. Cutaneous T\u2010cell lymphomas: 2023 update on diagnosis, risk\u2010stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 2023;98(1):193\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajh.26760.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"1023_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2023.113343","volume":"195","author":"J Latzka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Latzka J, Assaf C, Bagot M, et al. EORTC consensus recommendations for the treatment of Mycosis Fungoides\/S\u00e9zary Syndrome\u2014update 2023. Eur J Cancer. 2023;195:113343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2023.113343.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"1023_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17240","volume":"180","author":"D Gilson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gilson D, Whittaker SJ, Child FJ, et al. British Association of Dermatologists and U.K. Cutaneous Lymphoma Group guidelines for the management of primary cutaneous lymphomas 2018. Br J Dermatol. 2019;180(3):496\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.17240.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"1023_CR7","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Primary cutaneous lymphomas. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Version 3.2025. 2025."},{"key":"1023_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u015eanl\u0131 H, Erol Mart HM. Review of treatment algorithms in mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. Turk J Dermatol. Published online 24 October 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/tjd.galenos.2024.60362.","DOI":"10.4274\/tjd.galenos.2024.60362"},{"key":"1023_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv30","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy133","volume":"29","author":"R Willemze","year":"2018","unstructured":"Willemze R, Hodak E, Zinzani PL, Specht L, Ladetto M. Primary cutaneous lymphomas: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2018;29:iv30\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annonc\/mdy133.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"23","key":"1023_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5098","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021004710","volume":"5","author":"SM Horwitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Horwitz SM, Scarisbrick JJ, Dummer R, et al. Randomized Phase 3 ALCANZA study of Brentuximab Vedotin vs physician\u2019s choice in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: final data. Blood Adv. 2021;5(23):5098\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021004710.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"10094","key":"1023_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31266-7","volume":"390","author":"H Prince","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prince H, Kim Y, Horwitz S. Brentuximab vedotin or physician\u2019s choice in CD30-positive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (ALCANZA): an international, open-label, randomised, Phase 3, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2017;390(10094):555\u201366.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"1023_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30379-6","volume":"19","author":"YH Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim YH, Bagot M, Pinter-Brown L, et al. Mogamulizumab versus vorinostat in previously treated cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (MAVORIC): an international, open-label, randomised, controlled Phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(9):1192\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30379-6.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1023_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.12-10-1247","volume":"12","author":"BS Mann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mann BS, Johnson JR, Cohen MH, Justice R, Pazdur R. FDA approval summary: vorinostat for treatment of advanced primary cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma. Oncologist. 2007;12(10):1247\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.12-10-1247.","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"6","key":"1023_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13222","volume":"168","author":"F Foss","year":"2015","unstructured":"Foss F, Advani R, Duvic M. A Phase II trial of belinostat (PXD 101) in patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral or cutaneous T\u2010cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2015;168(6):811\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"29","key":"1023_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.28.9066","volume":"28","author":"SJ Whittaker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Whittaker SJ, Demierre MF, Kim EJ, et al. Final results from a multicenter, international, pivotal study of Romidepsin in refractory Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(29):4485\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2010.28.9066.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"14","key":"1023_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020009655","volume":"138","author":"J Park","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park J, Daniels J, Wartewig T, et al. Integrated genomic analyses of Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas reveal the molecular bases for disease heterogeneity. Blood. 2021;138(14):1225\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2020009655.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"12","key":"1023_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-02018-1","volume":"25","author":"R Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li R, Strobl J, Poyner EFM, et al. Cutaneous T cell lymphoma atlas reveals malignant TH2 cells supported by a B cell-rich tumor microenvironment. Nat Immunol. 2024;25(12):2320\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-024-02018-1.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"14","key":"1023_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022008327","volume":"7","author":"K Watanabe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Watanabe K, Gomez AM, Kuramitsu S, et al. Identifying highly active anti-CCR4 CAR T cells for the treatment of T-cell lymphoma. Blood Adv. 2023;7(14):3416\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022008327.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"1023_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01568-z","volume":"17","author":"R Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng R, Zhu X, Xiao Y. Advances in CAR-T-cell therapy in T-cell malignancies. J Hematol Oncol. 2024;17:49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13045-024-01568-z.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1023_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-24-01549","volume":"43","author":"FM Foss","year":"2025","unstructured":"Foss FM, Kim YH, Prince HM, et al. Efficacy and safety of Denileukin diftitox-cxdl, an improved purity formulation of Denileukin diftitox, in patients with relapsed or refractory Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2025;43(10):1198\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO-24-01549.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1023_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19134","author":"BB M","year":"2023","unstructured":"M BB, G Q, C N, et al. Effectiveness of mogamulizumab in patients with mycosis fungoides or S\u00e9zary syndrome: a multicentre, retrospective, real-world French study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.19134.