{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T22:16:56Z","timestamp":1792880216489,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,8]],"date-time":"2012-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Drugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-012-0023-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,17]],"date-time":"2012-12-17T20:42:33Z","timestamp":1355776953000},"page":"91-96","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Refractory Trigeminal Neuralgia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Cruccu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Truini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"23_CR1","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms","author":"H Merskey","year":"1994","unstructured":"Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Seattle: IASP Press; 1994. p. 59\u201371."},{"issue":"10","key":"23_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02185.x","volume":"15","author":"G Cruccu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cruccu G, Gronseth G, Alksne J, et al. AAN-EFNS guidelines on trigeminal neuralgia management. Eur J Neurol. 2008;15(10):1013\u201328.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"15","key":"23_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000326598.83183.04","volume":"71","author":"G Gronseth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gronseth G, Cruccu G, Alksne J, et al. Practice parameter: the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (an evidence-based review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the European Federation of Neurological Societies. Neurology. 2008;71(15):1183\u201390.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"23_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01792.x","volume":"29","author":"C P\u00e9rez","year":"2009","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez C, Navarro A, Salda\u00f1a MT, et al. Patient-reported outcomes in subjects with painful trigeminal neuralgia receiving pregabalin: evidence from medical practice in primary care settings. Cephalalgia. 2009;29(7):781\u201390.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"5","key":"23_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270009333017","volume":"49","author":"C P\u00e9rez","year":"2009","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez C, Salda\u00f1a MT, Navarro A, et al. Trigeminal neuralgia treated with pregabalin in family medicine settings: its effect on pain alleviation and cost reduction. J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;49(5):582\u201390.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"23_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00859.x","volume":"11","author":"S Scrivani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scrivani S, Wallin D, Moulton EA, et al. A fMRI evaluation of lamotrigine for the treatment of trigeminal neuropathic pain: pilot study. Pain Med. 2010;11(6):920\u201341.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"23_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2009.00298.x","volume":"4","author":"M Kleef van","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Kleef M, van Genderen WE, Narouze S, et al. World institute of medicine: 1. Trigeminal neuralgia. Pain Pract. 2009;4:252\u20139.","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"23_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.10.005","volume":"141","author":"P Gazerani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gazerani P, Pedersen NS, Staahl C, et al. Subcutaneous botulinum toxin type A reduces capsaicin-induced trigeminal pain and vasomotor reactions in human skin. Pain. 2009;141(1\u20132):60\u20139.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"23_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2007.04.010","volume":"15","author":"JM Gomez-Arguelles","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gomez-Arguelles JM, Dorado R, Sepulveda JM, et al. Oxcarbazepine monotherapy in carbamazepine-unresponsive trigeminal neuralgia. J Clin Neurosci. 2008;15(5):516\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"23_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2006.12.015","volume":"34","author":"M Silver","year":"2007","unstructured":"Silver M, Blum D, Grainger J, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of lamotrigine in combination with other medications for neuropathic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2007;34(4):446\u201354.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"6","key":"23_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2011.04.002","volume":"74","author":"S Shaikh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shaikh S, Yaacob HB, Abd Rahman RB. Lamotrigine for trigeminal neuralgia: efficacy and safety in comparison with carbamazepine. J Chin Med Assoc. 2011;74(6):243\u20139.","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"23_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)00104-8","volume":"73","author":"JM Zakrzewska","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zakrzewska JM, Chaudhry Z, Nurmikko TJ, et al. Lamotrigine (lamictal) in refractory trigeminal neuralgia: results from a double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial. Pain. 1997;73(2):223\u201330.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"23_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiffen P, Rees J. Lamotrigine for acute and chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(2):CD006044.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006044.pub2"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"23_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.12.010","volume":"114","author":"D Bouhassira","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bouhassira D, Attal N, Alchaar H, et al. Comparison of pain syndromes associated with nervous or somatic lesions and development of a new neuropathic pain diagnostic questionnaire (DN4). Pain. 2005;114(1\u20132):29\u201336.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"23_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02585.x","volume":"16","author":"TP Jorns","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jorns TP, Johnston A, Zakrzewska JM. Pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam (Keppra) in treatment of patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(6):740\u20134.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"23_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael180","volume":"97","author":"A Kanai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kanai A, Suzuki A, Kobayashi M, et al. Intranasal lidocaine 8% spray for second-division trigeminal neuralgia. Br J Anaesth. 2006;97(4):559\u201363.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"4","key":"23_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00405.x","volume":"46","author":"A Kanai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kanai A, Saito M, Hoka S. Subcutaneous sumatriptan for refractory trigeminal neuralgia. Headache. 