{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T19:38:19Z","timestamp":1767901099855,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21HD106582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD106582"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30HD106451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30HD106451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Pharmacokinet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-025-01589-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T13:48:29Z","timestamp":1762955309000},"page":"133-148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a Semi-Mechanistic Population Pharmacokinetic Model for Predicting Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and Tenofovir Alafenamide Exposure in Plasma and Cellular Matrices During Pregnancy and Postpartum"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina M.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo F.","family":"Doncel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brookie M.","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Marzinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Mirochnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Landon","family":"Myer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Connie","family":"Celum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renee","family":"Heffron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenell","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dvora Joseph","family":"Davey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig W.","family":"Hendrix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah D.","family":"Momper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Bies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1519-9222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel K.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"1589_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.5076","volume":"329","author":"AC Eke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eke AC, Lockman S, Mofenson LM. Antiretroviral treatment of HIV\/AIDS during pregnancy. JAMA. 2023;329(15):1308\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"1589_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2021.1931680","volume":"20","author":"RM Stalter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stalter RM, Pintye J, Mugwanya KK. Safety review of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate\/emtricitabine pre-exposure prophylaxis for pregnant women at risk of HIV infection. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2021;20(11):1367\u201373.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"issue":"11","key":"1589_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165505","volume":"11","author":"X Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen X, Seifert SM, Castillo-Mancilla JR, Bushman LR, Zheng JH, Kiser JJ, et al. Model linking plasma and intracellular tenofovir\/emtricitabine with deoxynucleoside triphosphates. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(11):e0165505.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"1589_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz187","volume":"74","author":"KM Brooks","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brooks KM, Ibrahim ME, Castillo-Mancilla JR, MaWhinney S, Alexander K, Tilden S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir monoester and association with intracellular tenofovir diphosphate following single-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74(8):2352\u20139.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"1589_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ346","volume":"61","author":"TR Cressey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cressey TR, Avihingsanon A, Halue G, Leenasirimakul P, Sukrakanchana PO, Tawon Y, et al. Plasma and intracellular pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg every 48 hours vs 150 mg once daily in HIV-infected adults with moderate renal function impairment. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(4):633\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1589_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00215-22","volume":"66","author":"AN Kawuma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kawuma AN, Wasmann RE, Dooley KE, Boffito M, Maartens G, Denti P. Population pharmacokinetic model and alternative dosing regimens for dolutegravir coadministered with rifampicin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022;66(6):e0021522.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"1589_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.108.045526","volume":"74","author":"G Birkus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Birkus G, Kutty N, He G-X, Mulato A, Lee W, McDermott M, et al. Activation of 9-[(R)-2-[[(S)-[[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino] phenoxyphosphinyl]-methoxy]propyl]adenine (GS-7340) and other tenofovir phosphonoamidate prodrugs by human proteases. Mol Pharmacol. 2008;74(1):92\u2013100.","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"1589_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.11.009","volume":"125","author":"AS Ray","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ray AS, Fordyce MW, Hitchcock MJM. Tenofovir alafenamide: a novel prodrug of tenofovir for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus. Antiviral Res. 2016;125:63\u201370.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1589_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0089","volume":"29","author":"JR Castillo-Mancilla","year":"2013","unstructured":"Castillo-Mancilla JR, Zheng JH, Rower JE, Meditz A, Gardner EM, Predhomme J, et al. Tenofovir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots for determining recent and cumulative drug exposure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2013;29(2):384\u201390.