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae153","volume":"191","author":"S Tzoumpa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tzoumpa S, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, de Masson A, et al. Evolution of patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome after Mogamulizumab discontinuation for any cause except progression: a multicentre retrospective study (Moga-stop Study). Br J Dermatol. 2024;191(1):143\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjd\/ljae153.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"1023_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.114395","volume":"211","author":"C Assaf","year":"2024","unstructured":"Assaf C, Booken N, Schlaak M, et al. A-200 Mogamulizumab in patients with Mycosis fungoides or S\u00e9zary syndrome: update on the German non-interventional MINT study. Eur J Cancer. 2024;211:114395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.114395.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"1023_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.114405","volume":"211","author":"PO Romero","year":"2024","unstructured":"Romero PO, Pujol RM, Cravo M, et al. A-198 real-world effectiveness of Mogamulizumab in Spain and Portugal: second interim analysis of the MIBERIC study. Eur J Cancer. 2024;211:114405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.114405.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16010141","volume":"16","author":"N Ninosu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ninosu N, Melchers S, Kappenstein M, et al. Mogamulizumab combined with extracorporeal photopheresis as a novel therapy in Erythrodermic Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cancers (Basel). 2023;16(1):141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16010141.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19457","volume":"38","author":"CA Rubio-Muniz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rubio-Muniz CA, S\u00e1nchez-Vel\u00e1zquez A, Arroyo-Andr\u00e9s J, et al. Mogamulizumab combined with extracorporeal photopheresis for the treatment of refractory mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome. Report of seven cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2024;38(1):e102\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.19457.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"1023_CR27","unstructured":"City of Hope Medical Center. A Phase II study of combination extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) and mogamulizumab in erythrodermic CTCL. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04930653. Accessed 9 Jan 2026."},{"key":"1023_CR28","unstructured":"Innate Pharma. U.S. FDA granted breakthrough therapy designation to lacutamab for relapsed or refractory S\u00e9zary syndrome. 2025."},{"key":"1023_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-1456","author":"MC A","year":"2014","unstructured":"A MC, N V, N T, et al. IPH4102, a humanized KIR3DL2 antibody with potent activity against cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cancer Res. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-1456.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"1023_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-173806","volume":"142","author":"M Bagot","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bagot M, Kim YH, Geskin LJ, et al. Lacutamab in patients with relapsed and refractory S\u00e9zary syndrome: results from the Tellomak Phase 2 Trial. Blood. 2023;142(Supplement 1):185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2023-173806.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1023_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-194796","volume":"144","author":"M Bagot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bagot M, Kim YH, Ram-Wolff C, et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with relapsed\/refractory cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma treated by lacutamab: patient-reported outcomes from the Phase 2 Tellomak Trial. Blood. 2024;144:466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2024-194796.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"1023_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0292-9","volume":"33","author":"H Torrey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Torrey H, Khodadoust M, Tran L, et al. Targeted killing of TNFR2-expressing tumor cells and Tregs by TNFR2 antagonistic antibodies in advanced S\u00e9zary syndrome. Leukemia. 2019;33(5):1206\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41375-018-0292-9.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"16_suppl","key":"1023_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.2641","volume":"42","author":"KS Rohrberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rohrberg KS, Papai Z, Eefsen RL, et al. 19-BI-1808-01, a Phase 1\/2a clinical trial of BI-1808, a tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) blocker\/depleter with or without pembrolizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2024;42(16_suppl):2641\u20132641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.2641.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"1023_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2025-3633","volume":"146","author":"S Barta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Barta S, Querfeld C, Lim S, et al. BI-1808, a tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) blocker\/depleter, showing promising efficacy in T cell lymphoma patients. Blood. 2025;146(Supplement 1):3633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2025-3633.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1023_CR35","unstructured":"BioInvent International AB. Phase 1\/2a open-label, dose-escalation, multicenter, FIH, consecutive-cohort, clinical trial of BI-1808, a monoclonal antibody to TNFR 2 as a single agent and in combination with pembrolizumab (MK-3475-D20) in subjects with advanced malignancies. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04752826. Accessed 9 Jan 2026."},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"1023_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-115269","volume":"132","author":"A Sawas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sawas A, Elgedawe H, Vlad G, et al. Clinical and biological evaluation of the novel CD30\/CD16A tetravalent bispecific antibody (AFM13) in relapsed or refractory CD30-Positive lymphoma with cutaneous presentation: a biomarker Phase Ib\/IIa study (NCT03192202). Blood. 2018;132(Supplement 1):2908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2018-99-115269.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"1023_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03640-8","volume":"31","author":"Y Nieto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nieto Y, Banerjee P, Kaur I, et al. Allogeneic NK cells with a bispecific innate cell engager in refractory relapsed lymphoma: a Phase 1 trial. Nat Med. 2025;31(6):1987\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-025-03640-8.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1023_CR38","unstructured":"Reneau J. A pilot Phase I trial of IL-21 expanded, off the shelf, third-party natural killer (NK) cells in combination with mogamulizumab in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphomas or adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphomas. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04848064. Accessed 16 Jan 2026."},{"issue":"11","key":"1023_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e808","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(21)00271-4","volume":"8","author":"C Querfeld","year":"2021","unstructured":"Querfeld C, Thompson JA, Taylor MH, et al. Intralesional TTI-621, a novel biologic targeting the innate immune checkpoint CD47, in patients with relapsed or refractory Mycosis fungoides or S\u00e9zary syndrome: a multicentre, Phase 1 study. Lancet Haematol. 