{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:04:18Z","timestamp":1792177458965,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599782400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioDrugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-020-00443-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T09:04:01Z","timestamp":1599815041000},"page":"557-566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Monoclonal Antibody-Based Therapies for Myasthenia Gravis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Sawsan","family":"Alabbad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohanad","family":"AlGaeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Sikorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8195-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry J.","family":"Kaminski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"443_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2018.1491310","volume":"18","author":"S Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang S, Breskovska I, Gandhy S, Punga AR, Guptill JT, Kaminski HJ. Advances in autoimmune myasthenia gravis management. Expert Rev Neurother. 2018;18(7):573\u201388.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"443_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.011","volume":"52","author":"S Berrih-Aknin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berrih-Aknin S, Le Panse R. Myasthenia gravis: a comprehensive review of immune dysregulation and etiological mechanisms. J Autoimmun. 2014;52:90\u2013100.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"443_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73585-6","volume-title":"Myasthenia gravis & related disorders","author":"HJ Kaminski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaminski HJ, Kusner LL. Myasthenia gravis & related disorders. Berlin: Springer; 2018."},{"issue":"13","key":"443_CR4","first-page":"2570","volume":"376","author":"NE Gilhus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gilhus NE. Myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(13):2570\u201381.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"443_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20950","volume":"37","author":"D Grob","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grob D, Brunner N, Namba T, Pagala M. Lifetime course of myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2008;37(2):141\u20139.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"1","key":"443_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2017.1344237","volume":"128","author":"M Mazzoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mazzoli M, Ariatti A, Valzania F, Kaleci S, Tondelli M, Nichelli PF, et al. Factors affecting outcome in ocular myasthenia gravis. Int J Neurosci. 2018;128(1):15\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"443_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg223","volume":"126","author":"A Evoli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Evoli A, Tonali PA, Padua L, Monaco ML, Scuderi F, Batocchi AP, et al. Clinical correlates with anti-MuSK antibodies in generalized seronegative myasthenia gravis. Brain. 2003;126(Pt 10):2304\u201311.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"443_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8206.1","volume":"5","author":"WD Phillips","year":"2016","unstructured":"Phillips WD, Vincent A. Pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: update on disease types, models, and mechanisms. F1000Res. 2016;5:1513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.8206.1.","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"443_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195129700.003.0007","volume-title":"Myasthenia gravis and myasthenic disorders","author":"ME Seybold","year":"1999","unstructured":"Seybold ME. Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. In: Engel AG, editor. Myasthenia gravis and myasthenic disorders. New York: Oxford University Press; 1999. p. 146\u201366."},{"issue":"7","key":"443_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2006.05.006","volume":"16","author":"M Benatar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Benatar M. A systematic review of diagnostic studies in myasthenia gravis. Neuromuscul Disord. 2006;16(7):459\u201367.","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"443_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602489","volume":"375","author":"GI Wolfe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wolfe GI, Kaminski HJ, Aban IB, Minisman G, Kuo HC, Marx A, et al. Randomized Trial of Thymectomy in Myasthenia Gravis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(6):511\u201322.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"443_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002790","volume":"87","author":"DB Sanders","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sanders DB, Wolfe GI, Benatar M, Evoli A, Gilhus NE, Illa I, et al. International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis: executive summary. Neurology. 2016;87(4):419\u201325.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"3","key":"443_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2015-001126","volume":"15","author":"J Sussman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sussman J, Farrugia ME, Maddison P, Hill M, Leite MI, Hilton-Jones D. Myasthenia gravis: association of British Neurologists\u2019 management guidelines. Pract Neurol. 2015;15(3):199\u2013206.","journal-title":"Pract Neurol."},{"key":"443_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12180","volume":"2015","author":"H Murai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murai H. Japanese clinical guidelines for myasthenia gravis: putting into practice. Clin Exp Neuroimmunol. 