2006;46(4):577\u201382. (discussion 583\u20134).","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"8","key":"23_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000210917.18536.0d","volume":"22","author":"A Kanai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kanai A, Suzuki A, Osawa S, et al. Sumatriptan alleviates pain in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Clin J Pain. 2006;22(8):677\u201380.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"23_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318158011a","volume":"24","author":"L Lemos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lemos L, Flores S, Oliveira P, et al. Gabapentin supplemented with ropivacain block of trigger points improves pain control and quality of life in trigeminal neuralgia patients when compared with gabapentin alone. Clin J Pain. 2008;24(1):64\u201375.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"23_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2011.03.022","volume":"40","author":"G Dergin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dergin G, Gocmen G, Sener BC. Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with bupivacaine HCL using a temporary epidural catheter and pain pump: preliminary study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2012;40(2):124\u20138.","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"23_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2007.01568.x","volume":"62","author":"KR Han","year":"2008","unstructured":"Han KR, Kim C, Chae YJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of high concentration lidocaine for trigeminal nerve block in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62(2):248\u201354.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"23_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.04.043","volume":"111","author":"B Bohluli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bohluli B, Motamedi MH, Bagheri SC, et al. Use of botulinum toxin A for drug-refractory trigeminal neuralgia: preliminary report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;111(1):47\u201350.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"6","key":"23_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412441721","volume":"32","author":"CJ Wu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wu CJ, Lian YJ, Zheng YK, et al. Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Cephalalgia. 2012;32(6):443\u201350.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"5","key":"23_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02584.x","volume":"16","author":"HA Teive","year":"2009","unstructured":"Teive HA, Piovesan EJ, Kowacs PA, et al. Comment on AAN-EFNS guidelines on trigeminal neuralgia management. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(5):e105.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"3A","key":"23_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2008000400012","volume":"66","author":"C Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","year":"2008","unstructured":"Z\u00fa\u00f1iga C, D\u00edaz S, Piedimonte F, et al. Beneficial effects of botulinum toxin type A in trigeminal neuralgia. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2008;66(3A):500\u20133.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"23_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000180940.98815.74","volume":"65","author":"EJ Piovesan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Piovesan EJ, Teive HG, Kowacs PA, et al. An open study of botulinum-A toxin treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology. 2005;65(8):1306\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"23_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnf.0000172497.24770.b0","volume":"28","author":"U T\u00fcrk","year":"2005","unstructured":"T\u00fcrk U, Ilhan S, Alp R, et al. Botulinum toxin and intractable trigeminal neuralgia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005;28(4):161\u20132.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"23_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1054\/jpai.2002.27142","volume":"3","author":"GE Borodic","year":"2002","unstructured":"Borodic GE, Acquadro MA. The use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic facial pain. J Pain. 2002;3(1):21\u20137.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"23_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2005.01.017","volume":"26","author":"KR Aoki","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aoki KR. Review of a proposed mechanism for the antinociceptive action of botulinum toxin type A. Neurotoxicology. 2005;26(5):785\u201393.","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"23_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.06.013","volume":"17","author":"KR Aoki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aoki KR, Francis J. Updates on the antinociceptive mechanism hypothesis of botulinum toxin A. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17(Suppl. 1):S28\u201333.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"23_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.22.1.36","volume":"22","author":"E Kugelberg","year":"1959","unstructured":"Kugelberg E, Lindblom U. The mechanism of the pain in trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1959;22(1):36\u201343.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"23_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-9752(10)97056-5","volume":"97","author":"G Cruccu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cruccu G, Bonamico LH, Zakrzewska JM. Cranial neuralgias. Handb Clin Neurol. 2010;97:663\u201378.","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"23_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.12.026","volume":"143","author":"G Cruccu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cruccu G, Biasiotta A, Di Rezze S, et al. Trigeminal neuralgia and pain related to multiple sclerosis. Pain. 2009;143(3):186\u201391.","journal-title":"Pain"}],"container-title":["CNS Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40263-012-0023-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40263-012-0023-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40263-012-0023-0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,7]],"date-time":"2019-07-07T04:26:44Z","timestamp":1562473604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40263-012-0023-0"}},"subtitle":["Non-Surgical Treatment Options"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,8]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}},"alternative-id":["23"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-012-0023-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1172-7047","1179-1934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1172-7047","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1934","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,8]]}}}