{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:55:07Z","timestamp":1791618907239,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]],"date-time":"2025-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]],"date-time":"2025-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Drugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-024-01151-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]],"date-time":"2025-01-12T07:58:40Z","timestamp":1736668720000},"page":"243-262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: An Update on Research Assessment and the Current and Upcoming Treatment Landscape"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3951-7527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Preetika","family":"Govil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1127-7016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua T.","family":"Kantrowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1151_CR1","volume-title":"Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias","author":"E Bleuler","year":"1950","unstructured":"Bleuler E. Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. New York: International Universities Press; 1950."},{"issue":"5","key":"1151_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyad011","volume":"26","author":"JT Kantrowitz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kantrowitz JT, Correll CU, Jain R, et al. New developments in the treatment of schizophrenia: an expert roundtable. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2023;26(5):322\u201330.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"1151_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howes OD, Dawkins E, Lobo MC, et al. New drug treatments for schizophrenia: a review of approaches to target circuit dysfunction. Biol Psychiatry. 2024;96(8):638-650.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.05.014"},{"key":"1151_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uliana DL, Lisboa JRF, Gomes FV, et al. The excitatory-inhibitory balance as a target for the development of novel drugs to treat schizophrenia. Biochem Pharmacol. 2024;228:116298.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116298"},{"issue":"5","key":"1151_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-017-0428-x","volume":"31","author":"JT Kantrowitz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kantrowitz JT. Managing negative symptoms of schizophrenia: how far have we come? CNS Drugs. 2017;31(5):373\u201388.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"1151_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"AP Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.","edition":"5"},{"key":"1151_CR7","volume-title":"Clinical psychiatry","author":"E Kraeplin","year":"1907","unstructured":"Kraeplin E. Clinical psychiatry. New York: Macmillan; 1907."},{"key":"1151_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2019.04.006","volume":"59","author":"C Donde","year":"2019","unstructured":"Donde C, Avissar M, Weber MM, et al. A century of sensory processing dysfunction in schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry. 2019;59:77\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1151_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-01949-9","volume":"28","author":"RA McCutcheon","year":"2023","unstructured":"McCutcheon RA, Keefe RSE, McGuire PK. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: aetiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28(5):1902\u201318.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1151_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sehatpour P, Kantrowitz JT. Finding the right dose: NMDA receptor-modulating treatments for cognitive and plasticity deficits in schizophrenia and the role of pharmacodynamic target engagement. Biol Psychiatry. 2025;97(2):128-138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.08.019"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-021-00145-4","volume":"7","author":"GP Strauss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Strauss GP, Bartolomeo LA, Harvey PD. Avolition as the core negative symptom in schizophrenia: relevance to pharmacological treatment development. NPJ Schizophr. 2021;7(1):16.","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2023.57","volume":"223","author":"O Howes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Howes O, Fusar-Poli P, Osugo M. Treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia: current approaches and future perspectives. Br J Psychiatry. 2023;223(1):332\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.11","volume":"64","author":"S Galderisi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Galderisi S, Mucci A, Dollfus S, et al. EPA guidance on assessment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry. 2021;64(1): e23.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"1151_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S225643","volume":"16","author":"CU Correll","year":"2020","unstructured":"Correll CU, Schooler NR. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a review and clinical guide for recognition, assessment, and treatment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020;16:519\u201334.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"8","key":"1151_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30050-6","volume":"5","author":"S Galderisi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galderisi S, Mucci A, Buchanan RW, et al. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: new developments and unanswered research questions. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(8):664\u201377.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/11.3.380","volume":"11","author":"NC Andreasen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Andreasen NC. Positive vs. negative schizophrenia: a critical evaluation. Schizophr Bull. 1985;11(3):380\u20139.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04250yel","volume":"71","author":"J Bobes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bobes J, Arango C, Garcia-Garcia M, et al. Prevalence of negative symptoms in outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders treated with antipsychotics in routine clinical practice: findings from the CLAMORS study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(3):280\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2003.10.004","volume":"19","author":"C Arango","year":"2004","unstructured":"Arango C, Buchanan RW, Kirkpatrick B, et al. The deficit syndrome in schizophrenia: implications for the treatment of negative symptoms. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):21\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1151_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.5.578","volume":"145","author":"WT Carpenter Jr","year":"1988","unstructured":"Carpenter WT Jr, Heinrichs DW, Wagman AM. Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145(5):578\u201383.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2018.15.1.94","volume":"15","author":"A Lopez-Diaz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lopez-Diaz A, Lara I, Lahera G. Is the prevalence of the deficit syndrome in schizophrenia higher than estimated? Results of a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Investig. 2018;15(1):94\u20138.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"issue":"10","key":"1151_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02221-w","volume":"28","author":"N Banaj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Banaj N, Vecchio D, Piras F, et al. Cortical morphology in patients with the deficit and non-deficit syndrome of schizophrenia: a worldwide meta- and mega-analyses. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28(10):4363\u201373.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1151_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn167","volume":"36","author":"GP Strauss","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strauss GP, Harrow M, Grossman LS, et al. Periods of recovery in deficit syndrome schizophrenia: a 20-year multi-follow-up longitudinal study. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(4):788\u201399.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1151_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107704","volume":"172","author":"SJ Kaar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaar SJ, Natesan S, McCutcheon R, et al. Antipsychotics: mechanisms underlying clinical response and side-effects and novel treatment approaches based on pathophysiology. Neuropharmacol. 2020;172: 107704.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1151_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00752-2","volume":"34","author":"JT Kantrowitz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kantrowitz JT. Targeting serotonin 5-HT2A receptors to better treat schizophrenia: rationale and current approaches. CNS Drugs. 2020;34(9):947\u201359.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"1151_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.08.028","volume":"90","author":"R Jeppesen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jeppesen R, Christensen RHB, Pedersen EMJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of anti-inflammatory agents in treatment of psychotic disorders\u2014a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;90:364\u201380.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"14","key":"1151_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2021.1939677","volume":"22","author":"JT Kantrowitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kantrowitz JT. How do we address treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia pharmacologically? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2021;22(14):1811\u20133.