2021;8(11):e808\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3026(21)00271-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1023_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-02-630335","volume":"126","author":"AH Rook","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rook AH, Gelfand JM, Wysocka M, et al. Topical resiquimod can induce disease regression and enhance T-cell effector functions in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2015;126(12):1452\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2015-02-630335.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1023_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.663961","volume":"11","author":"P Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang P, Zhang M. Epigenetics in the pathogenesis and treatment of cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma. Front Oncol. 2021;11:663961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2021.663961.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1023_CR42","first-page":"166","volume":"3","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Bae SC. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: molecular mechanisms of action and clinical trials as anti-cancer drugs. Am J Transl Res. 2011;3(2):166\u201379.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"1023_CR43","unstructured":"Stadler R, Quaglino P, Woei-A-Jin S. Resminostat for maintenance treatment in patients with advanced stage mycosis fungoides or S\u00e9zary syndrome: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 trial. SSRN Preprint. Published online 2024."},{"key":"1023_CR44","unstructured":"4SC AG. EMA signals a negative CHMP opinion on the marketing authorization application for resminostat (Kinselby). 2025."},{"key":"1023_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu Y, Ma S, Chan Y, Wu Y, Feng Y, Wang N. Epigenetic orchestration of cancer-immune dynamics: mechanisms, technologies, and clinical advancements. J Adv Res. Published online 2025.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.08.057"},{"issue":"23","key":"1023_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9601","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-5270","volume":"68","author":"AF Setiadi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Setiadi AF, Omilusik K, David MD, et al. Epigenetic enhancement of antigen processing and presentation promotes immune recognition of tumors. Cancer Res. 2008;68(23):9601\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-5270.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"1023_CR47","unstructured":"Iyer S. A Phase II study of pembrolizumab in combination with romidepsin demonstrates durable responses in relapsed or refractory T-Cell lymphoma (TCL). In: ASH; 2020. https:\/\/ash.confex.com\/ash\/2020\/webprogram\/Paper143252.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com. Accessed 16 Sept 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.01056","volume":"38","author":"MS Khodadoust","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khodadoust MS, Rook AH, Porcu P, et al. Pembrolizumab in relapsed and refractory mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome: A multicenter Phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(1):20\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.19.01056.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1023_CR49","unstructured":"Study Details | NCT04296786 | Sintilimab plus chidamide in the treatment of relapsed and refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a multicenter Phase II Study | ClinicalTrials.gov. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04296786. Accessed 14 Jan 2026."},{"issue":"5","key":"1023_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2882","volume":"11","author":"B Vanhaesebroeck","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vanhaesebroeck B, Guillermet-Guibert J, Graupera M, Bilanges B. The emerging mechanisms of isoform-specific PI3K signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010;11(5):329\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrm2882.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1023_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1056","volume":"3","author":"K Okkenhaug","year":"2003","unstructured":"Okkenhaug K, Vanhaesebroeck B. PI3K in lymphocyte development, differentiation and activation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003;3(4):317\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri1056.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"7505","key":"1023_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13444","volume":"510","author":"K Ali","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ali K, Soond DR, Pineiro R, et al. Inactivation of PI(3)K p110\u03b4 breaks regulatory T-cell-mediated immune tolerance to cancer. Nature. 2014;510(7505):407\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature13444.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7629","key":"1023_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20554","volume":"539","author":"O De Henau","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Henau O, Rausch M, Winkler D, et al. Overcoming resistance to checkpoint blockade therapy by targeting PI3K\u03b3 in myeloid cells. Nature. 2016;539(7629):443\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature20554.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2022.281875","volume":"109","author":"SP Iyer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iyer SP, Huen A, Ai WZ, et al. Safety and efficacy of tenalisib in combination with romidepsin in patients with relapsed\/refractory T-cell lymphoma: results from a Phase I\/II open-label multicenter study. Haematologica. 2024;109(1):209\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3324\/haematol.2022.281875.","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"2","key":"1023_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-022-01315-6","volume":"41","author":"C Nguyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen C, Iyer S, Duvic M. Complete response to tenalisib and romidepsin with long-term maintenance using tenalisib monotherapy in a patient with relapsed and refractory S\u00e9zary syndrome. Invest New Drugs. 2023;41(2):350\u20135.","journal-title":"Invest New Drugs"},{"issue":"9","key":"1023_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03076-6","volume":"30","author":"S Horwitz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Horwitz S, Nirmal A, Rahman J. Duvelisib plus romidepsin in relapsed\/refractory T cell lymphomas: A Phase 1b\/2a trial. Nat Med. 2024;30(9):2517\u201327.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"1023_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4286","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2025016347","volume":"9","author":"J Ford","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ford J, Koh M, Lenart A. Real-world evidence of duvelisib and romidepsin in relapsed\/refractory peripheral and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Blood Adv. 2025;9(16):4286\u2013305.