{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T11:16:41Z","timestamp":1783163801498,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Drug Investig"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-026-01560-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T08:40:50Z","timestamp":1780044050000},"page":"721-732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimating the Real Option Value of Osimertinib Compared to Standard EGFR-TKI in the Treatment of Advanced NSCLC in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Kwame","family":"Adjei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vakaramoko","family":"Diaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah","family":"Sherbeny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Suther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0535-6300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Askal A.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"1560_CR1","first-page":"e340","volume":"23","author":"J Thornton Snider","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thornton Snider J, Batt K, Wu Y, Tebeka MG, Seabury S. The option value of innovative treatments for non-small cell lung cancer and renal cell carcinoma. Am J Manag Care. 2017;23(10):e340\u20136 (PMID: 29087638).","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"1560_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01300","volume":"9","author":"L Falzone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Falzone L, Salomone S, Libra M. Evolution of cancer pharmacological treatments at the turn of the third millennium. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:1300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2018.01300.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1560_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.03.28","volume":"6","author":"G Tran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tran G, Zafar SY. Financial toxicity and implications for cancer care in the era of molecular and immune therapies. Ann Transl Med. 2018;6(9):166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/atm.2018.03.28.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"1560_CR4","unstructured":"IQVIA Institute for Human Data Science. Global oncology trends 2024: outlook to 2028. IQVIA. 2024. https:\/\/www.iqvia.com\/insights\/the-iqvia-institute\/reports-and-publications\/reports\/global-oncology-trends-2024. Accessed 10 Feb 2025."},{"issue":"2","key":"1560_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.12.005","volume":"20","author":"LP Garrison","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garrison LP, Kamal-Bahl S, Towse A. Toward a broader concept of value: identifying and defining elements for an expanded cost-effectiveness analysis. Value Health. 2017;20(2):213\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2016.12.005.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"1560_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2020.12.018","volume":"24","author":"GA Fornaro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fornaro GA, Federici C, Rognoni C, Ciani O. Broadening the concept of value: a scoping review on the option value of medical technologies. Value Health. 2021;24(7):1045\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2020.12.018.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1560_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1713137","volume":"378","author":"JC Soria","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soria JC, Ohe Y, Vansteenkiste J, et al. Osimertinib in untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(2):113\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1713137.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1560_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1913662","volume":"382","author":"SS Ramalingam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramalingam SS, Vansteenkiste J, Planchard D, et al. Overall survival with osimertinib in untreated, EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(1):41\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1913662.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1560_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2019.02.002","volume":"22","author":"M Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li M, Basu A, Bennette C, Veenstra DL, Garrison LP. How does option value affect the potential cost-effectiveness of a treatment? The case of ipilimumab for metastatic melanoma. Value Health. 2019;22(7):777\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2019.02.002.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"1560_CR10","unstructured":"US Inflation Calculator. Consumer price index data from 1913 to 2025. US Inflation Calculator. 2024. https:\/\/www.usinflationcalculator.com\/inflation\/consumer-price-index-and-annual-percent-changes-from-1913-to-2008\/. Accessed 10 Feb 2025."},{"key":"1560_CR11","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Physician fee schedule. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2024. https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/medicare\/payment\/fee-schedules\/physician. Accessed 10 Feb 2025."},{"key":"1560_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0150","volume":"24","author":"B Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu B, Gu X, Zhang Q, et al. Cost-effectiveness of osimertinib in treating newly diagnosed, advanced EGFR-mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Oncologist. 2019;24:349\u201357.","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"1560_CR13","unstructured":"IBM Micromedex RED BOOK. Merative; 2024. Accessed 21 Apr 2026."},{"issue":"4","key":"1560_CR14","first-page":"31","volume":"2","author":"J Graham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Graham J, Earnshaw S, Lim J, Luthra R, Borker R. Cost effectiveness of afatinib versus erlotinib in the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR exon 19 deletion mutations. J Clin Pathw. 2016;2(4):31\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathw"},{"issue":"8","key":"1560_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.1395","volume":"4","author":"PN Aguiar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aguiar PN, Haaland B, Park W, Tan PS, Del Giglio A, de Lima Lopes G. Cost-effectiveness of osimertinib in the first-line treatment of patients with EGFR-mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(8):1080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.1395.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"1560_CR16","unstructured":"Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER). Treatment options for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: effectiveness, value, and value-based price benchmarks. ICER. 2016. https:\/\/icer.org\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2020\/10\/MWCEPAC_NSCLC_Final_Evidence_Report_Meeting_Summary_110116.pdf. Accessed 10 Feb 2025."},{"key":"1560_CR17","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Osimertinib for untreated EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: evidence. NICE. 2020. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ta654\/evidence. Accessed 10 Feb 2025."},{"key":"1560_CR18","unstructured":"Rohatgi A. WebPlotDigitizer (version 4.1). Automeris. 2024. https:\/\/automeris.io\/WebPlotDigitizer\/. Accessed 15 Oct 2024."},{"issue":"6","key":"1560_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2016.1149056","volume":"32","author":"V Diaby","year":"2016","unstructured":"Diaby V, Ali AA, Adunlin G, Kohn CG, Montero AJ. Parameterization of a disease progression simulation model for sequentially treated metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2016;32(6):991\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1185\/03007995.2016.1149056.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"1560_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198526629.001.0001","volume-title":"Decision modelling for health economic evaluation","author":"A Briggs","year":"2006","unstructured":"Briggs A, Claxton K, Sculpher M. Decision modelling for health economic evaluation. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006."},{"issue":"7","key":"1560_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1916623","volume":"383","author":"N Howlader","year":"2020","unstructured":"Howlader N, Forjaz G, Mooradian MJ, et al. The effect of advances in lung-cancer treatment on population mortality. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(7):640\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1916623.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1560_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-024-01352-4","author":"M Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li M, Garrison LP. Incorporating real option value in valuing innovation: a way forward. Pharmacoeconomics. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40273-024-01352-4.","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1560_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2017.12.007","volume":"21","author":"DN Lakdawalla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lakdawalla DN, Doshi JA, Garrison LP, et al. Defining elements of value in health care\u2014a health economics approach: an ISPOR Special Task Force report. Value Health. 2018;21(2):131\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2017.12.007.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"1560_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003122","volume":"95","author":"E Teisberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teisberg E, Wallace S, O\u2019Hara SL. Defining and implementing value-based health care: a strategic framework. Acad Med. 2020;95(5):682\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003122.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"1560_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.1792","volume":"329","author":"PJ Neumann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neumann PJ, Kim DD. Cost-effectiveness thresholds used by study authors, 1990\u20132021. JAMA. 2023;329(15):1312\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2023.1792.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"1560_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2022.05.014","volume":"25","author":"M Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li M, Garrison LP, Lee W, Kowal S, Wong W, Veenstra DL. A pragmatic guide to assessing real option value for medical technologies. Value Health. 2022;25(11):1878\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2022.05.014.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"1560_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.07.007","volume":"87","author":"M Siddiqui","year":"2012","unstructured":"Siddiqui M, Rajkumar SV. The high cost of cancer drugs and what we can do about it. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(10):935\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.07.007.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1560_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-022-01232-9","volume":"41","author":"Y Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu Y, Dai Z, Chang F, et al. Whether and how disutilities of adverse events were used in the economic evaluation of drug therapy for cancer treatment. Pharmacoeconomics. 2023;41(3):295\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40273-022-01232-9.","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"}],"container-title":["Clinical Drug Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40261-026-01560-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40261-026-01560-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40261-026-01560-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T10:29:36Z","timestamp":1783160976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40261-026-01560-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40261-026-01560-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1173-2563","1179-1918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1173-2563","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1918","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This study was conducted using de-identified secondary data from the SEER-Medicare linked database. Institutional review board approval was obtained from Florida A&M University (IRBI:2254690-1), and informed consent was waived due to the use of de-identified data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The analytic code used in this study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Code sharing is subject to data use agreement restrictions related to the SEER-Medicare database.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code Availability"}},{"value":"This study used secondary data from the SEER-Medicare linked database. The data that support the findings of this study are not publicly available due to restrictions related to patient privacy and data use agreements. Access to the SEER-Medicare data is granted through application and approval by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Researchers may request access by submitting a proposal through the SEER-Medicare website:\n                      \n                      . The authors do not have permission to share the data directly.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of Data and Material"}},{"value":"Kwame Adjei: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis and investigation, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing, resources. Vakaramoko Diaby: methodology, formal analysis and investigation, writing\u2014original draft, writing\u2014review and editing. Meng Li: methodology, formal analysis and investigation, writing\u2014original draft, writing\u2014review and editing. Fatimah Sherbeny: methodology, writing\u2014original draft. Sandra Suther: methodology, writing\u2014original draft. Askal Ali: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis and investigation, writing\u2014original draft, writing\u2014review and editing, funding acquisition, supervision. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for the work.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author Contributions"}}]}}