2015;2015:21\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"443_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13545","volume":"1413","author":"HJ Kaminski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaminski HJ, Alnosair E, Algahtani RM. Clinical trials for myasthenia gravis: a historical perspective. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1413(1):5\u201310.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"443_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaretzki A, 3rd, Barohn RJ, Ernstoff RM, Kaminski HJ, Keesey JC, Penn AS et al. Myasthenia gravis: recommendations for clinical research standards. Task Force of the Medical Scientific Advisory Board of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America. Neurology. 2000;55(1):16\u201323.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.1.16"},{"issue":"6","key":"443_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23330","volume":"45","author":"M Benatar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Benatar M, Sanders DB, Burns TM, Cutter GR, Guptill JT, Baggi F, et al. Recommendations for myasthenia gravis clinical trials. Muscle Nerve. 2012;45(6):909\u201317.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"12","key":"443_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30369-1","volume":"16","author":"JF Howard Jr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Howard JF Jr, Utsugisawa K, Benatar M, Murai H, Barohn RJ, Illa I, et al. Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis (REGAIN): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(12):976\u201386.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"443_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3908","volume":"15","author":"MJ Leandro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leandro MJ. B-cell subpopulations in humans and their differential susceptibility to depletion with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Arthritis research & therapy. 2013;15(Suppl 1):S3.","journal-title":"Arthritis research & therapy."},{"issue":"7","key":"443_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102231","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102231","volume":"9","author":"LL Kusner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kusner LL, Ciesielski MJ, Marx A, Kaminski HJ, Fenstermaker RA. Survivin as a potential mediator to support autoreactive cell survival in myasthenia gravis: a human and animal model study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(7):e102231.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"443_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang X, Ciesielski M, Fenstermaker R, HJ K, Kusner LL. The presence of survivin on B cells from myasthenia gravis patients and the potential of an antibody to a modified survivin peptide to alleviate weakness in an animal model. J Immunol. 2020 (in press).","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000482"},{"issue":"2","key":"443_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25597","volume":"56","author":"R Tandan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tandan R, Hehir MK 2nd, Waheed W, Howard DB. Rituximab treatment of myasthenia gravis: a systematic review. Muscle Nerve. 2017;56(2):185\u201396.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"10","key":"443_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004341","volume":"89","author":"MK Hehir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hehir MK, Hobson-Webb LD, Benatar M, Barnett C, Silvestri NJ, Howard JF Jr, et al. Rituximab as treatment for anti-MuSK myasthenia gravis: multicenter blinded prospective review. Neurology. 2017;89(10):1069\u201377.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"443_CR24","unstructured":"Nowak R. B cell targeted treatment in myasthenia gravis (BeatMG)\u2014a phase 2 trial of rituximab in myasthenia gravis: topline results. AAN Annual meeting 2018."},{"key":"443_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00613","volume":"11","author":"M Marino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marino M, Basile U, Spagni G, Napodano C, Iorio R, Gulli F, et al. Long-lasting rituximab-induced reduction of specific-but not total-IgG4 in MuSK-positive myasthenia gravis. Front Immunol. 2020;11:613.","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"443_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-170211","volume":"4","author":"A Russell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Russell A, Yaraskavitch M, Fok D, Chhibber S, Street L, Korngut L. Obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil in a patient with severe myasthenia gravis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Neuromuscul Dis. 2017;4(3):251\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neuromuscul Dis"},{"issue":"17","key":"443_CR27","first-page":"1694","volume":"376","author":"SL Hauser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hauser SL, Belachew S, Kappos L. Ocrelizumab in primary progressive and relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(17):1694.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"443_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000125","volume":"82","author":"PS Sorensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sorensen PS, Lisby S, Grove R, Derosier F, Shackelford S, Havrdova E, et al. Safety and efficacy of ofatumumab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 2 study. Neurology. 2014;82(7):573\u201381.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"12","key":"443_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121527","volume":"8","author":"F Morandi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morandi F, Airoldi I, Marimpietri D, Bracci C, Faini AC, Gramignoli R. CD38, a receptor with multifunctional activities: from modulatory functions on regulatory cell subsets and extracellular vesicles, to a target for therapeutic strategies. Cells. 