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"9","key":"1023_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2025.1926","volume":"161","author":"Z Pang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pang Z, Wang Y, Liu Z, et al. Linperlisib plus chidamide in relapsed or refractory cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma: a nonrandomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2025;161(9):923\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamadermatol.2025.1926.","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1023_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15547","volume":"183","author":"AG Seto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seto AG, Beatty X, Lynch JM, et al. Cobomarsen, an oligonucleotide inhibitor of miR-155, co-ordinately regulates multiple survival pathways to reduce cellular proliferation and survival in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2018;183(3):428\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjh.15547.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"1023_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Querfeld C, Foss F, Kim Y. Phase 1 trial of cobomarsen, an inhibitor of miR-155, in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. 2018; 132:2903.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-119861"},{"key":"1023_CR61","unstructured":"miRagen announces internal review of preliminary topline data for the Phase 2 SOLAR clinical trial of cobomarsen in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). https:\/\/investors.viridiantherapeutics.com\/news\/news-details\/2020\/miRagen-Announces-Internal-Review-of-Preliminary-Topline-Data-for-the-Phase-2-SOLAR-Clinical-Trial-of-Cobomarsen-in-Patients-with-Cutaneous-T-Cell-Lymphoma-CTCL-10-05-2020\/default.aspx. Accessed 14 Jan 2026."},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00750.x","volume":"228","author":"DA Fruman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fruman DA, Bismuth G. Fine tuning the immune response with PI3K. Immunol Rev. 2009;228(1):253\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00750.x.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1023_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20112092","volume":"442","author":"L So","year":"2012","unstructured":"So L, Fruman DA. PI3K signalling in B- and T-lymphocytes: new developments and therapeutic advances. Biochem J. 2012;442(3):465\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BJ20112092.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"1023_CR64","unstructured":"Study Details | NCT03432741 | Direct tumor microinjection and FDG-PET in testing drug sensitivity in patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, or stage IV breast cancer | ClinicalTrials.gov. https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03432741?term=COPANLISIB%20DIHYDROCHLORIDE&viewType=Table&rank=9. Accessed 26 Jan 2026."},{"issue":"4","key":"1023_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17040568","volume":"17","author":"A Kashyap","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kashyap A, Saavedra Palacios M, Clavijo P, Somasundaram A, Gonzalez P. Therapeutic targeting of the Janus kinase\/Signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cancers (Basel). 2025;17(4):568.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1023_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16050861","volume":"16","author":"S Packer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Packer S, Brunner P. JAK inhibitors in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: friend or foe? A systematic review of the published literature. Cancers (Basel). 2024;16(5):861.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"1023_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00296-9","volume":"7","author":"R Dummer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dummer R, Vermeer M, Scarisbrick J, Kim Y, Stonesifer C, Tensen C. Cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7:61.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"9","key":"1023_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3356","volume":"47","author":"J Choi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choi J, Goh G, Walradt T, et al. Genomic landscape of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Nat Genet. 2015;47(9):1011\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.3356.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"1023_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9470","volume":"6","author":"MJ Kiel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kiel MJ, Sahasrabuddhe AA, Rolland DCM, et al. Genomic analyses reveal recurrent mutations in epigenetic modifiers and the JAK-STAT pathway in S\u00e9zary syndrome. Nat Commun. 2015;6:8470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms9470.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"1023_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028449","volume":"10","author":"JX Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin JX, Leonard WJ. The common cytokine receptor \u03b3 chain family of cytokines. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2018;10(9):a028449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a028449.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00754.x","volume":"228","author":"K Ghoreschi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ghoreschi K, Laurence A, O\u2019Shea JJ. Janus kinases in immune cell signaling. Immunol Rev. 2009;228(1):273\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00754.x.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"26","key":"1023_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021013379","volume":"138","author":"A Moskowitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moskowitz A, Lunning M, Horwitz S. A Phase 2 biomarker-driven study of ruxolitinib demonstrates effectiveness of JAK\/STAT targeting in T-cell lymphomas. Blood. 2021;138(26):2828\u201337.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"1023_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-123986","volume":"134","author":"SM Horwitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Horwitz SM, Feldman TA, Hess BT, et al. A Phase 2 study of the dual SYK\/JAK inhibitor Cerdulatinib demonstrates good tolerability and clinical response in relapsed\/refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2019;134(Supplement_1):466\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2019-123986.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00589-2","volume":"25","author":"Y Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song Y, Malpica L, Cai Q, et al. Golidocitinib, a selective JAK1 tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, in patients with refractory or relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma (JACKPOT8 Part B): a single-arm, multinational, Phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2024;25(1):117\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00589-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"1023_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2025-8079","volume":"146","author":"Q Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Q, Wang S, zhu Q, et al. Golidocitinib-based therapy in relapsed\/refractory mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome: a real-world retrospective analysis. Blood. 2025;146(Supplement 1):8079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2025-8079.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1023_CR76","unstructured":"M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. A Phase 2 trial to assess safety and efficacy of tofacitinib 2% cream in the treatment of cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma (CTCL), stages IA, IB, and IIA. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06698822. Accessed 19 Jan 2026."},{"issue":"5","key":"1023_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16050861","volume":"16","author":"SM Vahabi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vahabi SM, Bahramian S, Esmaeili F, et al. JAK inhibitors in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: friend or foe? A systematic review of the published literature. Cancers Basel. 