{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:50:54Z","timestamp":1791337854814,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Avadel Pharmaceuticals"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Drugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-024-01144-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T04:57:34Z","timestamp":1742533054000},"page":"71-83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sodium Oxybate: Practical Considerations and Patient Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Maggie","family":"Lavender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecile","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1144_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16100","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.100","volume":"3","author":"BR Kornum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kornum BR, Knudsen S, Ollila HM, et al. Narcolepsy. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:16100.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"1144_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.10.002","volume":"16","author":"MJ Thorpy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thorpy MJ, Dauvilliers Y. Clinical and practical considerations in the pharmacologic management of narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2015;16:9\u201318.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"1144_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2014.01.2727","volume":"126","author":"R Rosenberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rosenberg R, Kim AY. The AWAKEN survey: knowledge of narcolepsy among physicians and the general population. Postgrad Med. 2014;126:78\u201386.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"1144_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0226-9","volume":"15","author":"CLA Bassetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bassetti CLA, Adamantidis A, Burdakov D, et al. Narcolepsy-clinical spectrum, aetiopathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15:519\u201339.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1144_CR5","volume-title":"International classification of sleep disorders","author":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine","year":"2014","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders. 3rd ed. Darien: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.","edition":"3"},{"key":"1144_CR6","first-page":"106","volume":"7","author":"AM Morse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morse AM. Narcolepsy in children and adults: a guide to improved recognition, diagnosis and management. Med Sci (Basel). 2019;7:106.","journal-title":"Med Sci (Basel)."},{"key":"1144_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/25.1.27","volume":"25","author":"ML Okun","year":"2002","unstructured":"Okun ML, Lin L, Pelin Z, et al. Clinical aspects of narcolepsy-cataplexy across ethnic groups. Sleep. 2002;25:27\u201335.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1144_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2016.10.001","volume":"12","author":"M Thorpy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thorpy M, Morse AM. Reducing the clinical and socioeconomic burden of narcolepsy by earlier diagnosis and effective treatment. Sleep Med Clin. 2017;12:61\u201371.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"1144_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6494","volume":"13","author":"K Maski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maski K, Steinhart E, Williams D, et al. Listening to the patient voice in narcolepsy: diagnostic delay, disease burden, and treatment efficacy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13:419\u201325.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"1144_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz L, Morse AM, Krahn L, et al. A Survey of People Living with Narcolepsy in the USA: Path to Diagnosis, Quality of Life, and Treatment Landscape from the Patient's Perspective. CNS Drugs. 2025;","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-024-01142-8"},{"key":"1144_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14150","volume":"33","author":"V Baldini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baldini V, Venezia N, Iriti A, et al. Eating disorders in narcolepsy type 1: evidence from a cross-sectional Italian study. J Sleep Res. 2024;33: e14150.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"1144_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.3.335","volume":"31","author":"HA Fortuyn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fortuyn HA, Swinkels S, Buitelaar J, et al. High prevalence of eating disorders in narcolepsy with cataplexy: a case-control study. Sleep. 2008;31:335\u201341.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1144_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merino D, Gerard AO, Van Obberghen EK, et al. Medications as a trigger of sleep-related eating disorder: a disproportionality analysis. J Clin Med. 2022;11:3890.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133890"},{"key":"1144_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.5664\/JCSM.1082","volume":"7","author":"DM Wallace","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wallace DM, Maze T, Shafazand S. Sodium oxybate-induced sleep driving and sleep-related eating disorder. J Clin Sleep Med. 2011;7:310\u20131.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"1144_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feketeov\u00e1 E, Draga\u0161ek J, Klobu\u010dn\u00edkov\u00e1 K, et al. Psychotic episode and schizophrenia in Slovakian Narcolepsy Database. Brain Sci. 2022;13:43.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13010043"},{"key":"1144_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-012-2077-6","volume":"27","author":"G Elwyn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Elwyn G, Frosch D, Thomson R, et al. Shared decision making: a model for clinical practice. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27:1361\u20137.