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"1589_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01710-17","volume":"62","author":"PL Anderson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anderson PL, Liu AY, Castillo-Mancilla JR, Gardner EM, Seifert SM, McHugh C, et al. Intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate and emtricitabine-triphosphate in dried blood spots following directly observed therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62(1):e01710\u201317.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"1589_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05244-11","volume":"56","author":"S Benaboud","year":"2012","unstructured":"Benaboud S, Hirt D, Launay O, Pannier E, Firtion G, Rey E, et al. Pregnancy-related effects on tenofovir pharmacokinetics: a population study with 186 women. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(2):857\u201362.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"13","key":"1589_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001922","volume":"32","author":"M Pyra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pyra M, Anderson PL, Hendrix CW, Heffron R, Mugwanya K, Haberer JE, et al. Tenofovir and tenofovir-diphosphate concentrations during pregnancy among HIV-uninfected women using oral preexposure prophylaxis. AIDS. 2018;32(13):1891\u20138.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"8","key":"1589_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12252","volume":"16","author":"BM Best","year":"2015","unstructured":"Best BM, Burchett S, Li H, Stek A, Hu C, Wang J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir during pregnancy and postpartum. HIV Med. 2015;16(8):502\u201311.","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1589_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1893","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1872","volume":"73","author":"L Stranix-Chibanda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stranix-Chibanda L, Anderson PL, Kacanek D, Hosek S, Huang S, Nematadzira TG, et al. Tenofovir diphosphate concentrations in dried blood spots from pregnant and postpartum adolescent and young women receiving daily observed pre-exposure prophylaxis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(7):e1893\u2013900.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1589_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2024.106014","volume":"231","author":"D Joseph Davey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Joseph Davey D, Dadan S, Bheemraj K, Waitt C, Khoo S, Myer L, et al. Evaluation of pharmacokinetics of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) and tenofovir disoproxil (TDF) in pregnant and postpartum women in South Africa: PrEP-PP pk study. Antivir Res. 2024;231:106014.","journal-title":"Antivir Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1589_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20137","volume":"54","author":"VAL van Balen","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Balen VAL, van Gansewinkel TAG, de Haas S, Spaan JJ, Ghossein-Doha C, van Kuijk SMJ, et al. Maternal kidney function during pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019;54(3):297\u2013307.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1589_CR17","unstructured":"Jin FFM, Garner W, et al. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF). In: 14th International workshop on clinical pharmacology of HIV therapy; April 22\u201324, 2013. Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"key":"1589_CR18","unstructured":"Vemlidy. Tenofovir alafenamide. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2022\/208464s014lbl.pdf. Accessed 28 Oct 2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"1589_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2020.1738384","volume":"16","author":"AC Eke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eke AC, Brooks KM, Gebreyohannes RD, Sheffield JS, Dooley KE, Mirochnick M. Tenofovir alafenamide use in pregnant and lactating women living with HIV. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2020;16(4):333\u201342.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1589_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1010","volume":"75","author":"VE Bukkems","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bukkems VE, Necsoi C, Hidalgo Tenorio C, Garcia C, Alba Alejandre I, Weiss F, et al. Tenofovir alafenamide plasma concentrations are reduced in pregnant women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): data from the PANNA network. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75(4):623\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1589_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002767","volume":"35","author":"KM Brooks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brooks KM, Momper JD, Pinilla M, Stek AM, Barr E, Weinberg A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir alafenamide with and without cobicistat in pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV. AIDS. 2021;35(3):407\u201317.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"1589_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002944","volume":"90","author":"KM Brooks","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brooks KM, Pinilla M, Stek AM, Shapiro DE, Barr E, Febo IL, et al. Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir alafenamide with boosted protease inhibitors in pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV: results from IMPAACT P1026s. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2022;90(3):343\u201350.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"1589_CR23","unstructured":"Mugwanya KK, Nelly RM, Donnell D, Saina M, Brown CE, Schaafsma TT, et al. Adherence benchmarks for TFV-DP in DBS and PBMCs for African women using FTC\/TDF PrEP. CROI 2024; March 3\u20136, 2024. Denver, Colorado, US."},{"issue":"15","key":"1589_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003062","volume":"35","author":"JL Yager","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yager JL, Brooks KM, Castillo-Mancilla JR, Nemkov C, Morrow M, Peterson S, et al. Tenofovir-diphosphate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells during low, medium and high adherence to emtricitabine\/ tenofovir alafenamide vs. emtricitabine\/ tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. AIDS. 2021;35(15):2481\u20137.