{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:44:33Z","timestamp":1789469073678,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Clin Dermatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-026-01063-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T18:22:07Z","timestamp":1785694927000},"page":"1107-1122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systemic Comorbidities of Keloid and Hypertrophic Scars: A Phenome-Wide Association Study in a Multiethnic U.S. Pediatric Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Vahidnezhad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noosha","family":"Samieefar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Akbarzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parisa","family":"Safari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Mentch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"March","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lam C.","family":"Tsoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Margolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann E.","family":"Gudjonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakon","family":"Hakonarson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4298-9147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Vahidnezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1063_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdrv.2024.08.010","volume":"2","author":"M Mathew","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mathew M, DiBartolomeo G, Stone RC. Biopsychosocial impact of keloids on quality of life. JAAD Reviews. 2024;2:13\u20139.","journal-title":"JAAD Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"1063_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21031105","volume":"21","author":"A El Ayadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"El Ayadi A, Jay JW, Prasai A. Current approaches targeting the wound healing phases to attenuate fibrosis and scarring. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(3):1105.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1063_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15010014","volume":"15","author":"D Vardakostas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vardakostas D, Moustogiannis A, Garoufalia Z, Karatza E, Philippou A, Kouraklis G, et al. Expression of tissue remodeling-and inflammation-related factors during the wound-healing process in humans. J Pers Med (Basel). 2025;15(1):14.","journal-title":"J Pers Med (Basel)"},{"key":"1063_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2025.11.010","volume":"112","author":"OA Pe\u00f1a","year":"2026","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a OA, Ca\u00f1adas-Garre M, Collins I, Timpson NJ, Martin P. Harnessing population genetics and animal models to uncover the genetics of skin scarring. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2026;112:44\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjps.2025.11.010.","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"1063_CR5","first-page":"95","volume":"8","author":"RB Diller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Diller RB, Tabor AJ. The extracellular matrix (ECM) and wound healing: a review. Res Adv Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023;8:95\u2013117.","journal-title":"Res Adv Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"1063_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1576851","volume":"16","author":"AT Prananda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Prananda AT, Nugraha SE, Situmorang PC, Syahputra RA. Comparative effectiveness of plant-derived compounds in keloid management: a review. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1576851.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1063_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41702-020-00063-8","volume":"4","author":"S Tripathi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tripathi S, Soni K, Agrawal P, Gour V, Mondal R, Soni V. Hypertrophic scars and keloids: a review and current treatment modalities. Biomed Dermatol. 2020;4(1):11.","journal-title":"Biomed Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1063_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-016-0175-7","volume":"17","author":"AP Trace","year":"2016","unstructured":"Trace AP, Enos CW, Mantel A, Harvey VM. Keloids and hypertrophic scars: a spectrum of clinical challenges. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2016;17(3):201\u201323.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1063_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2498","volume":"97","author":"E Bijlard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bijlard E, Kouwenberg C, Timman R, Hovius S, van Busschbach J, Mureau M. Burden of keloid disease: a cross-sectional health-related quality of life assessment. Acta Derm Venereol. 2017;97(2):225\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1063_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-023-02192-7","volume":"12","author":"LA Walsh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Walsh LA, Wu E, Pontes D, Kwan KR, Poondru S, Miller CH, et al. Keloid treatments: an evidence-based systematic review of recent advances. Syst Rev. 2023;12(1):42.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1063_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13302","volume":"34","author":"AI Michael","year":"2017","unstructured":"Michael AI, Ademola SA, Olawoye OA, Iyun AO, Adebayo W, Oluwatosin OM. Pediatric keloids: a 6\u2010year retrospective review. Pediatr Dermatol. 2017;34(6):673\u20136.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"1063_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Zahrani RA, Alotaibi WN, Almanasef ZM, Malawi I, Mohammed LA, Algahamdi RA, et al. Comprehensive analysis of current treatment approaches for keloids in pediatrics: a systematic review. Cureus. 