2024;16(5):861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16050861.","journal-title":"Cancers Basel"},{"key":"1023_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v106.44546","volume":"106","author":"L Lu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lu L, Feng J, He H, et al. Cutaneous lymphoma associated with JAK inhibitors: a pharmacovigilance analysis of the FAERS database and literature review. Acta Dermato-Venereol. 2026;106:adv44546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/actadv.v106.44546.","journal-title":"Acta Dermato-Venereol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1023_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-694117","volume":"128","author":"JP Nicolay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nicolay JP, M\u00fcller-Decker K, Schroeder A, et al. Dimethyl fumarate restores apoptosis sensitivity and inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in CTCL by targeting NF-\u03baB. Blood. 2016;128(6):805\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2016-01-694117.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"9","key":"1023_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022018669","volume":"142","author":"JP Nicolay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nicolay JP, Melchers S, Albrecht JD, et al. Dimethyl fumarate treatment in relapsed and refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a multicenter Phase 2 study. Blood. 2023;142(9):794\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2022018669.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"1023_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019001545","volume":"134","author":"TC Froehlich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Froehlich TC, M\u00fcller-Decker K, Braun JD, et al. Combined inhibition of Bcl-2 and NF\u03baB synergistically induces cell death in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2019;134(5):445\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2019001545.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"1023_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2020-137782","volume":"136","author":"MS Khodadoust","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khodadoust MS, Feldman TA, Yoon DH, et al. Cpi-818, an oral interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase inhibitor, is well-tolerated and active in patients with T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2020;136(Supplement 1):19\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2020-137782.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"1023_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1341","volume":"200","author":"CL Zhang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhang CL, Kamarashev J, Qin JZ, Burg G, Dummer R, D\u00f6bbeling U. Expression of apoptosis regulators in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) cells. J Pathol. 2003;200(2):249\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.1341.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"19","key":"1023_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-06-792150","volume":"130","author":"BM Cyrenne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cyrenne BM, Lewis JM, Weed JG, et al. Synergy of BCL2 and histone deacetylase inhibition against leukemic cells from cutaneous T-cell lymphoma patients. Blood. 2017;130(19):2073\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2017-06-792150.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1023_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2020.12.025","volume":"8","author":"ALO King","year":"2021","unstructured":"King ALO, Mirza FN, Lewis JM, et al. B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor venetoclax treatment of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. JAAD Case Rep. 2021;8:89\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdcr.2020.12.025.","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"1023_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7177","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2025-7177","volume":"146","author":"Y Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang Y, Liu Z, Wei J, et al. Synergistic remission of refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by linperlisib plus venetoclax via targeting the PI3K\/AKT\/CREB-BCL-2\/MCL-1 signaling axis. Blood. 2025;146(Supplement 1):7177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2025-7177.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"20","key":"1023_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003955","volume":"5","author":"N Ferrari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferrari N, Ward G, Gewinner C, et al. Antagonism of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins reveals a novel, immune response-based therapeutic approach for T-cell lymphoma. Blood Adv. 2021;5(20):4003\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003955.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"1023_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HS9.0000843760.14993.43","volume":"6","author":"JM Michot","year":"2022","unstructured":"Michot JM, Mehta A, Samaniego F, et al. S217: preliminary analysis of the Phase II study using tolinapant (ASTX660) monotherapy in 98 peripheral T-cell lymphoma and 51 cutaneous t-cell lymphoma subjects with relapsed refractory disease. HemaSphere. 2022;6:118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.HS9.0000843760.14993.43.","journal-title":"HemaSphere."},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"1023_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6205","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-179195","volume":"142","author":"B Poligone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Poligone B, Jueliger S, Davis MP, et al. ASTX660-01 Phase 2: a case study of tolinapant-induced pseudoprogression in CTCL. Blood. 2023;142(Supplement 1):6205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2023-179195.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"1023_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4433","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-210301","volume":"144","author":"T Feldman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feldman T, Marchi E, Smith SD, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical activity of KT-333, a targeted protein degrader of STAT3, in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphomas, leukemia, and solid tumors. Blood. 2024;144(Supplement 1):4433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2024-210301.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1023_CR91","unstructured":"Ryan C. FDA Grants Fast Track Designation to KT-333 in R\/R CTCL and PTCL | OncLive. 2026. https:\/\/www.onclive.com\/view\/fda-grants-fast-track-designation-to-kt-333-in-r-r-ctcl-and-ptcl. Accessed 26 Jan 2026."},{"key":"1023_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5272","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-125118","volume":"134","author":"M Soko\u0142owska-Wojdy\u0142o","year":"2019","unstructured":"Soko\u0142owska-Wojdy\u0142o M, Blazewicz I, Olszweska B, et al. A Phase 1b study evaluating the safety and efficacy of topical administration of WP1220, an inhibitor of STAT3 activation, in Stage I, II or III mycosis fungoides (MF). Blood. 2019;134:5272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2019-125118.