{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:14:38Z","timestamp":1789496078064,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Drugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-025-01205-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T07:29:19Z","timestamp":1752823759000},"page":"823-842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Multiple Sclerosis in People of Diverse Racial and Ethnic Backgrounds: Presentation, Disease Course, and Interactions with Disease-Modifying Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandita","family":"Vas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilyana","family":"Amezcua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7280-3684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia L.","family":"Rotstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"1205_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.1135","volume":"80","author":"M Hittle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hittle M, Culpepper WJ, Langer-Gould A, et al. Population-based estimates for the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the United States by race, ethnicity, age, sex, and geographic region. JAMA Neurol. 2023;80(7):693\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.1135.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1205_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25688","volume":"87","author":"R Dobson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dobson R, Jitlal M, Marshall CR, et al. Ethnic and socioeconomic associations with multiple sclerosis risk. Ann Neurol. 2020;87(4):599\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25688.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"18","key":"1205_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1818","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200151","volume":"98","author":"AM Langer-Gould","year":"2022","unstructured":"Langer-Gould AM, Gonzales EG, Smith JB, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in multiple sclerosis prevalence. Neurology. 2022;98(18):e1818\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200151.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1205_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2015.36","volume":"42","author":"JD Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee JD, Guimond C, Yee IM, et al. Incidence of multiple sclerosis and related disorders in Asian populations of British Columbia. Can J Neurol Sci. 2015;42(4):235\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cjn.2015.36.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"24","key":"1205_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2203","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008611","volume":"93","author":"DL Rotstein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rotstein DL, Marrie RA, Maxwell C, et al. MS risk in immigrants in the McDonald era: a population-based study in Ontario, Canada. Neurology. 2019;93(24):e2203\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008611.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"1205_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209350","volume":"102","author":"MV Vyas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vyas MV, Kapral MK, Alonzo R, et al. Proportion of life spent in Canada and the incidence of multiple sclerosis in permanent immigrants. Neurology. 2024;102(10): e209350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209350.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1205_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz088","volume":"142","author":"N Munk Nielsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Munk Nielsen N, Corn G, Frisch M, et al. Multiple sclerosis among first- and second-generation immigrants in Denmark: a population-based cohort study. Brain. 2019;142(6):1587\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awz088.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"1205_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241277018","volume":"30","author":"BM Jacobs","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jacobs BM, Schalk L, Tregaskis-Daniels E, et al. The relationship between ethnicity and multiple sclerosis characteristics in the United Kingdom: a UK MS Register study. Mult Scler. 2024;30(11\u201312):1544\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13524585241277018.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"8","key":"1205_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511403025","volume":"17","author":"L Amezcua","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amezcua L, Lund BT, Weiner LP, et al. Multiple sclerosis in Hispanics: a study of clinical disease expression. Mult Scler. 2011;17(8):1010\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458511403025.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"2","key":"1205_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241304976","volume":"31","author":"FB Briggs","year":"2025","unstructured":"Briggs FB, Conway DS, Hersh CM, et al. The onset presentation of multiple sclerosis differs in Hispanic\/Latinx Americans compared with non-Hispanic white Americans. Mult Scler. 2025;31(2):197\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13524585241304976.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"11","key":"1205_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000145762.60562.5d","volume":"63","author":"BA Cree","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cree BA, Khan O, Bourdette D, et al. Clinical characteristics of African Americans vs Caucasian Americans with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2004;63(11):2039\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000145762.60562.5d.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1205_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2014.11.008","volume":"4","author":"L Amezcua","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amezcua L, Conti DV, Liu L, et al. Place of birth, age of immigration,and disability in Hispanics with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015;4(1):25\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2014.11.008.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1205_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000444019","volume":"46","author":"S Eskandarieh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eskandarieh S, Heydarpour P, Minagar A, et al. Multiple sclerosis epidemiology in East Asia, South East Asia and South Asia: a systematic review. Neuroepidemiology. 2016;46(3):209\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000444019.","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1205_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12788","volume":"31","author":"CA Perez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perez CA, Salehbeiki A, Zhu L, et al. Assessment of racial\/ethnic disparities in volumetric MRI correlates of clinical disability in multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study. J Neuroimaging. 2021;31(1):115\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jon.12788.","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"14","key":"1205_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231209016","volume":"29","author":"L Amezcua","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amezcua L, Robers MV, Soneji D, et al. Inclusion of optic neuritis in dissemination in space improves the performance of McDonald 2017 criteria in Hispanic people with suspected multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2023;29(14):1748\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13524585231209016.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"11","key":"1205_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7054-4","volume":"260","author":"L Amezcua","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amezcua L, Lerner A, Ledezma K, et al. Spinal cord lesions and disability in Hispanics with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2013;260(11):2770\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-013-7054-4.