2019;8(12):1527.","journal-title":"Cells."},{"issue":"7","key":"443_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14241","volume":"86","author":"ER Fedyk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fedyk ER, Zhao L, Koch A, Smithson G, Estevam J, Chen G, et al. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the anti-CD38 cytolytic antibody TAK-079 in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;86(7):1314\u201325.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"443_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm5120107","volume":"5","author":"D Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen D, Gallagher S, Monson NL, Herbst R, Wang Y. Inebilizumab, a B cell-depleting anti-CD19 antibody for the treatment of autoimmune neurological diseases: insights from preclinical studies. J Clin Med. 2016;5(12):2280\u201392.","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"443_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25162","volume":"54","author":"SY Kang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kang SY, Kang CH, Lee KH. B-cell-activating factor is elevated in serum of patients with myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2016;54(6):1030\u20133.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"443_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.016","volume":"52","author":"P Cufi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cufi P, Dragin N, Ruhlmann N, Weiss JM, Fadel E, Serraf A, et al. Central role of interferon-beta in thymic events leading to myasthenia gravis. J Autoimmun. 2014;52:44\u201352.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"1","key":"443_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-019-0906-8","volume":"20","author":"H Deng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deng H, Wang J, Kong X, Zhang H, Wang T, Tian W, et al. Associations of BAFF rs2893321 polymorphisms with myasthenia gravis susceptibility. BMC Med Genet. 2019;20(1):168.","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"443_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0872-z","volume":"78","author":"HA Blair","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blair HA, Duggan ST. Belimumab: a Review in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Drugs. 2018;78(3):355\u201366.","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"issue":"7","key":"443_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0235-5","volume":"15","author":"G Murphy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murphy G, Isenberg DA. New therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus\u2014past imperfect, future tense. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2019;15(7):403\u201312.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"16","key":"443_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1425","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005323","volume":"90","author":"K Hewett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hewett K, Sanders DB, Grove RA, Broderick CL, Rudo TJ, Bassiri A, et al. Randomized study of adjunctive belimumab in participants with generalized myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 2018;90(16):e1425\u201334.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"10","key":"443_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13326","volume":"15","author":"DF Pinelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pinelli DF, Wakeman BS, Wagener ME, Speck SH, Ford ML. Rapamycin ameliorates the CTLA4-Ig-mediated defect in CD8(+) T cell immunity during gammaherpesvirus infection. Am J Transpl. 2015;15(10):2576\u201387.","journal-title":"Am J Transpl"},{"issue":"9","key":"443_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12350","volume":"13","author":"J Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen J, Yin H, Xu J, Wang Q, Edelblum KL, Sciammas R, et al. Reversing endogenous alloreactive B cell GC responses with anti-CD154 or CTLA-4Ig. Am J Transpl. 2013;13(9):2280\u201392.","journal-title":"Am J Transpl"},{"key":"443_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00529","volume":"6","author":"N Senhaji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Senhaji N, Kojok K, Darif Y, Fadainia C, Zaid Y. The contribution of CD40\/CD40L axis in inflammatory bowel disease: an update. Front Immunol. 2015;6:529.","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"11","key":"443_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6893","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.11.6893","volume":"166","author":"SH Im","year":"2001","unstructured":"Im SH, Barchan D, Maiti PK, Fuchs S, Souroujon MC. Blockade of CD40 ligand suppresses chronic experimental myasthenia gravis by down-regulation of Th1 differentiation and up-regulation of CTLA-4. J Immunol. 2001;166(11):6893\u20138.","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"443_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14872","volume":"18","author":"J Ristov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ristov J, Espie P, Ulrich P, Sickert D, Flandre T, Dimitrova M, et al. Characterization of the in vitro and in vivo properties of CFZ533, a blocking and non-depleting anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody. Am J Transpl. 