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"1144_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-021-01992-4","volume":"39","author":"LE Krahn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krahn LE, Zee PC, Thorpy MJ. Current understanding of narcolepsy 1 and its comorbidities: what clinicians need to know. Adv Ther. 2022;39:221\u201343.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"1144_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22680","volume":"74","author":"JK Swift","year":"2018","unstructured":"Swift JK, Callahan JL, Cooper M, Parkin SR. The impact of accommodating client preference in psychotherapy: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol. 2018;74:1924\u201337.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1144_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2011.02.004","volume":"86","author":"B Chewning","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chewning B, Bylund CL, Shah B, et al. Patient preferences for shared decisions: a systematic review. Patient Educ Couns. 2012;86:9\u201318.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"1144_CR20","first-page":"169","volume":"44","author":"DH Thom","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thom DH, Campbell B. Patient-physician trust: an exploratory study. J Fam Pract. 1997;44:169\u201376.","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"1144_CR21","volume-title":"International classification of sleep disorders\u2014third edition text revision, summary of diagnostic criteria changes","author":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine","year":"2023","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders\u2014third edition text revision, summary of diagnostic criteria changes. 3rd ed. Darien: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2023.","edition":"3"},{"key":"1144_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628641987562","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286419875622","volume":"12","author":"L Barateau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barateau L, Dauvilliers Y. Recent advances in treatment for narcolepsy. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2019;12:1756286419875622.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"1144_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60237-2","volume":"369","author":"Y Dauvilliers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dauvilliers Y, Arnulf I, Mignot E. Narcolepsy with cataplexy. Lancet. 2007;369:499\u2013511.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1144_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14888","volume":"28","author":"CLA Bassetti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bassetti CLA, Kallweit U, Vignatelli L, et al. European guideline and expert statements on the management of narcolepsy in adults and children. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28:2815\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"1144_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-016-0337-4","volume":"30","author":"L Barateau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barateau L, Lopez R, Dauvilliers Y. Treatment options for narcolepsy. CNS Drugs. 2016;30:369\u201379.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"1144_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4598","volume":"11","author":"RK Bogan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bogan RK, Roth T, Schwartz J, Miloslavsky M. Time to response with sodium oxybate for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11:427\u201332.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"1144_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-021-00866-1","volume":"35","author":"NF Watson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Watson NF, Davis CW, Zarycranski D, et al. Time to onset of response to pitolisant for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy: an analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. CNS Drugs. 2021;35:1303\u201315.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"1144_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.5293","volume":"1","author":"AG Levy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Levy AG, Scherer AM, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, et al. Prevalence of and factors associated with patient nondisclosure of medically relevant information to clinicians. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1: e185293.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1144_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S162762","volume":"12","author":"EC Barker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barker EC, Flygare J, Paruthi S, Sharkey KM. Living with narcolepsy: current management strategies, future prospects, and overlooked real-life concerns. Nat Sci Sleep. 2020;12:453\u201366.","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep."},{"key":"1144_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2014.07.017","volume":"96","author":"LA Shay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shay LA, Lafata JE. Understanding patient perceptions of shared decision making. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;96:295\u2013301.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"1144_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2008.07.044","volume":"74","author":"CF van Uden-Kraan","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Uden-Kraan CF, Drossaert CH, Taal E, et al. Participation in online patient support groups endorses patients\u2019 empowerment. Patient Educ Couns. 2009;74:61\u20139.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"1144_CR32","unstructured":"Narcolepsy Network. About us. https:\/\/narcolepsynetwork.org\/about-us\/. Accessed 10 June 2024."},{"key":"1144_CR33","unstructured":"Wake Up Narcolepsy. About wake up narcolepsy. https:\/\/www.wakeupnarcolepsy.org\/about-wun\/. Accessed 10 June 2024."},{"key":"1144_CR34","unstructured":"Project Sleep. Our mission. https:\/\/project-sleep.com\/about-us\/. Accessed 10 June 2024."