2023;15(12).","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.50290"},{"key":"1063_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/issn.2455-4529.IntJResDermatol20250441","author":"K Miner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Miner K, Marciano R, Pugliese A, Kakarla S, Berman J, Gonzalez K, et al. Providing comprehensive psychosocial care for adolescents with keloids in dermatology practice. Int J Res Dermatol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18203\/issn.2455-4529.IntJResDermatol20250441.","journal-title":"Int J Res Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1063_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2021.0028","volume":"11","author":"AD Menchaca","year":"2022","unstructured":"Menchaca AD, Style CC, Olutoye OO. A review of hypertrophic scar and keloid treatment and prevention in the pediatric population: where are we now? Adv Wound Care. 2022;11(5):255\u201379.","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1063_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.15790","volume":"42","author":"JS Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim JS, Lee GY, Chae SW, Kim WS, Choi YJ. Pediatric keloids: a retrospective, single-institution cohort analysis in Korea. Pediatr Dermatol. 2025;42(1):54\u201360.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1063_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000003815","volume":"49","author":"Y Hirsch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hirsch Y, Waterman CL, Haber R. Pediatric keloids and review of the efficacy of current treatment modalities. Dermatol Surg. 2023;49(7):669\u201374.","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1063_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3109\/03008207.2011.642035","volume":"53","author":"C Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang C, Ogawa R. Fibroproliferative disorders and their mechanobiology. Connect Tissue Res. 2012;53(3):187\u201396.","journal-title":"Connect Tissue Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1063_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03164-4","volume":"11","author":"H-E Kwon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kwon H-E, Ahn H-J, Jeong SJ, Shin MK. The increased prevalence of keloids in atopic dermatitis patients with allergic comorbidities: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):23669.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1063_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88789-1","volume":"11","author":"Y-Y Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu Y-Y, Tu H-P, Wu C-H, Hong C-H, Yang K-C, Yang H-J, et al. Risk of cancer development in patients with keloids. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):9390.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8999","key":"1063_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90042-2","volume":"347","author":"AL Snyder","year":"1996","unstructured":"Snyder AL, Zmuda J, Thompson P. Keloid associated with hypertension. Lancet. 1996;347(8999):465\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1063_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.022","volume":"7","author":"VI Damanik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Damanik VI, Putra IB, Ginting O. Correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with keloid severity. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019;7(1):65.","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1063_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2008.09.020","volume":"5","author":"J DiSantostefano","year":"2009","unstructured":"DiSantostefano J. International classification of diseases 10th revision (ICD-10). The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2009;5(1):56\u20137.","journal-title":"The Journal for Nurse Practitioners."},{"issue":"12","key":"1063_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2749","volume":"31","author":"JC Denny","year":"2013","unstructured":"Denny JC, Bastarache L, Ritchie MD, Carroll RJ, Zink R, Mosley JD, et al. Systematic comparison of phenome-wide association study of electronic medical record data and genome-wide association study data. Nat Biotechnol. 2013;31(12):1102\u201311.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1063_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.5607","volume":"159","author":"CY Ung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ung CY, Warwick A, Onoufriadis A, Barker JN, Parsons M, McGrath JA, et al. Comorbidities of keloid and hypertrophic scars among participants in UK Biobank. JAMA Dermatol. 2023;159(2):172\u201381.","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1063_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e163","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17099","volume":"63","author":"A Olopoenia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Olopoenia A, Yamaguchi Y, Peeva E, Berman B, Jagun O, George P. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and treatment patterns among keloid patients: United States Electronic Health Records (EHR) Database Study. Int J Dermatol. 2024;63(8):e163\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1063_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.8401","volume":"24","author":"AN Sharma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharma AN, Birda A, Park M, Choe S, Salas J, Kincaid C, et al. Insights into demographics, comorbidities, and risk factors in keloids and hypertrophic scars: a retrospective study. J Drugs Dermatol JDD. 2025;24(2):212\u20135.","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol JDD."},{"issue":"1","key":"1063_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-023-02757-5","volume":"316","author":"GN Pathak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pathak GN, Pathak SS, Truong TM, Sanabria B, Rao B. Keloids and associated comorbidities in underrepresented populations: a cross-sectional analysis of the All of Us database. Arch Dermatol Res. 2023;316(1):9.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1063_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.169144","volume":"60","author":"E Hajdarbegovic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hajdarbegovic E, Bloem A, Balak D, Thio B, Nijsten T. The association between atopic disorders and keloids: a case-control study. Indian J Dermatol. 2015;60(6):635.","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1063_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10195-020-00563-7","volume":"22","author":"TR Flick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Flick TR, Wang CX, Patel AH, Hodo TW, Sherman WF, Sanchez FL. Arthrofibrosis after total knee arthroplasty: patients with keloids at risk. J Orthop Traumatol. 