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"1151_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.05.014","volume":"186","author":"A Mucci","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mucci A, Merlotti E, Ucok A, et al. Primary and persistent negative symptoms: concepts, assessments and neurobiological bases. Schizophr Res. 2017;186:19\u201328.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1151_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.07.058","volume":"150","author":"SR Marder","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marder SR, Alphs L, Anghelescu IG, et al. Issues and perspectives in designing clinical trials for negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2013;150(2\u20133):328\u201333.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1151_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleman A, Lincoln TM, Bruggeman R, et al. Treatment of negative symptoms: where do we stand, and where do we go? Schiz Res. 2017;186:55-62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.05.015"},{"key":"1151_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galderisi S, Farden A, Kaiser S. Dissecting negative symptoms of schizophrenia: history, assessment, pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment. Schizophr Res. 2017;186:1-2.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.04.046"},{"issue":"7","key":"1151_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2016.1149164","volume":"17","author":"RP Garay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garay RP, Citrome L, Samalin L, et al. Therapeutic improvements expected in the near future for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: an appraisal of phase III clinical trials of schizophrenia-targeted therapies as found in US and EU clinical trial registries. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016;17(7):921\u201336.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1151_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.07.026","volume":"150","author":"C Arango","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arango C, Garibaldi G, Marder SR. Pharmacological approaches to treating negative symptoms: a review of clinical trials. Schizophr Res. 2013;150(2\u20133):346\u201352.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1151_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu170","volume":"41","author":"P Fusar-Poli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fusar-Poli P, Papanastasiou E, Stahl D, et al. Treatments of negative symptoms in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of 168 randomized placebo-controlled trials. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41(4):892\u20139.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"6","key":"1151_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac061","volume":"48","author":"P Czobor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Czobor P, Kakuszi B, Bitter I. Placebo response in trials of negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a critical reassessment of the evidence. Schizophr Bull. 2022;48(6):1228\u201340.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"SU21204IP1","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.SU21024IP1","volume":"83","author":"CU Correll","year":"2022","unstructured":"Correll CU, Abi-Dargham A, Howes O. Emerging treatments in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2022;83(1):SU21204IP1.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"1151_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2021.1968828","volume":"23","author":"JT Kantrowitz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kantrowitz JT. Additional perspective on cariprazine and negative symptoms. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2022;23(12):1469\u201370.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"2","key":"1151_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","volume":"13","author":"SR Kay","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(2):261\u201376.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1151_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1962.10.3.799","volume":"10","author":"JE Overall","year":"1962","unstructured":"Overall JE, Gorham DE. The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychol Rep. 1962;10:799\u2013812.","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"1151_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.05.008","volume":"115","author":"A Shafer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shafer A, Dazzi F. Meta-analysis of the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) factor structure. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;115:113\u201320.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1151_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.6.825","volume":"151","author":"SR Marder","year":"1994","unstructured":"Marder SR, Meibach RC. Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:825\u201335.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1151_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1159\/000285058","volume":"30","author":"L White","year":"1997","unstructured":"White L, Harvey PD, Opler L, et al. Empirical assessment of the factorial structure of clinical symptoms in schizophrenia. A multisite, multimodel evaluation of the factorial structure of the positive and negative syndrome scale. The PANSS Study Group. Psychopathology. 1997;30(5):263\u201374.","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"1151_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.043","volume":"271","author":"J Richter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Richter J, Hesse K, Schreiber L, et al. Evidence for two distinct domains of negative symptoms: confirming the factorial structure of the CAINS. Psychiatry Res. 2019;271:693\u2013701.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1151_CR43","volume-title":"The scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS)","author":"NC Andreasen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Andreasen NC. The scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS). Iowa City: The University of Iowa; 1984."},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(93)90036-2","volume":"27","author":"BN Axelrod","year":"1993","unstructured":"Axelrod BN, Goldman RS, Alphs LD. Validation of the 16-item negative symptom assessment. J Psychiatr Res. 1993;27(3):253\u20138.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1151_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.08.039","volume":"124","author":"C Forbes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Forbes C, Blanchard JJ, Bennett M, et al. Initial development and preliminary validation of a new negative symptom measure: the clinical assessment interview for negative symptoms (CAINS). Schizophr Res. 2010;124(1\u20133):36\u201342.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1151_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq059","volume":"37","author":"B Kirkpatrick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick B, Strauss GP, Nguyen L, et al. The brief negative symptom scale: psychometric properties. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37(2):300\u20135.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.09.002","volume":"31","author":"JW Messinger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Messinger JW, Tremeau F, Antonius D, et al. Avolition and expressive deficits capture negative symptom phenomenology: implications for DSM-5 and schizophrenia research. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(1):161\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1151_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw046","volume":"42","author":"GP Strauss","year":"2016","unstructured":"Strauss GP, Gold JM. A psychometric comparison of the clinical assessment interview for negative symptoms and the brief negative symptom scale. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42(6):1384\u201394.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1151_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari S, Malik M, Florival C, et al. An assessment of five (PANSS, SAPS, SANS, NSA-16, CGI-SCH) commonly used symptoms rating scales in schizophrenia and comparison to newer scales (CAINS, BNSS). J Addict Res Ther. 2017;8(3).","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6105.1000324"},{"issue":"5","key":"1151_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.10.016","volume":"24","author":"SR Marder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marder SR, Kirkpatrick B. Defining and measuring negative symptoms of schizophrenia in clinical trials. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24(5):737\u201343.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1151_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.07.005","volume":"150","author":"DG Daniel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Daniel DG. Issues in selection of instruments to measure negative symptoms. Schizophr Res. 2013;150(2\u20133):343\u20135.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1151_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weigel L, Wehr S, Galderisi S, et al. Clinician-reported negative symptom scales: a systematic review of measurement properties. Schizophr Bull. 2024;51(1):3-16.","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae168"},{"issue":"10202","key":"1151_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31135-3","volume":"394","author":"M Huhn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huhn M, Nikolakopoulou A, Schneider-Thoma J, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019;394(10202):939\u201351.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"1151_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-018-0869-3","volume":"268","author":"M Krause","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krause M, Zhu Y, Huhn M, et al. Antipsychotic drugs for patients with schizophrenia and predominant or prominent negative symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2018;268(7):625\u201339.