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1205_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8","volume":"22","author":"B Banwell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Banwell B, Bennett JL, Marignier R, et al. Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: international MOGAD panel proposed criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22(3):268\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1205_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104413","volume":"69","author":"M Petracca","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petracca M, Palladino R, Droby A, et al. Disability outcomes in early-stage African American and White people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023;69: 104413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104413.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1205_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e8e72a","volume":"75","author":"I Kister","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kister I, Chamot E, Bacon JH, et al. Rapid disease course in African Americans with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2010;75(3):217\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e8e72a.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1205_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000001105","volume":"11","author":"I Kister","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kister I, Bacon T, Cutter GR. How multiple sclerosis symptoms vary by age, sex, and race\/ethnicity. Neurol Clin Pract. 2021;11(4):335\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000001105.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"1205_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e881","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012362","volume":"97","author":"K Gray-Roncal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gray-Roncal K, Fitzgerald KC, Ryerson LZ, et al. Association of disease severity and socioeconomic status in Black and white Americans with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2021;97(9):e881\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012362.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"1205_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy245","volume":"141","author":"NG Caldito","year":"2018","unstructured":"Caldito NG, Saidha S, Sotirchos ES, et al. Brain and retinal atrophy in African\u2013Americans versus Caucasian\u2013Americans with multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study. Brain. 2018;141(11):3115\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awy245.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"1205_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24308","volume":"77","author":"DJ Kimbrough","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kimbrough DJ, Sotirchos ES, Wilson JA, et al. Retinal damage and vision loss in African American multiple sclerosis patients. Ann Neurol. 2015;77(2):228\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.24308.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1205_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506070923","volume":"12","author":"RT Naismith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Naismith RT, Trinkaus K, Cross AH. Phenotype and prognosis in African\u2013Americans with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective chart review. Mult Scler. 2006;12(6):775\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458506070923.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"1205_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105439","volume":"83","author":"TLT Huynh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huynh TLT, Williams MJ, Motl RW. Walking and physical performance in black and white adults with multiple sclerosis controlling for social determinants of health. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;83: 105439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105439.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"1205_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516679894","volume":"23","author":"RE Ventura","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ventura RE, Antezana AO, Bacon T, et al. Hispanic Americans and African Americans with multiple sclerosis have more severe disease course than Caucasian Americans. Mult Scler. x2017;23(11):1554\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458516679894.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"1","key":"1205_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000250347.51674.d7","volume":"68","author":"M Debouverie","year":"2007","unstructured":"Debouverie M, Lebrun C, Jeannin S, et al. More severe disability of North Africans vs Europeans with multiple sclerosis in France. Neurology. 2007;68(1):29\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000250347.51674.d7.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1205_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194115","volume":"13","author":"C Nardin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nardin C, Latarche C, Soudant M, et al. Generational changes in multiple sclerosis phenotype in North African immigrants in France: a population-based observational study. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(3): e0194115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0194115.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1205_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102885","volume":"51","author":"S Bonomi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonomi S, Jin S, Culpepper WJ, et al. MS and disability progression in Latin America, Africa, Asia and the Middle East: a systematic review. Mult Scler Relat Disord. x2021;51: 102885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102885.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"1205_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.10.011","volume":"103","author":"C Chase","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chase C, Connell E, Elliott SN, et al. Differences in cardiometabolic comorbidities between Black and White persons living with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. x2022;103(2):331\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.10.011.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"12","key":"1205_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211019243","volume":"27","author":"MV Robers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Robers MV, Chan C, Vajdi B, et al. Hypertension and hypertension severity in Hispanics\/Latinx with MS. Mult Scler. 2021;27(12):1894\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13524585211019243.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"11","key":"1205_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520979304","volume":"27","author":"CK Chan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan CK, Tian F, Pimentel Maldonado D, et al. Depression in multiple sclerosis across the adult lifespan. Mult Scler. 2021;27(11):1771\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458520979304.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1205_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1159\/000484213","volume":"50","author":"L Amezcua","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amezcua L, Rivas E, Joseph S, Zhang J, et al. Multiple sclerosis mortality by race\/ethnicity, age, sex, and time period in the United States, 1999\u20132015. Neuroepidemiology. 2018;50(1\u20132):35\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000484213.","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1205_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1159\/000506161","volume":"54","author":"D Rotstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rotstein D, Maxwell C, Tu K, et al. Risk of mortality in immigrants with multiple sclerosis in Ontario, Canada. Neuroepidemiology. 2020;54(2):148\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000506161.","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"10422","key":"1205_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01473-3","volume":"403","author":"D Jakimovski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jakimovski D, Bittner S, