{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T13:15:52Z","timestamp":1764594952361,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014751","name":"Neuraxpharm","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Non-competitive"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Non-competitive"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Drug Investig"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-025-01474-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T15:24:52Z","timestamp":1760541892000},"page":"983-996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Bioavailability of Methylphenidate Powder for Prolonged-Release Oral Suspension and Methylphenidate Prolonged-Release Chewable Tablets versus Methylphenidate Immediate-Release Tablets: Phase 1, Single-Dose, Randomised, Crossover Studies in Healthy Adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1622-0350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep Antoni","family":"Ramos-Quiroga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Forcadell Ferr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9097-1094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Schneider-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Bouhajib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1474_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-023-01456-1","volume":"49","author":"N Salari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salari N, Ghasemi H, Abdoli N, et al. The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ital J Pediatr. 2023;49:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-023-01456-1.","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"1474_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115449","volume":"328","author":"G Ayano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ayano G, Tsegay L, Gizachew Y, et al. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: umbrella review of evidence generated across the globe. Psychiatry Res. 2023;328: 115449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115449.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1474_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-016-0208-3","volume":"9","author":"J Fayyad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fayyad J, Sampson NA, Hwang I, et al. The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV adult ADHD in the World Health Organization world mental health surveys. ADHD Attent Deficit Hyperact Disord. 2017;9:47\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12402-016-0208-3.","journal-title":"ADHD Attent Deficit Hyperact Disord"},{"key":"1474_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4823","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02228-3","volume":"28","author":"S Cortese","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cortese S, Song M, Farhat LC, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of ADHD from 1990 to 2019 across 204 countries: data, with critical re-analysis, from the global burden of disease study. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28:4823\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-023-02228-3.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1474_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th edition. Washington, DC. 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"1474_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic requirements for ICD-11 mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders. 2024. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/375767. Accessed 17 June 2024."},{"key":"1474_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022","volume":"128","author":"SV Faraone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, et al. The world federation of ADHD international consensus statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;128:789\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1474_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61684-6","volume":"385","author":"S Dalsgaard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dalsgaard S, Ostergaard SD, Leckman JF, Mortensen PB, Pedersen MG. Mortality in children, adolescents, and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide cohort study. Lancet. 2015;385:2190\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61684-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1474_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2023.11.002","volume":"27","author":"M Dodds","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dodds M, Wanni Arachchige DS, Gold L, Coghill D, Le HND. Economic burden and service utilization of children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Value Health. 2024;27:247\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2023.11.002.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"1474_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2528","volume":"144","author":"ML Wolraich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wolraich ML, Hagan JF Jr., Allan C, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2019;144: e20192528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2019-2528.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1474_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01871-x","volume":"32","author":"D Coghill","year":"2023","unstructured":"Coghill D, Banaschewski T, Cortese S, et al. The management of ADHD in children and adolescents: bringing evidence to the clinic: perspective from the European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2023;32:1337\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01871-x.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1474_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001","volume":"56","author":"JJS Kooij","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kooij JJS, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, et al. Updated European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD. Eur Psychiatry. 2019;56:14\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"1474_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199937060-00002","volume":"37","author":"HC Kimko","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kimko HC, Cross JT, Abernethy DR. Pharmacokinetics and clinical effectiveness of methylphenidate. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999;37:457\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00003088-199937060-00002.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"1474_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2019.1675636","volume":"15","author":"AC Childress","year":"2019","unstructured":"Childress AC, Komolova M, Sallee FR. An update on the pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of ADHD with long-acting methylphenidate and amphetamine formulations. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2019;15:937\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17425255.2019.1675636.