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1151_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00887.x","volume":"114","author":"Y Lecrubier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lecrubier Y, Quintin P, Bouhassira M, et al. The treatment of negative symptoms and deficit states of chronic schizophrenia: olanzapine compared to amisulpride and placebo in a 6-month double-blind controlled clinical trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2006;114(5):319\u201327.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"1151_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.4.610","volume":"156","author":"JM Danion","year":"1999","unstructured":"Danion JM, Rein W, Fleurot O. Improvement of schizophrenic patients with primary negative symptoms treated with amisulpride. Amisulpride Study Group. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(4):610\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1151_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.170.1.18","volume":"170","author":"H Loo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Loo H, Poirier-Littre MF, Theron M, et al. Amisulpride versus placebo in the medium-term treatment of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1997;170:18\u201322.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.166.1.68","volume":"166","author":"P Boyer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Boyer P, Lecrubier Y, Puech AJ, et al. Treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia with amisulpride. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;166(1):68\u201372.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1151_CR59","unstructured":"Pichot P, Boyer P. Controlled double blind multi-centre trial of low dose amisulpride versus fluphenazine in the treatment of the negative syndrome of chronic schizophrenia expansion. Scientifique Francaise. 1989:125\u201337."},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000119075","volume":"29","author":"B Saletu","year":"1994","unstructured":"Saletu B, K\u00fcfferle B, Gr\u00fcnberger J, et al. Clinical, EEG mapping and psychometric studies in negative schizophrenia: comparative trials with amisulpride and fluphenazine. Neuropsychobiology. 1994;29(3):125\u201335.","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yic.0000182121.59296.70","volume":"21","author":"JP Oli\u00e9","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oli\u00e9 JP, Spina E, Murray S, et al. Ziprasidone and amisulpride effectively treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia: results of a 12-week, double-blind study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;21(3):143\u201351.","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1151_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.171.6.564","volume":"171","author":"JC Speller","year":"1997","unstructured":"Speller JC, Barnes TR, Curson DA, et al. One-year, low-dose neuroleptic study of in-patients with chronic schizophrenia characterised by persistent negative symptoms. Amisulpride v. haloperidol. Br J Psychiatry. 1997;171:564\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1151_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.177261","volume":"209","author":"D Siskind","year":"2016","unstructured":"Siskind D, McCartney L, Goldschlager R, et al. Clozapine v. first- and second-generation antipsychotics in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;209(5):385\u201392.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1151_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemeth G, Laszlovszky I, Czobor P, et al. Cariprazine versus risperidone monotherapy for treatment of predominant negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;389(10074):1103-1113.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30060-0"},{"issue":"9","key":"1151_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-022-06185-7","volume":"239","author":"L Biernat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Biernat L, Grattan VT, Hixon MS, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, phase 1 study of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of LB-102, a selective dopamine D(2\/3)\/5-HT(7) inhibitor. Psychopharmacology. 2022;239(9):3009\u201318.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-021-00171-2","volume":"7","author":"M Sabe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sabe M, Zhao N, Crippa A, et al. Antipsychotics for negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia: dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled acute phase trials. NPJ Schizophr. 2021;7(1):43.","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophr"},{"key":"1151_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.01.013","volume":"242","author":"DC Javitt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Javitt DC, Kantrowitz JT. The glutamate\/N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) model of schizophrenia at 35: on the path from syndrome to disease. Schizophr Res. 2022;242:56\u201361.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"1151_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.10.1301","volume":"148","author":"DC Javitt","year":"1991","unstructured":"Javitt DC, Zukin SR. Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(10):1301\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950030035004","volume":"51","author":"JH Krystal","year":"1994","unstructured":"Krystal JH, Karper LP, Seibyl JP, et al. Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(3):199\u2013214.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1151_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs075","volume":"38","author":"B Moghaddam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moghaddam B, Krystal JH. Capturing the angel in \u201cangel dust\u201d: twenty years of translational neuroscience studies of NMDA receptor antagonists in animals and humans. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38(5):942\u20139.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"1151_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs076","volume":"38","author":"JT Coyle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coyle JT. NMDA receptor and schizophrenia: a brief history. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38(5):920\u20136.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1151_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2010.04.006","volume":"83","author":"JT Kantrowitz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kantrowitz JT, Javitt DC. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor dysfunction or dysregulation: the final common pathway on the road to schizophrenia? Brain Res Bull. 2010;83(3\u20134):108\u201321.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3371\/CSRP.4.3.6","volume":"4","author":"JT Kantrowitz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kantrowitz JT, Javitt DC. Thinking glutamatergically: changing concepts of schizophrenia based upon changing neurochemical models. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2010;4(3):189\u2013200.","journal-title":"Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses"},{"key":"1151_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.119.1.61","volume":"119","author":"ED Luby","year":"1962","unstructured":"Luby ED, Gottlieb JS, Cohen BD, et al. Model psychoses and schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1962;119:61\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120965937","volume":"35","author":"KK Goh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goh KK, Wu TH, Chen CH, et al. Efficacy of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor modulator augmentation in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomised, placebo-controlled trials. J Psychopharmacol. 2021;35(3):236\u201352.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1151_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.01.015","volume":"94","author":"P Sehatpour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sehatpour P, Iosifescu DV, De Baun HM, et al. Dose-dependent augmentation of neuroplasticity-based auditory learning in schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, target engagement clinical trial of the NMDA glutamate receptor agonist d-serine. Biol Psychiatry. 2023;94(2):164\u201373.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1151_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.11.008","volume":"62","author":"D Alberati","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alberati D, Moreau JL, Lengyel J, et al. Glycine reuptake inhibitor RG1678: a pharmacologic characterization of an investigational agent for the treatment of schizophrenia. Neuropharmacol. 2012;62(2):1152\u201361.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1151_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.163","volume":"71","author":"D Umbricht","year":"2014","unstructured":"Umbricht D, Alberati D, Martin-Facklam M, et al. Effect of bitopertin, a glycine reuptake inhibitor, on negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, proof-of-concept study. JAMA Psychiat. 2014;71(6):637\u201346.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.11.014","volume":"82","author":"D Bugarski-Kirola","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bugarski-Kirola D, Blaettler T, Arango C, et al. Bitopertin in negative symptoms of schizophrenia-results from the phase III FlashLyte and DayLyte studies. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;82(1):8\u201316.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"1151_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30344-3","volume":"3","author":"D Bugarski-Kirola","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bugarski-Kirola D, Iwata N, Sameljak S, et al. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive bitopertin versus placebo in patients with suboptimally controlled symptoms of schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics: results from three phase 3, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicentre studies in the SearchLyte clinical trial programme. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(12):1115\u201328.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1151_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minder AE, Kluijver LG, Barman-Aksozen J, et al. Erythropoietic protoporphyrias: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Liver Int. 2024.","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.16027"},{"key":"1151_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunayevich E, Buchanan RW, Chen C-Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of the glycine transporter type-1 inhibitor AMG 747 for the treatment of negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res.2017;182:90-97.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.10.027"},{"issue":"2","key":"1151_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000073","volume":"34","author":"JH Schoemaker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schoemaker JH, Jansen WT, Schipper J, et al. The selective glycine uptake inhibitor org 25935 as an adjunctive treatment to atypical antipsychotics in predominant persistent negative symptoms of schizophrenia: results from the GIANT trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;34(2):190\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1151_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102947","volume":"68","author":"JC Seetharam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seetharam JC, Maiti R, Mishra A, et al. Efficacy and safety of add-on sodium benzoate, a d-amino acid oxidase inhibitor, in treatment of schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatry. 2022;68: 102947.","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1151_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang CC, Wei IH, Yang HT, et al. Determination of d-serine and d-alanine tissue levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of rats after a single dose of sodium benzoate, a d-amino acid oxidase inhibitor, with potential antipsychotic and antidepressant properties. Neurochem Res. 2023;48(7):2066-2076","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-023-03884-1"},{"issue":"12","key":"1151_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyad061","volume":"26","author":"CH Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin CH, Liao HY, Lane HY, et al. Elucidating the mechanisms of sodium benzoate in alzheimer disease: insights from quantitative proteomics analysis of serum samples. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2023;26(12):856\u201366.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30513-7","volume":"8","author":"WW Fleischhacker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fleischhacker WW, Podhorna J, Groschl M, et al. Efficacy and safety of the novel glycine transporter inhibitor BI 425809 once daily in patients with schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8(3):191\u2013201.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1151_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.06.017","volume":"270","author":"V Murthy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Murthy V, Hanson E, DeMartinis N, et al. INTERACT: a randomized phase 2 study of the DAAO inhibitor luvadaxistat in adults with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2024;270:249\u201357.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1151_CR89","unstructured":"Anon. https:\/\/neurocrine.gcs-web.com\/news-releases\/news-release-details\/neurocrine-biosciences-provides-update-eruditetm-phase-2-data. [cited; Available from:]."},{"issue":"12","key":"1151_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16060735","volume":"173","author":"JT Kantrowitz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kantrowitz JT, Milak MS, Mao X, et al. d-Cycloserine, an NMDA glutamate receptor glycine site partial agonist, induces acute increases in brain glutamate plus glutamine and GABA comparable to ketamine. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(12):1241\u20132.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(89)90379-0","volume":"98","author":"WF Hood","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hood WF, Compton RP, Monahan JB. d-Cycloserine: a ligand for the N-methyl-d-aspartate coupled glycine receptor has partial agonist characteristics. Neurosci Lett. 1989;98(1):91\u20135.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"1151_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653026","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.653026","volume":"12","author":"Z Dong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dong Z, Grunebaum MF, Lan MJ, et al. Relationship of brain glutamate response to d-cycloserine and lurasidone to antidepressant response in bipolar depression: a pilot study. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:653026.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345-023-00308-5","volume":"11","author":"A Nierenberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nierenberg A, Lavin P, Javitt DC, et al. NRX-101 (d-cycloserine plus lurasidone) vs. lurasidone for the maintenance of initial stabilization after ketamine in patients with severe bipolar depression with acute suicidal ideation and behavior: a randomized prospective phase 2 trial. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2023;11(1):28.","journal-title":"Int J Bipolar Disord."},{"issue":"7","key":"1151_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e3283123cad","volume":"19","author":"L More","year":"2008","unstructured":"More L, Gravius A, Nagel J, et al. Therapeutically relevant plasma concentrations of memantine produce significant l-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor occupation and do not impair learning in rats. Behav Pharmacol. 2008;19(7):724\u201334.","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol"},{"key":"1151_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2014.11.006","volume":"20","author":"JW Johnson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johnson JW, Glasgow NG, Povysheva NV. Recent insights into the mode of action of memantine and ketamine. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2015;20:54\u201363.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1151_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.05.019","volume":"209","author":"W Zheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zheng W, Zhu XM, Zhang QE, et al. Adjunctive memantine for major mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials. Schizophr Res. 2019;209:12\u201321.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721001239","volume":"53","author":"NR Swerdlow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Swerdlow NR, Bhakta SG, Talledo J, et al. Auditory discrimination and frequency modulation learning in schizophrenia patients: amphetamine within-subject dose response and time course. Psychol Med. 2023;53(1):140\u20138.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1151_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.02.003","volume":"207","author":"JT Kantrowitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kantrowitz JT. N-methyl-d-aspartate-type glutamate receptor modulators and related medications for the enhancement of auditory system plasticity in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2019;207:70\u20139.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490300316","volume":"30","author":"NJ Sucher","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sucher NJ, Lipton SA. Redox modulatory site of the NMDA receptor-channel complex: regulation by oxidized glutathione. J Neurosci Res. 1991;30(3):582\u201391.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1151_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02245-2","volume":"25","author":"SA Lipton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lipton SA, Choi YB, Takahashi H, et al. Cysteine regulation of protein function\u2014as exemplified by NMDA-receptor modulation. Trends Neurosci. 2002;25(9):474\u201380.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1151_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2880","volume":"39","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Liu Z, Wang T, et al. Efficacy and acceptability of adjunctive n-acetylcysteine for psychotic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2024;39(2): e2880.","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1151_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867419893439","volume":"54","author":"CO Yolland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yolland CO, Hanratty D, Neill E, et al. Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials with N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 2020;54(5):453\u201366.","journal-title":"Aust NZ J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"1151_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-08-02921.1997","volume":"17","author":"B Moghaddam","year":"1997","unstructured":"Moghaddam B, Adams B, Verma A, et al. Activation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by ketamine: a novel step in the pathway from NMDA receptor blockade to dopaminergic and cognitive disruptions associated with the prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci. 1997;17(8):2921\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5381","key":"1151_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5381.1349","volume":"281","author":"B Moghaddam","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moghaddam B, Adams BW. Reversal of phencyclidine effects by a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist in rats. Science. 