2018;18(12):2895\u2013904.","journal-title":"Am J Transpl"},{"key":"443_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09498-4","author":"JL Chamberlain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chamberlain JL, Huda S, Whittam DH, Matiello M, Morgan BP, Jacob A. Role of complement and potential of complement inhibitors in myasthenia gravis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a brief review. J Neurol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-019-09498-4.","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"443_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29894","volume":"116","author":"BM Conti-Fine","year":"2006","unstructured":"Conti-Fine BM, Milani M, Kaminski HJ. Myasthenia gravis: past, present, and future. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(11):2843\u201354.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"issue":"11","key":"443_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1344","volume":"25","author":"RP Rother","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rother RP, Rollins SA, Mojcik CF, Brodsky RA, Bell L. Discovery and development of the complement inhibitor eculizumab for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Nat Biotechnol. 2007;25(11):1256\u201364.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"443_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00917","volume":"11","author":"K Albazli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Albazli K, Kaminski HJ, Howard JF Jr. Complement inhibitor therapy for myasthenia gravis. Front Immunol. 2020;11:917.","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"443_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031688","volume":"350","author":"P Hillmen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hillmen P, Hall C, Marsh JC, Elebute M, Bombara MP, Petro BE, et al. Effect of eculizumab on hemolysis and transfusion requirements in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(6):552\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"443_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1311084","volume":"370","author":"J Nishimura","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nishimura J, Yamamoto M, Hayashi S, Ohyashiki K, Ando K, Brodsky AL, et al. Genetic variants in C5 and poor response to eculizumab. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(7):632\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"443_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S215370","volume":"12","author":"R Raina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raina R, Grewal MK, Radhakrishnan Y, Tatineni V, DeCoy M, Burke LL, et al. Optimal management of atypical hemolytic uremic disease: challenges and solutions. Int J Nephrol Renovascul Dis. 2019;12:183\u2013204.","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol Renovascul Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"443_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900866","volume":"381","author":"SJ Pittock","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pittock SJ, Berthele A, Fujihara K, Kim HJ, Levy M, Palace J, et al. Eculizumab in aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(7):614\u201325.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"443_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30114-5","volume":"17","author":"S Misawa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Misawa S, Kuwabara S, Sato Y, Yamaguchi N, Nagashima K, Katayama K, et al. Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in Guillain-Barre syndrome: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(6):519\u201329.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"443_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23839","volume":"48","author":"JF Howard Jr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Howard JF Jr, Barohn RJ, Cutter GR, Freimer M, Juel VC, Mozaffar T, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study of eculizumab in patients with refractory generalized myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2013;48(1):76\u201384.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"S1","key":"443_CR53","first-page":"S133","volume":"60","author":"JF Howard Jr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howard JF Jr, Karam C, Yountz M, O\u2019Brien F, Mozaffar T. Long-term efficacy of eculizumab in refractory generalized myasthenia gravis: responder analyses. Muscle Nerve. 2019;60(S1):S133.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"27","key":"443_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6627e1","volume":"66","author":"LA McNamara","year":"2017","unstructured":"McNamara LA, Topaz N, Wang X, Hariri S, Fox L, MacNeil JR. High Risk for Invasive Meningococcal Disease Among Patients Receiving Eculizumab (Soliris) Despite Receipt of Meningococcal Vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(27):734\u20137.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"443_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.5125","volume":"77","author":"JF Howard Jr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Howard JF Jr, Nowak RJ, Wolfe GI, Freimer ML, Vu TH, Hinton JL, et al. Clinical effects of the self-administered subcutaneous complement inhibitor zilucoplan in patients with moderate to severe generalized myasthenia gravis: results of a phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(5):582\u201392.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"443_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03052","volume":"10","author":"KL Gable","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gable KL, Guptill JT. Antagonism of the neonatal Fc receptor as an emerging treatment for myasthenia gravis. Front Immunol. 2019;10:3052.","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"443_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habib AA, Ahmadi Jazi G, Mozaffar T. Update on immune-mediated therapies for myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2020.","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26919"},{"issue":"7473","key":"443_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(66)92190-8","volume":"2","author":"FW Brambell","year":"1966","unstructured":"Brambell FW. The transmission of immunity from mother to young and the catabolism of immunoglobulins. Lancet. 