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"1023_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-179411","volume":"142","author":"T Chew","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chew T, Yannakou CK, Ganju V, Grant S, Sebti S, Prince HM. Phase 1 pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of the geranylgeranyltransferase I inhibitor PTX-100 (GGTI-2418) in patients with advanced malignancies. Blood. 2023;142(Supplement 1):1705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2023-179411.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1023_CR94","unstructured":"Prescient Therapeutics, Ltd. An open-label, Phase 2 study of PTX-100 monotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. clinicaltrials.gov; 2026. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06854653. Accessed 26 Jan 2026."},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2024.479","volume":"57","author":"YS Choi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Choi YS, Shim J, Kang KW, et al. Assessing the efficacy of bortezomib and dexamethasone for induction and maintenance therapy in relapsed\/refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a Phase II CISL1701\/BIC study. Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(1):267\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4143\/crt.2024.479.","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"19","key":"1023_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194821","volume":"14","author":"Y Jeon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jeon Y, Kang H, Yang Y, et al. A novel selective Axl\/Mer\/CSF1R kinase inhibitor as a cancer immunotherapeutic agent targeting both immune and tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(19):4821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14194821.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"1023_CR97","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic. MC220806: Phase I study evaluating the efficacy of CSF1R and TAM receptor or inhibition in hematologic malignancies with Q702, a small molecular inhibitor. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06712810. Accessed 26 Jan 2026."},{"key":"1023_CR98","unstructured":"SciTech Development, Inc. A Phase 1a\/1b trial in relapsed\/refractory T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma to determine the safety profile, pharmacology, and maximum tolerated dose of ST-001, a fenretinide phospholipid suspension (12.5 mg\/mL) for intravenous infusion. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04234048. Accessed 26 Jan 2026."},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"1023_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2020-143135","volume":"136","author":"C Querfeld","year":"2020","unstructured":"Querfeld C, William BM, Sokol L, et al. Co-inhibition of IL-2, IL-9 and IL-15 by the novel immunomodulator, Bnz-1, provides clinical efficacy in patients with refractory cutaneous T cell lymphoma in a Phase 1\/2 clinical trial. Blood. 2020;136(Supplement 1):37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2020-143135.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"1023_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2025-5083","volume":"146","author":"Z Mo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mo Z, Kalashnikova E, Wood S, et al. Golcadomide demonstrates potent antiproliferative activity in T-cell lymphoma via degradation of IKZF1 and IKZF3. Blood. 2025;146(Supplement 1):5083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2025-5083.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1023_CR101","unstructured":"Study Details | NCT06035497 | A study to assess the safety, tolerability, efficacy, and drug levels of BMS-986369 (Golcadomide) in participants with relapsed or refractory T-cell lymphomas in Japan (GOLSEEK-3) | ClinicalTrials.gov. https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06035497. Accessed 26 Jan 2026."},{"key":"1023_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2025.115484","author":"R Stadler","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stadler R, Roccuzzo G, Ortiz-Romero P, et al. Phase II trial of atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) in the treatment of relapsed\/refractory IIB\/IVB mycosis fungoides\/S\u00e9zary syndrome patients after previous systemic treatment. EORTC-1652-CLTG \u201cPARCT.\u201d Eur J Cancer. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2025.115484.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"1023_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1901","volume":"6","author":"TA Waldmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Waldmann TA. The biology of interleukin-2 and interleukin-15: Implications for cancer therapy and vaccine design. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6(8):595\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri1901.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bneo.2024.100054","volume":"2","author":"MJ Gordon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gordon MJ, Dubois S, Miljkovic MD, et al. A Phase 1 study of interleukin-15 in combination with mogamulizumab in relapsed and refractory T-cell malignancies. Blood Neoplasia. 2024;2(1):100054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bneo.2024.100054.","journal-title":"Blood Neoplasia."},{"issue":"7","key":"1023_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2024.2326847","volume":"65","author":"MJ Gordon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gordon MJ, Dubois S, Bryant B, et al. A Phase 1 study of interleukin-15 in combination with Avelumab in relapsed or refractory T-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2024;65(7):1008\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10428194.2024.2326847.","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"1023_CR106","unstructured":"Philogen S.p.A. A Phase II study of L19IL2\/L19TNF in patients with skin cancers amenable to intralesional treatment. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05329792. Accessed 19 Jan 2026."},{"key":"1023_CR107","unstructured":"ibrahim heba ahmed abdelgayed. Estimation of serum and tissue level of interleukin-35 (IL-35) in mycosis fungoides before and after treatment. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07235813. Accessed 19 Jan 2026."},{"issue":"6","key":"1023_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198702053160603","volume":"316","author":"R Edelson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Edelson R, Berger C, Gasparro F, et al. Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Preliminary results. New Engl J Med. 1987;316(6):297\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM198702053160603.","journal-title":"New Engl J Med."},{"key":"1023_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00236","volume":"5","author":"A Cho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cho A, Jantschitsch C, Knobler R. Extracorporeal photopheresis\u2014An overview. Front Med. 2018;5:236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2018.00236.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"1023_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6206","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023010867","volume":"7","author":"D Joffe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Joffe D, Bhatti S, Banner L, et al. The overlap of skin and blood T-cell clones in early-stage Mycosis fungoides. Blood Adv. 2023;7(20):6206\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023010867.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"6","key":"1023_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00754-1","volume":"20","author":"KM Cappell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cappell KM, Kochenderfer JN. Long-term outcomes following CAR T cell therapy: What we know so far. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2023;20(6):359\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41571-023-00754-1.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1023_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-024-02444-y","volume":"38","author":"T Lei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lei T, Wang Y, Zhang Y, et al. Leveraging CRISPR gene editing technology to optimize the efficacy, safety and accessibility of CAR T-cell therapy. Leukemia. 2024;38(12):2517\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41375-024-02444-y.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"1023_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1170968","author":"L J","year":"2023","unstructured":"J L, Y Z, R G, et al. Targeted CD7 CAR T-cells for treatment of T-lymphocyte leukemia and lymphoma and acute myeloid leukemia: recent advances. Front Immunol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1170968.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1023_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00508-4","author":"I Sp","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sp I, Ra S, Pj H, et al. Safety and activity of CTX130, a CD70-targeted allogeneic CRISPR-Cas9-engineered CAR T-cell therapy, in patients with relapsed or refractory T-cell malignancies (COBALT-LYM): a single-arm, open-label, Phase 1, dose-escalation study. Lancet Oncol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00508-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"1023_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-201799","volume":"144","author":"DK Reef","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reef DK, Cheng CJA, Babinec C, et al. Phase 1 trial of CD30-directed, CCR4 co-expressing chimeric antigen receptor T-cells in patients with CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphomas refractory to Brentuximab Vedotin. Blood. 2024;144:3468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2024-201799.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1023_CR116","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (NCI). A Phase I trial of anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CCR4 CAR T cells) for CCR4 expressing T-cell malignancies including peripheral T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (PTCL) and cutaneous T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (CTCL). clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07055477. Accessed 22 Sept 2025."},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"1023_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-202005","volume":"144","author":"A Ghobadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghobadi A, Aldoss I, Maude SL, et al. WU-CART-007 (WT-7), an allogeneic CAR T-cell targeting CD7 in relapsed\/refractory (R\/R) T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia\/lymphoma (T-ALL\/LBL): phase 2 results. Blood. 2024;144(Supplement 1):3450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2024-202005.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1023_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01456.x","author":"V Ec","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ec V, Rd B, A K, et al. Variable CD7 expression on T cells in the leukemic phase of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (S\u00e9zary syndrome). J Invest Dermatol. 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01456.x.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"1023_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03326-7","author":"C K","year":"2025","unstructured":"K C, G I, E T, et al. TRBC1-CAR T cell therapy in peripheral T cell lymphoma: a Phase 1\/2 trial. Nat Med. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-03326-7.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1023_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.2749","volume":"158","author":"EJ Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim EJ, Mangold AR, DeSimone JA, et al. Efficacy and safety of topical hypericin photodynamic therapy for early-stage cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides): the FLASH Phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2022;158(9):1031\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.2749.","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamadermatol.541","volume":"149","author":"SR Lessin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lessin SR, Duvic M, Guitart J, et al. Topical chemotherapy in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: positive results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial testing the efficacy and safety of a novel mechlorethamine, 0.02%, gel in mycosis fungoides. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(1):25\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/2013.jamadermatol.541.","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"1023_CR122","unstructured":"Soligenix. A confirmatory Phase 3 multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of topical HyBryteTM (hypericin sodium) and visible-light activation for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06470451. Accessed 1 Dec 2025."},{"key":"1023_CR123","unstructured":"Editor EA. HyBryte achieves 75% treatment success by week 18 in ongoing CTCL trial | Dermatology Times. 2026. https:\/\/www.dermatologytimes.com\/view\/hybryte-achieves-75-treatment-success-by-week-18-in-ongoing-ctcl-trial. Accessed 19 Jan 2026."},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.02.052","volume":"117","author":"K Elsayad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elsayad K, Weishaupt C, Moustakis C, et al. Ultrahypofractionated low-dose total skin electron beam in advanced-stage Mycosis Fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2023;117(1):164\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.02.052.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1023_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.10.014","volume":"72","author":"RT Hoppe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoppe RT, Harrison C, Tavallaee M, et al. Low-dose total skin electron beam therapy as an effective modality to reduce disease burden in patients with Mycosis Fungoides: results of a pooled analysis from 3 Phase-II clinical trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72(2):286\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.10.014.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"1023_CR126","unstructured":"Researcher View | NCT05205902 | Total skin electron beam therapy (low-dose) for tumor clone eradication in early-stage mycosis fungoides | ClinicalTrials.govhttps:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05205902. Accessed 19 Jan 2026."},{"key":"1023_CR127","unstructured":"University of Zurich. A phase I, open label, single arm, single centre study to evaluate mechanism of action of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) in locally advanced non-melanoma skin cancer. clinicaltrials.gov; 2022. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03458117. Accessed 26 Jan 2026."},{"key":"1023_CR128","unstructured":"4SC announces update relating to resminostat\u2019s (Kinselby) marketing authorisation application. 4SC AG. https:\/\/www.4sc.com\/news\/4sc-announces-update-relating-to-resminostats-kinselby-marketing-authorisation-application\/. Accessed 19 Jan 2026."},{"issue":"3","key":"1023_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-01-761320","volume":"130","author":"D Gomes-Silva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gomes-Silva D, Srinivasan M, Sharma S, et al. CD7-edited T cells expressing a CD7-specific CAR for the therapy of T-cell malignancies. Blood. 