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"1589_CR25","unstructured":"Brooks K. Intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate concentrations with tenofovir alafenamide during pregnancy and postpartum in people with HIV: results from IMPAACT 2026. In: International workshop on clinical pharmacology of HIV, hepatitis, and other antiviral drugs; September 11-13, 2023. Rome, Italy."},{"key":"1589_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224580","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2023.1224580","volume":"5","author":"RK Scott","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scott RK, Yu Y, Marzinke MA, Coleman JS, Hendrix CW, Bies R. Clinical trial simulation to evaluate tenofovir disoproxil fumarate\/emtricitabine HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis dosing during pregnancy. Front Reprod Health. 2023;5:1224580.","journal-title":"Front Reprod Health"},{"key":"1589_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100893","volume":"36","author":"AR Thurman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thurman AR, Schwartz JL, Cottrell ML, Brache V, Chen BA, Coch\u00f3n L, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of a tenofovir alafenamide fumarate-emtricitabine based oral antiretroviral regimen for prevention of HIV acquisition in women: a randomized controlled trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;36:100893.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"1589_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.15386\/mpr-1201","volume":"92","author":"LA Anghel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anghel LA, Farcas AM, Oprean RN. An overview of the common methods used to measure treatment adherence. Med Pharm Rep. 2019;92(2):117\u201322.","journal-title":"Med Pharm Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"1589_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02168","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02168-20","volume":"65","author":"AC Eke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eke AC, Shoji K, Best BM, Momper JD, Stek AM, Cressey TR, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in pregnant and postpartum women using tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021;65(3):e02168-e2172.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"8","key":"1589_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15310","volume":"88","author":"A Tanaudommongkon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tanaudommongkon A, Chaturvedula A, Hendrix CW, Fuchs EJ, Shieh E, Bakshi RP, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir, emtricitabine and intracellular metabolites in transgender women. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;88(8):3674\u201382.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1589_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012299115260","volume":"28","author":"SL Beal","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beal SL. Ways to fit a PK model with some data below the quantification limit. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2001;28(5):481\u2013504.","journal-title":"J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn"},{"key":"1589_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.01.038","volume":"122","author":"JH Zheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zheng JH, Rower C, McAllister K, Castillo-Mancilla J, Klein B, Meditz A, et al. Application of an intracellular assay for determination of tenofovir-diphosphate and emtricitabine-triphosphate from erythrocytes using dried blood spots. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2016;122:16\u201320.","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"issue":"5","key":"1589_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.5.1898-1906.2005","volume":"49","author":"WA Lee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee WA, He GX, Eisenberg E, Cihlar T, Swaminathan S, Mulato A, et al. Selective intracellular activation of a novel prodrug of the human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir leads to preferential distribution and accumulation in lymphatic tissue. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(5):1898\u2013906.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"1589_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.461","volume":"55","author":"RN Burns","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burns RN, Hendrix CW, Chaturvedula A. Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir and tenofovir-diphosphate in healthy women. J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;55(6):629\u201338.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1589_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1464","volume":"106","author":"SA Greene","year":"2019","unstructured":"Greene SA, Chen J, Prince HMA, Sykes C, Schauer AP, Blake K, et al. Population modeling highlights drug disposition differences between tenofovir alafenamide and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in the blood and semen. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2019;106(4):821\u201330.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"1589_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.118.251009","volume":"367","author":"KL Garrett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garrett KL, Chen J, Maas BM, Cottrell ML, Prince HA, Sykes C, et al. A pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic model to predict effective HIV prophylaxis dosing strategies for people who inject drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2018;367(2):245\u201351.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"1589_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12583","volume":"10","author":"P Jayachandran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jayachandran P, Garcia-Cremades M, Vu\u010di\u0107evi\u0107 K, Bumpus NN, Anton P, Hendrix C, et al. A mechanistic in vivo\/ex vivo pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of tenofovir for HIV prevention. CPT Pharmacometr Syst Pharmacol. 