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"1474_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200822070-00005","volume":"22","author":"JA Ramos-Quiroga","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ramos-Quiroga JA, Bosch R, Castells X, et al. Effect of switching drug formulations from immediate-release to extended-release OROS methylphenidate\u202f: a chart review of Spanish adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs. 2008;22:603\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00023210-200822070-00005.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"1474_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000508385","volume":"26","author":"H Ozgen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ozgen H, Spijkerman R, Noack M, et al. International consensus statement for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of adolescents with concurrent attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder. Eur Addict Res. 2020;26:223\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000508385.","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"1474_CR17","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Tuzulby (methylphenidate) prolonged-release chewable tablets: summary of product characteristics. 2025. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/product-information\/tuzulby-epar-product-information_en.pdf. Accessed 16 July 2025."},{"key":"1474_CR18","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Guideline on the pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of modified release dosage forms. 2014. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific-guideline\/guideline-pharmacokinetic-and-clinical-evaluation-modified-release-dosage-forms_en.pdf. Accessed 17 July 2025."},{"key":"1474_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2016.02.026","volume":"38","author":"R Abbas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abbas R, Palumbo D, Walters F, Belden H, Berry SA. Single-dose pharmacokinetic properties and relative bioavailability of a novel methylphenidate extended-release chewable tablet compared with immediate-release methylphenidate chewable tablet. Clin Ther. 2016;38:1151\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2016.02.026.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"1474_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2010.09.2199","volume":"122","author":"AC Childress","year":"2010","unstructured":"Childress AC, Berry SA. The single-dose pharmacokinetics of NWP06, a novel extended-release methylphenidate oral suspension. Postgrad Med. 2010;122:35\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3810\/pgm.2010.09.2199.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"1474_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2018.03.016","volume":"40","author":"R Abbas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abbas R, Childress AC, Nagraj P, et al. Relative bioavailability of methylphenidate extended-release chewable tablets chewed versus swallowed whole. Clin Ther. 2018;40:733\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2018.03.016.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"1474_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2011.09.2462","volume":"123","author":"AC Childress","year":"2011","unstructured":"Childress AC, Sallee FR, Berry SA. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of NWP06, an extended-release methylphenidate suspension, in children and adolescents with ADHD. Postgrad Med. 2011;123:80\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3810\/pgm.2011.09.2462.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"1474_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0177","volume":"27","author":"SB Wigal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wigal SB, Childress A, Berry SA, et al. Efficacy and safety of a chewable methylphenidate extended-release tablet in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2017;27:690\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2016.0177.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1474_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2012.0073","volume":"23","author":"SB Wigal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wigal SB, Childress AC, Belden HW, Berry SA. NWP06, an extended-release oral suspension of methylphenidate, improved attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms compared with placebo in a laboratory classroom study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013;23:3\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2012.0073.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1474_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S65721","volume":"10","author":"K Gajria","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gajria K, Lu M, Sikirica V, et al. Adherence, persistence, and medication discontinuation in patients with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder\u2014a systematic literature review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014;10:1543\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S65721.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"1474_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1973-x","volume":"44","author":"V Chaidez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chaidez V, Hansen RL, Hertz-Picciotto I. Gastrointestinal problems in children with autism, developmental delays or typical development. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44:1117\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-013-1973-x.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"1474_CR27","unstructured":"WebMD. Ritalin LA - Uses, side effects, and more. 2024. https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/drugs\/2\/drug-63748\/ritalin-la-oral\/details. Accessed 17 June 2024."},{"key":"1474_CR28","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Vyvanse - Highlights of prescribing information. 2017. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2017\/208510lbl.pdf. Accessed 17 June 2024."},{"key":"1474_CR29","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Metadate CD\u00ae(methylphenidate HCl, USP) extended-release capsules 2013. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2013\/021259s023lbl.pdf. Accessed 17 June 2024."},{"key":"1474_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2004.14.601","volume":"14","author":"JK Ghuman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ghuman JK, Cataldo MD, Beck MH, Slifer KJ. Behavioral training for pill-swallowing difficulties in young children with autistic disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004;14:601\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2004.14.601.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1474_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280504400608","volume":"44","author":"MH Beck","year":"2005","unstructured":"Beck MH, Cataldo M, Slifer KJ, Pulbrook V, Guhman JK. Teaching children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic disorder (AD) how to swallow pills. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2005;44:515\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000992280504400608.","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"1474_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1203241","volume":"367","author":"P Lichtenstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lichtenstein P, Halldner L, Zetterqvist J, et al. Medication for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and criminality. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:2006\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1203241.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1474_CR33","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Quillivant\u2122 XR\u2014Highlights of prescribing information. 2021. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2021\/202100s018lbl.pdf. Accessed 3 December 2024."},{"key":"1474_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-022-00394-2","volume":"21","author":"D Tan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tan D, King TR. Finding the \u201csweet spot\u201d: sharing the decision-making in ADHD treatment selection. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2022;21:14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12991-022-00394-2.","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1474_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12267","volume":"79","author":"HK Batchelor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Batchelor HK, Marriott JF. Paediatric pharmacokinetics: key considerations. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;79:395\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcp.12267.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1474_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169-409x(03)00030-9","volume":"55","author":"J Alcorn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alcorn J, McNamara PJ. Pharmacokinetics in the newborn. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2003;55:667\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0169-409x(03)00030-9.","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"1474_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198814040-00001","volume":"14","author":"JB Besunder","year":"1988","unstructured":"Besunder JB, Reed MD, Blumer JL. Principles of drug biodisposition in the neonate. A critical evaluation of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interface (part I). Clin Pharmacokinet. 1988;14:189\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00003088-198814040-00001.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"1474_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2008.00648.x","volume":"22","author":"F Bouzom","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bouzom F, Walther B. Pharmacokinetic predictions in children by using the physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2008;22:579\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2008.00648.x.","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1474_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00561477","volume":"18","author":"G Heimann","year":"1980","unstructured":"Heimann G. Enteral absorption and bioavailability in children in relation to age. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1980;18:43\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00561477.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1474_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/43.1.222","volume":"43","author":"G Koren","year":"1997","unstructured":"Koren G. Therapeutic drug monitoring principles in the neonate. Clin Chem. 1997;43:222\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"}],"container-title":["Clinical Drug Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40261-025-01474-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40261-025-01474-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40261-025-01474-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T13:05:29Z","timestamp":1764594329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40261-025-01474-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40261-025-01474-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1173-2563","1179-1918"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1173-2563"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1179-1918"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The studies reported in this manuscript, development of the manuscript and open-access publishing fee were supported by Neuraxpharm\n                      .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"J.A.R.Q. has been on the speakers\u2019 bureau and\/or acted as a consultant for Biogen, Idorsia, Casen-Recordati, Janssen-Cilag, Novartis, Takeda, Bial, Sincrolab, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, BMS, Medice, Rubi\u00f3, Uriach, Technofarma and Raffo in the last 3 years. He has also received travel support (air tickets and hotel) for taking part in psychiatric meetings from Idorsia, Janssen-Cilag, Rubi\u00f3, Takeda, Bial and Medice. The Department of Psychiatry chaired by him has received unrestricted educational and research support from the following companies in the last 3 years: Exeltis, Idorsia, Janssen-Cilag, Neuraxpharm, Oryzon, Roche, Probitas and Rubi\u00f3. M.F.F. and A.S.P. are full-time employees of Neuraxpharm. M.B. has no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The datasets used and\/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"The protocol for each study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Optimum Clinical Research on 6 January 2022. The studies were conducted in accordance with the current European Medicines Agency guidance document, Directive 2001\/20\/European Community, Good Clinical Practice (as established by the International Council for Harmonisation), Division 5 of the Canadian Food and Drugs Regulation and the principles enunciated in the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written consent, in compliance with local legislation and regulations, was obtained from each individual before they entered the studies.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"J.A.R.Q.: conceptualisation, methodology, investigation, formal analysis and writing\u2014review and editing. M.F.F.: conceptualisation, methodology, investigation, formal analysis and writing\u2014review and editing. A.S.P.: conceptualisation, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, writing and original draft preparation and writing\u2014review and editing. M.B.: conceptualisation, methodology, investigation, formal analysis and writing\u2014review and editing. All the authors approved the final version for publication and agree to be accountable for the work presented.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}