2017;130(3):285\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2017-01-761320.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"21","key":"1023_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.10.2434","volume":"25","author":"EA Olsen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Olsen EA, Kim YH, Kuzel TM, et al. Phase IIB multicenter trial of Vorinostat in patients with persistent, progressive, or treatment refractory cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(21):3109\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2006.10.2434.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"22","key":"1023_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5827","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-10-312603","volume":"117","author":"RL Piekarz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Piekarz RL, Frye R, Prince HM, et al. Phase 2 trial of romidepsin in patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2011;117(22):5827\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2010-10-312603.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1023_CR132","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (NCI). A phase 1b\/2 study of Hu5F9-G4 (magrolimab) in combination with mogamulizumab in relapsed\/refractory treated T-cell lymphoma. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04541017. Accessed 19 Jan 2026."},{"key":"1023_CR133","unstructured":"Armstrong A. Gilead ends blood cancer development of troubled CD47 med. 2024. https:\/\/www.fiercebiotech.com\/biotech\/gilead-ends-blood-cancer-development-troubled-cd47-med-after-increases-risk-death-detected. Accessed 19 Jan 2026."},{"key":"1023_CR134","unstructured":"Positive outcome in 75% of CTCL patients treated with HyBryteTM for 18 weeks. Soligenix Investor Relations. https:\/\/ir.soligenix.com\/2025-04-14-Positive-Outcome-in-75-of-CTCL-Patients-Treated-with-HyBryte-TM-for-18-Weeks. Accessed 19 Jan 2026."},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.21037\/cco.2018.09.02","volume":"8","author":"M Chowdhary","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chowdhary M, Song A, Zaorsky NG, Shi W. Total skin electron beam therapy in Mycosis Fungoides\u2014a shift towards lower dose? Chin Clin Oncol. 2019;8(1):9\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/cco.2018.09.02.","journal-title":"Chin Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1023_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2022.02.006","volume":"149","author":"D Canu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Canu D, Pham-Ledard A, Ouhabrache N, Beylot-Barry M. Changes in total skin electron beam therapy modalities for Mycosis Fungoides: a single-centre study. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2022;149(3):180\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annder.2022.02.006.","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"13","key":"1023_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2023.2254435","volume":"64","author":"J Pena","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pena J, Cull D, Strowd LC, et al. Response and local control in patients treated with low-dose radiotherapy for tumoral mycosis fungoides. Leuk Lymphoma. 2023;64(13):2202\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10428194.2023.2254435.","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"1023_CR138","unstructured":"Geskin L. THERAKOS\u00ae CELLEX photopheresis system as an interventional therapy for the treatment of early stage CTCL (mycosis fungoides), an open-label, single-arm, multi-center, Phase II study. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05680558. Accessed 26 Sept 2025."},{"key":"1023_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stadler R, Quaglino P, Woei-A-Jin S, et al. Resminostat for maintenance treatment in patients with advanced stage mycosis fungoides or S\u00e9zary syndrome: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 trial. Preprint posted online 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4862663.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4862663"},{"issue":"10","key":"1023_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyac137","volume":"27","author":"D Jagadeesh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jagadeesh D, Horwitz S, Bartlett NL, et al. Response to brentuximab vedotin by cd30 expression in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Oncologist. 2022;27(10):864\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oncolo\/oyac137.","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"32","key":"1023_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3750","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.60.3969","volume":"33","author":"YH Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim YH, Tavallaee M, Sundram U, et al. Phase II investigator-initiated study of brentuximab vedotin in mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome with variable CD30 expression level: a multi-institution collaborative project. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(32):3750\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2014.60.3969.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1023_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.01.054","volume":"148","author":"YH Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim YH, Prince HM, Whittaker S, et al. Response to brentuximab vedotin versus physician\u2019s choice by CD30 expression and large cell transformation status in patients with mycosis fungoides: an ALCANZA sub-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2021;148:411\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.01.054.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Clinical Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40257-026-01023-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40257-026-01023-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40257-026-01023-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T08:40:14Z","timestamp":1778661614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40257-026-01023-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["1023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40257-026-01023-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1175-0561","1179-1888"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1175-0561","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1888","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No external funding was used in the preparation of this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"L.J.G. has served as an investigator for J&J, Mallinckrodt, Kyowa Kirin, Soligenix, Innate, Incyte, Trillium, Merck, BMS, and Stratpharma as well as on the scientific advisory board for SciTech and Citius. Yoni Sacknovitz, Rachel Ma, Christina M. Bear, Maggie H. Zhou, and Joshua Kent declare that they have no conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"See supplementary material.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of Data and Materials"}},{"value":"Y.S. and L.J.G. conceptualized the review. Y.S., R.M., C.M.B., and M.H.Z. conducted the literature search and data extraction from ClinicalTrials.gov and published sources. Y.S. wrote the original draft of the manuscript. R.M., C.M.B., M.H.Z., and J.A.K. contributed to specific sections and critically revised the manuscript for intellectual content. R.M. created the figures. L.J.G. provided supervision throughout the project and substantive revisions to all drafts. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author Contributions"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code Availability"}}]}}