1966;2(7473):1087\u201393.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"443_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2018.07.007","volume":"39","author":"ES Ward","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ward ES, Ober RJ. Targeting FcRn to generate antibody-based therapeutics. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2018;39(10):892\u2013904.","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"443_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward ES, Devanaboyina SC, Ober RJ. Targeting FcRn for the modulation of antibody dynamics. Mol Immunol. 2015;67(2 Pt A):131\u201341.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.02.007"},{"issue":"10","key":"443_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4372","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI97911","volume":"128","author":"P Ulrichts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ulrichts P, Guglietta A, Dreier T, van Bragt T, Hanssens V, Hofman E, et al. Neonatal Fc receptor antagonist efgartigimod safely and sustainably reduces IgGs in humans. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(10):4372\u201386.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"issue":"23","key":"443_CR62","first-page":"e2661","volume":"92","author":"JF Howard Jr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howard JF Jr, Bril V, Burns TM, Mantegazza R, Bilinska M, Szczudlik A, et al. Randomized phase 2 study of FcRn antagonist efgartigimod in generalized myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 2019;92(23):e2661\u201373.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"443_CR63","unstructured":"Argenx announces positive topline Phase 3 results of ADAPT-MG. https:\/\/www.argenx.com\/news\/argenx-announces-positive-topline-phase-3-adapt-trial-results2020. Accessed 25 Aug 2020."},{"key":"443_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith B, Kiessling A, Lledo-Garcia R, Dixon KL, Christodoulou L, Catley MC et al. Generation and characterization of a high affinity anti-human FcRn antibody, rozanolixizumab, and the effects of different molecular formats on the reduction of plasma IgG concentration. mAbs. 2018;10(7):1111\u201330.","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2018.1505464"},{"key":"443_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy S, Nanovskaya T, Patrikeeva S, Cochran E, Parge V, Guess J et al. M281, an anti-FcRn antibody, inhibits IgG transfer in a human ex vivo placental perfusion model. Am J Obstetri Gynecol. 2019;220(5):498 e1\u2013e9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.02.058"},{"key":"443_CR66","unstructured":"Momenta Pharmaceuticals Announces Positive Topline Data from Interim Analysis of Phase 2 Vivacity-MG Study of Nipocalimab (M281) in Generalized Myasthenia Gravis (gMG). https:\/\/www.momentapharma.com\/investors-and-news\/press-releases\/press-releases-details\/2020\/Momenta-Pharmaceuticals-Announces-Positive-Topline-Data-from-Interim-Analysis-of-Phase-2-Vivacity-MG-Study-of-Nipocalimab-M281-in-Generalized-Myasthenia-Gravis-gMG\/default.aspx2020."},{"key":"443_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116428","volume":"406","author":"TM Nguyen-Cao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nguyen-Cao TM, Gelinas D, Griffin R, Mondou E. Myasthenia gravis: historical achievements and the \u201cgolden age\u201d of clinical trials. J Neurol Sci. 2019;406:116428.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"443_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118054","volume":"257","author":"SM Abdin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdin SM, Elgendy SM, Alyammahi SK, Alhamad DW, Omar HA. Tackling the cytokine storm in COVID-19, challenges, and hopes. Life Sci. 2020;257:118054.","journal-title":"Life Sci."}],"container-title":["BioDrugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40259-020-00443-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40259-020-00443-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40259-020-00443-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T11:07:21Z","timestamp":1744715241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40259-020-00443-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40259-020-00443-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1173-8804","1179-190X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1173-8804","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-190X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The work was supported by the Myasthenia Gravis Research Fund of George Washington University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"HK has served as an advisor to Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cabelleta Bio, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Ra Pharmaceuticals, and UCB Pharmaceuticals; and is CEO and CMO of ARC Biotechnology, LLC, based on US Patent 8,961,98. He is principle investigator of MGNet (U54 NS115054), which is funded through collaboration between NCATS and NINDS. The remaining authors have no conflicts.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest\/Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"HJK was invited to provide the review. SA, MA, and HJK performed literature review and wrote initial drafts of the manuscript. PS reviewed the manuscript and developed the figure. HJK finalized the submitted manuscript.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 contributions"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}