1998;281(5381):1349\u201352.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"1151_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1632","volume":"13","author":"ST Patil","year":"2007","unstructured":"Patil ST, Zhang L, Martenyi F, et al. Activation of mGlu2\/3 receptors as a new approach to treat schizophrenia: a randomized Phase 2 clinical trial. Nat Med. 2007;13(9):1102\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1151_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.03.016","volume":"78","author":"BJ Kinon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kinon BJ, Millen BA, Zhang L, et al. Exploratory analysis for a targeted patient population responsive to the metabotropic glutamate 2\/3 receptor agonist pomaglumetad methionil in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;78(11):754\u201362.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1151_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.08.020","volume":"150","author":"VL Stauffer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stauffer VL, Millen BA, Andersen S, et al. Pomaglumetad methionil: no significant difference as an adjunctive treatment for patients with prominent negative symptoms of schizophrenia compared to placebo. Schizophr Res. 2013;150(2\u20133):434\u201341.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"1151_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0706-z","volume":"45","author":"JT Kantrowitz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kantrowitz JT, Grinband J, Goff DC, et al. Proof of mechanism and target engagement of glutamatergic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia: RCTs of pomaglumetad and TS-134 on ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms and pharmacoBOLD in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;45(11):1842\u201350.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"8","key":"1151_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyad035","volume":"26","author":"R Anand","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anand R, Turolla A, Chinellato G, et al. Phase 2 results indicate evenamide, a selective modulator of glutamate release, is associated with clinically important long-term efficacy when added to an antipsychotic in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2023;26(8):523\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"1151_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh R, Hahn MK, Bansal Y, et al. Evenamide: a potential pharmacotherapeutic alternative for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2024;27(2).","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyae005"},{"key":"1151_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.09.012","volume":"248","author":"JM Kane","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kane JM, Kinon BJ, Forray C, et al. Efficacy and safety of Lu AF35700 in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a randomized, active-controlled trial with open-label extension. Schizophr Res. 2022;248:271\u20138.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1151_CR112","unstructured":"Anon. https:\/\/www.newron.com\/news-and-media\/regulatory-news\/newron-announces-positive-top-line-results-potentially-pivotal-phase."},{"issue":"4","key":"1151_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.4265","volume":"77","author":"JT Kantrowitz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kantrowitz JT. The potential role of lumateperone-something borrowed? Something new? JAMA Psychiat. 2020;77(4):343\u20134.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"12","key":"1151_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.026","volume":"79","author":"JA Lieberman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lieberman JA, Davis RE, Correll CU, et al. ITI-007 for the treatment of schizophrenia: a 4-week randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;79(12):952\u201361.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1151_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.4379","volume":"77","author":"CU Correll","year":"2020","unstructured":"Correll CU, Davis RE, Weingart M, et al. Efficacy and safety of lumateperone for treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiat. 2020;77(4):349\u201358.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"1151_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng H, Yan K, Liu S, et al. Efficacy and safety of lumateperone for bipolar depression and schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2024;27(11).","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyae052"},{"key":"1151_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bugarski-Kirola D, Bitter I, Liu IY, et al. ENHANCE: phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of adjunctive pimavanserin for schizophrenia in patients with an inadequate response to antipsychotic treatment. Schizophr Bull Open. 2022;3(1)sgac006.","DOI":"10.1093\/schizbullopen\/sgac006"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00386-2","volume":"9","author":"D Bugarski-Kirola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bugarski-Kirola D, Arango C, Fava M, et al. Pimavanserin for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: results from the ADVANCE phase 2 randomised, placebo-controlled trial in North America and Europe. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022;9(1):46\u201358.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1151_CR119","unstructured":"Anon. https:\/\/www.empr.com\/home\/news\/drugs-in-the-pipeline\/pimavanserin-fails-to-meet-primary-endpoint-in-schizophrenia-trial."},{"issue":"12","key":"1151_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17010122","volume":"174","author":"M Davidson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davidson M, Saoud J, Staner C, et al. Efficacy and safety of MIN-101: a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a new drug in development for the treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174(12):1195\u2013202.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1151_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keefe RSE, Harvey PD, Khan A, et al. Cognitive effects of MIN-101 in patients with schizophrenia and negative symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018;79(3).","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17m11753"},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac013","volume":"48","author":"M Davidson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davidson M, Saoud J, Staner C, et al. Efficacy and safety of roluperidone for the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2022;48(3):609\u201319.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"50","key":"1151_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16796","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1869-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"S Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee S, Hjerling-Leffler J, Zagha E, et al. The largest group of superficial neocortical GABAergic interneurons expresses ionotropic serotonin receptors. J Neurosci. 2010;30(50):16796\u2013808.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.001","volume":"100","author":"E Abs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abs E, Poorthuis RB, Apelblat D, et al. Learning-related plasticity in dendrite-targeting layer 1 interneurons. Neuron. 2018;100(3):684-99 e6.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1151_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.021","volume":"132","author":"F Studer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Studer F, Barkat TR. Inhibition in the auditory cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;132:61\u201375.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01170-8","volume":"47","author":"P Sehatpour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sehatpour P, Javitt DC, De Baun HM, et al. Mismatch negativity as an index of target engagement for excitation\/inhibition-based treatment development: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, single-dose cross-over study of the serotonin type-3 receptor antagonist CVN058. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022;47(3):711\u20138.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1151_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.02.024","volume":"113","author":"W Zheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zheng W, Cai DB, Zhang QE, et al. Adjunctive ondansetron for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;113:27\u201333.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-013-8251-0","volume":"16","author":"T Kishi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kishi T, Mukai T, Matsuda Y, et al. Selective serotonin 3 receptor antagonist treatment for schizophrenia: meta-analysis and systematic review. Neuromol Med. 2014;16(1):61\u20139.","journal-title":"Neuromol Med"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1151_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.010","volume":"88","author":"ZJ Zhang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhang ZJ, Kang WH, Li Q, et al. Beneficial effects of ondansetron as an adjunct to haloperidol for chronic, treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Schizophr Res. 2006;88(1\u20133):102\u201310.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1151_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0174-x","volume":"44","author":"ER Stern","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stern ER, Shahab R, Grimaldi SJ, et al. High-dose ondansetron reduces activation of interoceptive and sensorimotor brain regions. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;44(2):390\u20138.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1151_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.03.080","volume":"1154","author":"Y Levkovitz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Levkovitz Y, Levi U, Braw Y, et al. Minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline, as a neuroprotective agent in an animal model of schizophrenia. Brain Res. 2007;1154:154\u201362.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1385\/MN:32:3:237","volume":"32","author":"JQ Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang JQ, Arora A, Yang L, et al. Phosphorylation of AMPA receptors: mechanisms and synaptic plasticity. Mol Neurobiol. 2005;32(3):237\u201349.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1151_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2009001100002","volume":"42","author":"C Chaves","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chaves C, Marque CR, Trzesniak C, et al. Glutamate-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor modulation and minocycline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia: an update. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2009;42(11):1002\u201314.","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.10.006","volume":"67","author":"N Garrido-Mesa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Garrido-Mesa N, Zarzuelo A, Galvez J. What is behind the non-antibiotic properties of minocycline? Pharmacol Res. 2013;67(1):18\u201330.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05014-1","volume":"23","author":"Y Long","year":"2023","unstructured":"Long Y, Wang Y, Shen Y, et al. Minocycline and antipsychotics inhibit inflammatory responses in BV-2 microglia activated by LPS via regulating the MAPKs\/ JAK-STAT signaling pathway. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23(1):514.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"1151_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-08-02580.2001","volume":"21","author":"T Tikka","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tikka T, Fiebich BL, Goldsteins G, et al. Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative, is neuroprotective against excitotoxicity by inhibiting activation and proliferation of microglia. J Neurosci. 2001;21(8):2580\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1151_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04666yel","volume":"71","author":"Y Levkovitz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Levkovitz Y, Mendlovich S, Riwkes S, et al. A double-blind, randomized study of minocycline for the treatment of negative and cognitive symptoms in early-phase schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(2):138\u201349.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.11.021","volume":"12","author":"M Hussain","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hussain M, Javeed A, Ashraf M, et al. Aspirin and immune system. Int Immunopharmacol. 2012;12(1):10\u201320.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1151_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.8.955","volume":"65","author":"J Kulkarni","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kulkarni J, de Castella A, Fitzgerald PB, et al. Estrogen in severe mental illness: a potential new treatment approach. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(8):955\u201360.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1151_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2016-1007","volume":"37","author":"A Villa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Villa A, Vegeto E, Poletti A, et al. Estrogens, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Endocr Rev. 2016;37(4):372\u2013402.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"1151_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)13660-2","volume":"43","author":"MR Bowlby","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bowlby MR. Pregnenolone sulfate potentiation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor channels in hippocampal neurons. Mol Pharmacol. 1993;43(5):813\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1151_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.26","volume":"34","author":"CE Marx","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marx CE, Keefe RS, Buchanan RW, et al. Proof-of-concept trial with the neurosteroid pregnenolone targeting cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34(8):1885\u2013903.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"1151_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.71052018.x","volume":"71","author":"M Darnaudery","year":"1998","unstructured":"Darnaudery M, Koehl M, Pallares M, et al. The neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate increases cortical acetylcholine release: a microdialysis study in freely moving rats. J Neurochem. 1998;71(5):2018\u201322.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(97)00151-5","volume":"30","author":"DF Horrobin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Horrobin DF. The membrane phospholipid hypothesis as a biochemical basis for the neurodevelopmental concept of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1998;30(3):193\u2013208.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1151_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxz001","volume":"31","author":"T Ishihara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ishihara T, Yoshida M, Arita M. Omega-3 fatty acid-derived mediators that control inflammation and tissue homeostasis. Int Immunol. 2019;31(9):559\u201367.","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1151_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.258","volume":"43","author":"RR Girgis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Girgis RR, Ciarleglio A, Choo T, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 receptor antibody, for residual symptoms in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43(6):1317\u201323.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1151_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Addington D, Addington J, Maticka-Tyndale E. Assessing depression in schizophrenia: the Calgary depression scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1993;Suppl(22):39\u201344.","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000292581"},{"key":"1151_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.11.040","volume":"240","author":"L Porter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Porter L, Jones C, Fox A. Reliability of the Calgary depression scale for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2022;240:32\u201345.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"1151_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002381","volume":"49","author":"CJ Edwards","year":"2019","unstructured":"Edwards CJ, Garety P, Hardy A. The relationship between depressive symptoms and negative symptoms in people with non-affective psychosis: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2019;49(15):2486\u201398.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1151_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15081035","volume":"173","author":"B Helfer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Helfer B, Samara MT, Huhn M, et al. Efficacy and safety of antidepressants added to antipsychotics for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(9):876\u201386.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1151_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/00912174231199925","volume":"59","author":"A Gres","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gres A, Sagud M, Dickov A. The effect of vortioxetine on anhedonia in patients with schizophrenia. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2024;59(2):139\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"1151_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104568","volume":"135","author":"M Osugo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Osugo M, Whitehurst T, Shatalina E, et al. Dopamine partial agonists and prodopaminergic drugs for schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;135: 104568.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.12.004","volume":"42","author":"RA McCutcheon","year":"2019","unstructured":"McCutcheon RA, Abi-Dargham A, Howes OD. Schizophrenia, dopamine and the striatum: from biology to symptoms. Trends Neurosci. 2019;42(3):205\u201320.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1151_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp006","volume":"35","author":"OD Howes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Howes OD, Kapur S. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III\u2014the final common pathway. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(3):549\u201362.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"4996","key":"1151_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1825731","volume":"251","author":"T Sawaguchi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sawaguchi T, Goldman-Rakic PS. D1 dopamine receptors in prefrontal cortex: involvement in working memory. Science. 1991;251(4996):947\u20139.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"1151_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245056","volume":"116","author":"AF Arnsten","year":"1994","unstructured":"Arnsten AF, Cai JX, Murphy BL, et al. Dopamine D1 receptor mechanisms in the cognitive performance of young adult and aged monkeys. Psychopharmacology. 1994;116(2):143\u201351.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1151_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001124","volume":"39","author":"M Sabe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sabe M, Kirschner M, Kaiser S. Prodopaminergic drugs for treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;39(6):658\u201364.