2021;22(1):1.","journal-title":"J Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1063_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000001680","volume":"45","author":"B Ince","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ince B, Uyar I, Dadaci M. Effect of vitamin D deficiency on hypertrophic scarring. Dermatol Surg. 2019;45(2):274\u20139.","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"1063_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-03477-0","volume":"316","author":"D Garate","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garate D, Thang CJ, Ditmars FS, Sharma D, Gulati N, Ungar B. Keloid development among patients with alopecia areata: a multicenter retrospective study. Arch Dermatol Res. 2024;316(10):744.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1063_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03898-8","volume":"22","author":"C-C Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu C-C, Qin H, Zhang Z-H, Zhang C-L, Lu Y-Y, Wu C-H. The association between keloid and osteoporosis: real-world evidence. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):39.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"1160","key":"1063_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-139550","volume":"98","author":"Y-Y Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu Y-Y, Qin H, Lu C-C, Wu M-K, Zhang C-L, Wu C-H. Migraines and keloids: a 15-year Taiwan claim database analysis. Postgrad Med J. 2022;98(1160):450\u20135.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"1063_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.597741","volume":"11","author":"J Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu J, Del Duca E, Espino M, Gontzes A, Cueto I, Zhang N, et al. RNA sequencing keloid transcriptome associates keloids with Th2, Th1, Th17\/Th22, and JAK3-skewing. Front Immunol. 2020;11:597741.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1063_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e161","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16097","volume":"34","author":"A Diaz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Diaz A, Tan K, He H, Xu H, Cueto I, Pavel A, et al. Keloid lesions show increased IL-4\/IL-13 signaling and respond to Th2-targeting dupilumab therapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(4):e161\u20134.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1063_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30595","volume":"117","author":"A Meneghin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meneghin A, Hogaboam CM. Infectious disease, the innate immune response, and fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(3):530\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1063_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1117630","volume":"14","author":"C-C Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee C-C, Tsai C-H, Chen C-H, Yeh Y-C, Chung W-H, Chen C-B. An updated review of the immunological mechanisms of keloid scars. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1117630.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1063_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000003609","volume":"91","author":"M Laspro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Laspro M, Onuh OC, Cohen RF, Cooper BT, Chiu ES. The role of radiation therapy in adult and pediatric keloid management: a national survey of radiation oncologists. Ann Plast Surg. 2023;91(2):215\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"1063_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.12.013","volume":"88","author":"EE Limmer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Limmer EE, Knowles A, Deng J, Parthasarathy V, Kwatra SG, Glass IIDA. Atopic dermatitis is associated with an increased risk of keloids: a case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023;88(5):1177\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1063_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022865","volume":"8","author":"Y-Y Lu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lu Y-Y, Lu C-C, Yu W-W, Zhang L, Wang Q-R, Zhang C-L, et al. Keloid risk in patients with atopic dermatitis: a nationwide retrospective cohort study in Taiwan. BMJ Open. 2018;8(7):e022865.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1063_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adotama P, Rutherford A, Glass DA. Association of keloids with systemic medical conditions: a retrospective analysis. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55(1).","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12969"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Clinical Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40257-026-01063-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40257-026-01063-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40257-026-01063-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:31:46Z","timestamp":1789464706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40257-026-01063-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40257-026-01063-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1175-0561","1179-1888"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1175-0561","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1888","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia Institutional Review Board (IRB#16-013278).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants; for minors, parental or guardian consent and child assent (\u2265 7 years) were obtained.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Data Availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The analysis code is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code Availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This work forms part of thedoctoral (PhD) thesis of Fatemeh Vahidnezhad at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Acknowledgements","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors contributed substantially to the work and approved the final version to be published.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 Contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}