},{"key":"1144_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62698-5","volume":"14","author":"G Varallo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Varallo G, Franceschini C, Rapelli G, et al. Navigating narcolepsy: exploring coping strategies and their association with quality of life in patients with narcolepsy type 1. Sci Rep. 2024;14:11837.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1144_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.02.026","volume":"116","author":"A Schokman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schokman A, Cheung J, Milton A, et al. Making sense of narcolepsy: a qualitative exploration of how persons with narcolepsy perceive symptoms and their illness experience. Sleep Med. 2024;116:62\u201370.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"1144_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26368","volume":"1","author":"Xyrem International Study Group","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xyrem International Study Group. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study demonstrates sodium oxybate is effective for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2005;1:391\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"1144_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/25.8.42","volume":"25","author":"U.S. Xyrem Multicenter Study Group","year":"2002","unstructured":"U.S. Xyrem Multicenter Study Group. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial comparing the effects of three doses of orally administered sodium oxybate with placebo for the treatment of narcolepsy. Sleep. 2002;25:42\u20139.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1144_CR39","first-page":"31","volume":"26","author":"U.S. Xyrem Multicenter Study Group","year":"2003","unstructured":"U.S. Xyrem Multicenter Study Group. A 12-month, open-label, multicenter extension trial of orally administered sodium oxybate for the treatment of narcolepsy. Sleep. 2003;26:31\u20135.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1144_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsaa206","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa206","volume":"44","author":"RK Bogan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bogan RK, Thorpy MJ, Dauvilliers Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates (lower-sodium oxybate [LXB]; JZP-258) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized withdrawal study in adults with narcolepsy with cataplexy. Sleep. 2021;44:zsaa206.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1144_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-022-00904-6","volume":"36","author":"T Roth","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roth T, Dauvilliers Y, Thorpy MJ, et al. Effect of FT218, a once-nightly sodium oxybate formulation, on disrupted nighttime sleep in patients with narcolepsy: results from the randomized phase III REST-ON trial. CNS Drugs. 2022;36:377\u201387.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"1144_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2006.00533.x","volume":"15","author":"A Naumann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Naumann A, Bellebaum C, Daum I. Cognitive deficits in narcolepsy. J Sleep Res. 2006;15:329\u201338.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"1144_CR43","first-page":"36","volume":"26","author":"M Rieger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rieger M, Mayer G, Gauggel S. Attention deficits in patients with narcolepsy. Sleep. 2003;26:36\u201343.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1144_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100119304","volume":"6","author":"R Broughton","year":"1979","unstructured":"Broughton R, Mamelak M. The treatment of narcolepsy-cataplexy with nocturnal gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Can J Neurol Sci. 1979;6:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1144_CR45","volume-title":"NDA 21\u2013196 Xyrem (sodium oxybate) oral solution approval letter","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration CDER","year":"2002","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration CDER. NDA 21\u2013196 Xyrem (sodium oxybate) oral solution approval letter. Rockville: US Food and Drug Administration; 2002."},{"key":"1144_CR46","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Xyrem. 2023. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/xyrem. Accessed 14 Feb 2024."},{"key":"1144_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9328","volume":"17","author":"K Maski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maski K, Trotti LM, Kotagal S, et al. Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17:1881\u201393.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"1144_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.12.1705","volume":"30","author":"TI Morgenthaler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morgenthaler TI, Kapur VK, Brown T, et al. Practice parameters for the treatment of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias of central origin. Sleep. 2007;30:1705\u201311.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1144_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A253","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad077.0576","volume":"46","author":"MC Lipford","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lipford MC, Asfahan S, Gajinder PS, et al. Characterization of patients with narcolepsy treated vs not treated with sodium oxybate: a propensity score-matched cohort study [abstract 0576]. Sleep. 2023;46:A253.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1144_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2048","volume":"8","author":"MK Alshaikh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alshaikh MK, Tricco AC, Tashkandi M, et al. Sodium oxybate for narcolepsy with cataplexy: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2012;8:451\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"1144_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.03.010","volume":"6","author":"Xyrem International Study G","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xyrem International Study Group. Further evidence supporting the use of sodium oxybate for the treatment of cataplexy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 228 patients. Sleep Med. 2005;6:415\u201321.