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1151_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn212","volume":"19","author":"JR Glausier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Glausier JR, Khan ZU, Muly EC. Dopamine D1 and D5 receptors are localized to discrete populations of interneurons in primate prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2009;19(8):1820\u201334.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab095","volume":"48","author":"A Abi-Dargham","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abi-Dargham A, Javitch JA, Slifstein M, et al. Dopamine D1R receptor stimulation as a mechanistic pro-cognitive target for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2022;48(1):199\u2013210.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"1151_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116636120","volume":"30","author":"RR Girgis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Girgis RR, Van Snellenberg JX, Glass A, et al. A proof-of-concept, randomized controlled trial of DAR-0100A, a dopamine-1 receptor agonist, for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(5):428\u201335.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1151_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul SM, Yohn SE, Brannan SK, et al. Muscarinic receptor activators as novel treatments for schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2024;96(8):627-637.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.03.014"},{"key":"1151_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neves GA, Grace AA. \u03b17 Nicotinic receptor-modulating agents reverse the hyperdopaminergic tone in the MAM model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43(8):1712-1720.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0066-0"},{"issue":"4","key":"1151_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2165\/11530260-000000000-00000","volume":"24","author":"SR Ribeiz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ribeiz SR, Bassitt DP, Arrais JA, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors as adjunctive therapy in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a review and meta-analysis of the literature. CNS Drugs. 2010;24(4):303\u201317.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"8","key":"1151_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.8.993","volume":"143","author":"JR Hughes","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hughes JR, Hatsukami DK, Mitchell JE, et al. Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143(8):993\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00302-2","volume":"42","author":"A Olincy","year":"1997","unstructured":"Olincy A, Young DA, Freedman R. Increased levels of the nicotine metabolite cotinine in schizophrenic smokers compared to other smokers. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1151_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-092112-142937","volume":"65","author":"R Freedman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freedman R. alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia. Annu Rev Med. 2014;65:245\u201361.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pra.0000442935.15833.c5","volume":"20","author":"SH Preskorn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Preskorn SH, Gawryl M, Dgetluck N, et al. Normalizing effects of EVP-6124, an alpha-7 nicotinic partial agonist, on event-related potentials and cognition: a proof of concept, randomized trial in patients with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Pract. 2014;20(1):12\u201324.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"issue":"23","key":"1151_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3596-0","volume":"231","author":"M Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang M, Felix AR, Flood DG, et al. The novel alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist EVP-6124 enhances dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamate efflux in rat cortex and nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology. 2014;231(23):4541\u201351.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"10","key":"1151_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1021\/cn500126t","volume":"5","author":"R Maex","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maex R, Grinevich VP, Grinevich V, et al. Understanding the role alpha7 nicotinic receptors play in dopamine efflux in nucleus accumbens. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2014;5(10):1032\u201340.","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"1151_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.631589","volume":"12","author":"M Recio-Barbero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Recio-Barbero M, Segarra R, Zabala A, et al. Cognitive enhancers in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists for cognitive deficits and negative symptoms. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12: 631589.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2","key":"1151_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.06.009","volume":"25","author":"RS Keefe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Keefe RS, Davis VG, Spagnola NB, et al. Reliability, validity and treatment sensitivity of the schizophrenia cognition rating scale. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25(2):176\u201384.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1151_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.259","volume":"38","author":"JA Lieberman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lieberman JA, Dunbar G, Segreti AC, et al. A randomized exploratory trial of an alpha-7 nicotinic receptor agonist (TC-5619) for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(6):968\u201375.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1151_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv072","volume":"42","author":"D Walling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walling D, Marder SR, Kane J, et al. Phase 2 trial of an alpha-7 nicotinic receptor agonist (TC-5619) in negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42(2):335\u201343.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"1151_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3064-2","volume":"228","author":"M Noroozian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Noroozian M, Ghasemi S, Hosseini SM, et al. A placebo-controlled study of tropisetron added to risperidone for the treatment of negative symptoms in chronic and stable schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology. 2013;228(4):595\u2013602.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"8","key":"1151_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0628-9","volume":"45","author":"JT Kantrowitz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kantrowitz JT, Javitt DC, Freedman R, et al. Double blind, two dose, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over clinical trial of the positive allosteric modulator at the alpha7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor AVL-3288 in schizophrenia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;45(8):1339\u201345.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"1151_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5620-09.2010","volume":"30","author":"S Threlfell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Threlfell S, Clements MA, Khodai T, et al. Striatal muscarinic receptors promote activity dependence of dopamine transmission via distinct receptor subtypes on cholinergic interneurons in ventral versus dorsal striatum. J Neurosci. 2010;30(9):3398\u2013408.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1151_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00916-0","volume":"46","author":"C Montani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Montani C, Canella C, Schwarz AJ, et al. The M1\/M4 preferring muscarinic agonist xanomeline modulates functional connectivity and NMDAR antagonist-induced changes in the mouse brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2021;46(6):1194\u2013206.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1151_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112989","volume":"288","author":"B Dean","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dean B, Scarr E. Muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors: hypothesis driven drug development for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288: 112989.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"1151_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.06091591","volume":"165","author":"A Shekhar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shekhar A, Potter WZ, Lightfoot J, et al. Selective muscarinic receptor agonist xanomeline as a novel treatment approach for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(8):1033\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"1151_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2017015","volume":"384","author":"SK Brannan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brannan SK, Sawchak S, Miller AC, et al. Muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist and peripheral antagonist for schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(8):717\u201326.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1151_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaul I, Sawchak S, Walling DP, et al. Efficacy and safety of xanomeline-trospium chloride in schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024;81(8):749-756.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0785"},{"issue":"10422","key":"1151_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02190-6","volume":"403","author":"I Kaul","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaul I, Sawchak S, Correll CU, et al. Efficacy and safety of the muscarinic receptor agonist KarXT (xanomeline-trospium) in schizophrenia (EMERGENT-2) in the USA: results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2024;403(10422):160\u201370.