2021;10(3):179\u201387.","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometr Syst Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1589_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040382","volume":"7","author":"S Duwal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Duwal S, Sch\u00fctte C, von Kleist M. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir and prophylactic efficacy against HIV-1 infection. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(7):e40382.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"1589_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5294","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05317-11","volume":"55","author":"G Baheti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baheti G, Kiser JJ, Havens PL, Fletcher CV. Plasma and intracellular population pharmacokinetic analysis of tenofovir in HIV-1-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(11):5294\u20139.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"1589_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835a9a2d","volume":"27","author":"G Baheti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baheti G, King JR, Acosta EP, Fletcher CV. Age-related differences in plasma and intracellular tenofovir concentrations in HIV-1-infected children, adolescents and adults. AIDS. 2013;27(2):221\u20135.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"1589_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2845","volume":"113","author":"AS Devanathan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Devanathan AS, Dumond JB, Anderson DJC, Moody K, Poliseno AJ, Schauer AP, et al. A novel algorithm to improve PrEP adherence monitoring using dried blood spots. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2023;113(4):896\u2013903.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"1589_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028017717018","volume":"51","author":"A Tseng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tseng A, Hughes CA, Wu J, Seet J, Phillips EJ. Cobicistat versus ritonavir: similar pharmacokinetic enhancers but some important differences. Ann Pharmacother. 2017;51(11):1008\u201322.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"}],"container-title":["Clinical Pharmacokinetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40262-025-01589-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40262-025-01589-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40262-025-01589-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T15:30:59Z","timestamp":1767886259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40262-025-01589-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40262-025-01589-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0312-5963","1179-1926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0312-5963","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Jeremiah D. Momper is an Editorial Board member of\n                      Clinical Pharmacokinetics\n                      . Jeremiah D. Momper was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Renee Heffron serves as a consultant to Merck and Sharp & Dohme and has been a Principal Investigator for studies that received donated FTC\/TDF medication from Gilead Sciences. Robert Bies serves as a consultant for Advanced Bioscience Laboratories. Craig W. Hendrix holds several patents and receives royalties related to PrEP topical microbicides, and is a founder of Prionde Biopharma, LLC, a PrEP microbicide company; all conflicts are managed by Johns Hopkins University and the HPTN. Dvora Joseph Davey receives research support from ViiV Healthcare, Merck, and Gilead Sciences. Kristina M. Brooks previously received consulting fees from ViiV Healthcare. Peter Anderson receives research contracts from Gilead Sciences, with payments made to his institution. Mark Mirochnick receives research support through his institution from ViiV Healthcare and Merck. Rachel K. Scott has participated in advisory boards and received investigator-sponsored research funding from ViiV Healthcare and Gilead Sciences, managed by her institution. Yifan Yu, Gustavo F. Doncel, Brookie M. Best, Mark A. Marzinke, Landon Myer, Connie Celum, and Jenell Coleman have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study is a secondary analysis of deidentified data from multiple previously published studies [\n                      \n                      ,\n                      \n                      ,\n                      \n                      ,\n                      \n                      ,\n                      \n                      ]. The original studies were approved by their respective institutional review boards, and all data were deidentified prior to data sharing and this analysis. The University at Buffalo reviewed this study (institutional review board ID: STUDY00006180) and determined that as this research does not involve human subjects, institutional review board approval was not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The data cannot be made publicly available because of the ethical restrictions in the study\u2019s informed consent documents and in the International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) Network\u2019s approved human subjects protection plan; public availability may compromise participant confidentiality. However, data are available to all interested researchers upon request to the IMPAACT Statistical and Data Management Center\u2019s data access committee (e-mail: sdac.data@fstrf.org) with the agreement of the IMPAACT Network.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"RKS acquired funding for the study. RKS, RB, and CWH contributed to the conceptualization of the study. RKS, RB, CWH, and JDM supervised the research. YY conducted the data analysis and drafted the original manuscript. KMB, GFD, BMB, MAM, MM, PA, LM, CC, RH, JC, DJD, CW, JDM, and RKS contributed to data curation. All authors reviewed and edited the manuscript.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}