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"1144_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsab200","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab200","volume":"45","author":"CA Kushida","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kushida CA, Shapiro CM, Roth T, et al. Once-nightly sodium oxybate (FT218) demonstrated improvement of symptoms in a phase 3 randomized clinical trial in patients with narcolepsy. Sleep. 2022;45:zsab200.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1144_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A254","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad077.0579","volume":"46","author":"T Stern","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stern T, Roy A, Shapiro C, et al. 0579 Long-term safety of once-nightly oxybate for narcolepsy: RESTORE study interim analysis of data. Sleep. 2023;46:A254\u20135.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1144_CR54","unstructured":"Jazz Pharmaceuticals. Xyrem\u2122 (sodium oxybate). Full prescribing information. Palo Alto: Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2023."},{"key":"1144_CR55","unstructured":"Jazz Pharmaceuticals. Xywav\u2122 (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybate). Full prescribing information. Palo Alto: Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2023."},{"key":"1144_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01473.x","volume":"13","author":"M Billiard","year":"2006","unstructured":"Billiard M, Bassetti C, Dauvilliers Y, et al. EFNS guidelines on management of narcolepsy. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13:1035\u201348.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"1144_CR57","first-page":"989","volume":"23","author":"Y Dauvilliers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dauvilliers Y, Barateau L. Narcolepsy and other central hypersomnias. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2017;23:989\u20131004.","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)."},{"key":"1144_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/15.3.212","volume":"15","author":"MJ Thorpy","year":"1992","unstructured":"Thorpy MJ, Snyder M, Aloe FS, et al. Short-term triazolam use improves nocturnal sleep of narcoleptics. Sleep. 1992;15:212\u20136.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1144_CR59","unstructured":"Avadel Pharmaceuticals. LUMRYZ\u2122 (sodium oxybate for extended-release oral suspension, CIII). Full prescribing information. Chesterfield: Avadel Pharmaceuticals; 2024."},{"key":"1144_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.767","volume":"57","author":"CM White","year":"2017","unstructured":"White CM. Pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and clinical assessment of illicitly used gamma-hydroxybutyrate. J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;57:33\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1144_CR61","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Approved risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS)\u2014Xywav and Xyrem. 2024. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cder\/rems\/index.cfm?event=IndvRemsDetails.page&REMS=345. Accessed 14 Feb 2024."},{"key":"1144_CR62","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Approved risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS)\u2014Lumryz. 2023. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cder\/rems\/index.cfm?event=IndvRemsDetails.page&REMS=401. Accessed 14 Feb 2024."},{"key":"1144_CR63","unstructured":"UCB Pharma SA. Xyrem (Sodium Oxybate). Summary of product characteristics. Brussels: UCB Pharma SA; 2015."},{"key":"1144_CR64","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Guideline on good pharmacovigilance practices (GVP): module V\u2014risk management systems (Rev 2). 2017. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific-guideline\/guideline-good-pharmacovigilance-practices-module-v-risk-management-systems-rev-2_en.pdf. Accessed 17 Oct 2024."},{"key":"1144_CR65","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. EU-risk management plan for Xyrem\u00ae sodium oxybate 500 mg\/mL oral solution version 10.1. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2021."},{"key":"1144_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsy128","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy128","volume":"41","author":"G Mayer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mayer G, Plazzi G, Iranzo A, et al. Long-term compliance, safety, and tolerability of sodium oxybate treatment in patients with narcolepsy type 1: a postauthorization, noninterventional surveillance study. Sleep. 2018;41:zsy128.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1144_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy A, Stern T, Harsh J, et al. RESTORE: once-nightly oxybate dosing preference and nocturnal experience with twice-nightly oxybates. Sleep Med X. 2024;8:100122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleepx.2024.100122"},{"key":"1144_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dauvilliers Y, Roth T, Bogan R, et al. Efficacy of once-nightly sodium oxybate (FT218) in narcolepsy type 1 and type 2: post hoc analysis from the phase 3 REST-ON trial. Sleep. 2023;46::zsad152.","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad152"},{"key":"1144_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.3004","volume":"9","author":"T Roth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roth T, Dauvilliers Y, Mignot E, et al. Disrupted nighttime sleep in narcolepsy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9:955\u201365.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"1144_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24983","DOI":"10.3402\/jchimp.v4.24983","volume":"4","author":"D Shrivastava","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shrivastava D, Jung S, Saadat M, et al. How to interpret the results of a sleep study. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2014;4:24983.","journal-title":"J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect."},{"key":"1144_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.7.1327","volume":"27","author":"M Mamelak","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mamelak M, Black J, Montplaisir J, Ristanovic R. A pilot study on the effects of sodium oxybate on sleep architecture and daytime alertness in narcolepsy. Sleep. 2004;27:1327\u201334.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1144_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27994","volume":"6","author":"J Black","year":"2010","unstructured":"Black J, Pardi D, Hornfeldt CS, Inhaber N. The nightly use of sodium oxybate is associated with a reduction in nocturnal sleep disruption: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with narcolepsy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6:596\u2013602.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"1144_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5.2S.S6","volume":"5","author":"DJ Dijk","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dijk DJ. Regulation and functional correlates of slow wave sleep. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5:S6-15.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"1144_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.09.011","volume":"100","author":"R Bogan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bogan R, Thorpy MJ, Winkelman JW, et al. Randomized, crossover, open-label study of the relative bioavailability and safety of FT218, a once-nightly sodium oxybate formulation: phase 1 study in healthy volunteers. Sleep Med. 2022;100:442\u20137.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"1144_CR75","unstructured":"Harmony Biosciences, LLC. WAKIX (pitolisant). Full prescribing information. Plymouth Meeting, PA: Harmony Biosciences, LLC;, 2022."},{"key":"1144_CR76","unstructured":"Axsome Therapeutics. Sunosi (solriamfetol). Full prescribing information. New York: Axsome Therapeutics; 2023."},{"key":"1144_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2024.173804","volume":"241","author":"E Konofal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Konofal E. From past to future: 50 years of pharmacological interventions to treat narcolepsy. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2024;241: 173804.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"1144_CR78","unstructured":"Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. RITALIN (methylphenidate hydrochloride). Full prescribing information. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2023."},{"key":"1144_CR79","unstructured":"Teva Pharmaceuticals. ADDERALL (dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate tablets). Full prescribing information. Parsippany: Teva Pharmaceuticals; 2023."},{"key":"1144_CR80","unstructured":"Teva Pharmaceuticals. Provigil (modafinil). Full prescribing information. Parsippany: Teva Pharmaceuticals; 2022."},{"key":"1144_CR81","unstructured":"Teva Pharmaceuticals. Nuvigil (armodafinil). Full prescribing information. Parsippany: Teva Pharmaceuticals; 2022."},{"key":"1144_CR82","unstructured":"Avadel Pharmaceuticals. Lumryz instructions for use. Chesterfield;: Avadel Pharmaceuticals 2023."},{"key":"1144_CR83","unstructured":"Sergi C, Parayil Sankaran B. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL) ineligible companies. Disclosure: Bindu Parayil Sankaran declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. 2024."},{"key":"1144_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavender M, Wermter E, Morse AM, et al. 0638 Stability of once-nightly sodium oxybate in alternative liquid reconstitution vehicles. SLEEP 2024; 2024 June 1\u20135, 2024; Houston, TX.","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae067.0638"},{"key":"1144_CR85","unstructured":"Thorpy M, Dauvilliers Y, Kushida C, Morse AM. Addressing patient needs in the advancement of narcolepsy treatment. World Sleep 2022; 2022 March 15; Rome, Italy."}],"container-title":["CNS Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40263-024-01144-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40263-024-01144-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40263-024-01144-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T09:08:06Z","timestamp":1743498486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40263-024-01144-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-024-01144-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1172-7047","1179-1934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1172-7047","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1934","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 November 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article has been published as part of a journal supplement wholly funded by Avadel Pharmaceuticals (Chesterfield, MO, USA). The development of this manuscript was funded by Avadel Pharmaceuticals. Open access publication and publication costs were funded by Avadel Pharmaceuticals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"ML is a speaker or has received consulting fees for participation on advisory boards for Avadel Pharmaceuticals, Harmony Biosciences, and Jazz Pharmaceuticals. CM has received consulting fees for participation on advisory boards for Avadel Pharmaceuticals, Axsome, and Harmony Biosciences and has served on speaker\u2019s bureaus for Avadel Pharmaceuticals. DA is an employee of Avadel Pharmaceuticals.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Data sharing is not applicable to this article, as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"ML, CM, and DA contributed to the conceptualization and refining of the review, analysis and interpretation, and writing of the original draft, as well as reviewing, editing, and critically revising the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final submitted manuscript and agree to be accountable for the work.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}