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1151_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.08.001","volume":"274","author":"WP Horan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Horan WP, Targum SD, Claxton A, et al. Efficacy of KarXT on negative symptoms in acute schizophrenia: a post hoc analysis of pooled data from 3 trials. Schizophr Res. 2024;274:57\u201365.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02254-9","volume":"12","author":"C Sauder","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sauder C, Allen LA, Baker E, et al. Effectiveness of KarXT (xanomeline-trospium) for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: post hoc analyses from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12(1):491.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"1151_CR185","unstructured":"Anon. https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neurocrine-biosciences-reports-positive-phase-2-data-for-nbi-1117568-in-adults-with-schizophrenia-302232261.html."},{"issue":"10369","key":"1151_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01990-0","volume":"400","author":"JH Krystal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krystal JH, Kane JM, Correll CU, et al. Emraclidine, a novel positive allosteric modulator of cholinergic M4 receptors, for the treatment of schizophrenia: a two-part, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1b trial. Lancet. 2022;400(10369):2210\u201320.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1151_CR187","unstructured":"Anon. https:\/\/news.abbvie.com\/2024-11-11-AbbVie-Provides-Update-on-Phase-2-Results-for-Emraclidine-in-Schizophrenia."},{"issue":"8","key":"1151_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab020","volume":"24","author":"M Sabe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sabe M, Zhao N, Crippa A, et al. Intranasal oxytocin for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: systematic review, meta-analysis, and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2021;24(8):601\u201314.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1151_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-023-06361-3","volume":"240","author":"MA Sadeghi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sadeghi MA, Nassireslami E, Yousefi Zoshk M, et al. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors in psychiatric disorders. Psychopharmacology. 2023;240(6):1201\u201319.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1151_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057083","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1057083","volume":"13","author":"AD Bondarev","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bondarev AD, Attwood MM, Jonsson J, et al. Recent developments of phosphodiesterase inhibitors: clinical trials, emerging indications and novel molecules. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1057083.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1151_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.13083","volume":"15","author":"RSE Keefe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keefe RSE, Woods SW, Cannon TD, et al. A randomized phase II trial evaluating efficacy, safety, and tolerability of oral BI 409306 in attenuated psychosis syndrome: design and rationale. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2021;15(5):1315\u201325.","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1151_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby049","volume":"45","author":"D Brown","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brown D, Nakagome K, Cordes J, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of BI 409306, a novel phosphodiesterase 9 inhibitor, in cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II trial. Schizophr Bull. 2019;45(2):350\u20139.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1151_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.05.009","volume":"61","author":"A Meyer-Lindenberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meyer-Lindenberg A, Nielsen J, Such P, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled proof of concept study of the efficacy and safety of Lu AF11167 for persistent negative symptoms in people with schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2022;61:4\u201314.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"1151_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.05.019","volume":"270","author":"Y Mukai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mukai Y, Lupinacci R, Marder S, et al. Effects of PDE10A inhibitor MK-8189 in people with an acute episode of schizophrenia: a randomized proof-of-concept clinical trial. Schizophr Res. 2024;270:37\u201343.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1151_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezaei F, Mesgarpour B, Jeddian A, et al. Cilostazol adjunctive therapy in treatment of negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2017;32(4).","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2583"},{"issue":"1","key":"1151_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2019.1701823","volume":"132","author":"AM Meftah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meftah AM, Deckler E, Citrome L, et al. New discoveries for an old drug: a review of recent olanzapine research. Postgrad Med. 2020;132(1):80\u201390.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"1151_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bschor T, Nagel L, Unger J, et al. Differential outcomes of placebo treatment across 9 psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024;81(8):757-768.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0994"},{"issue":"11","key":"1151_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0440-6","volume":"44","author":"S Leucht","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leucht S, Chaimani A, Mavridis D, et al. Disconnection of drug-response and placebo-response in acute-phase antipsychotic drug trials on schizophrenia? Meta-regression analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;44(11):1955\u201366.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1151_CR199","volume-title":"Effect size deflation: meta-regression of adjunctive treatment trials for negative symptoms in schizophrenia","author":"JT Kantrowitz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kantrowitz JT, Mayer MR, Choo TH, et al. Effect size deflation: meta-regression of adjunctive treatment trials for negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Tampa: American College of Neurpsychopharmacology; 2023."},{"key":"1151_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yoon J, Mayer MR, Berro T, et al. Knowing is half the battle: the factors leading to efficient recruitment of representative samples in schizophrenia research. Pharmaceut Med. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40290-024-00545-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s40290-024-00545-8"},{"key":"1151_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valiengo L, Goerigk S, Gordon PC, et al. Efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation for treating negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(2):121-129.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3199"},{"key":"1151_CR202","unstructured":"Anon. https:\/\/www.boehringer-ingelheim.com\/human-health\/mental-disorders\/schizophrenia\/fda-grants-breakthrough-status-schizophrenia-2."}],"container-title":["CNS Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40263-024-01151-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40263-024-01151-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40263-024-01151-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T11:24:07Z","timestamp":1740396247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40263-024-01151-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]]},"references-count":202,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-024-01151-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1172-7047","1179-1934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1172-7047","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1934","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 December 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No funding was received for this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Dr. Kantrowitz is on the editorial board for\n                      CNS Drugs\n                      , and was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Dr. Kantrowitz has received consulting payments within the last 36 months from Alphasights, CME Outfitters, Evoke, S.R. One, techspert.io, Health Monitor, minds+assembly, Third Bridge, MEDACorp, Marketplus, minds+assembly, FCB Health, Trinity, Globaldata, GKA, Clearview, Clarivate, Health Advances, ECRI Institute, ExpertConnect, Slingshot, Antheum, Guidepoint, First Thought, Wedbush, VMLY&R, Bluestar BioAdvisors, Jefferies, Reckner, Medscape, VoxNeuro, and Otsuka. He has served on the Medincell, Merck, Leal, and Karuna Advisory Boards in the past 36 months. He has conducted clinical research supported by the NIMH, Sunovion, Roche, Click, Neurocrine, Alkermes, Alto, Taisho, and Boehringer Ingelheim within the last 36 months. He owns a small number of shares of common stock from GSK. Ms. Govil reports no conflicts.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"Dr. Kantrowitz and Ms. Govil completed the literature search and wrote the first and subsequent drafts of this review. All authors have read and approved the final submitted manuscript, and agree to be accountable for the work.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}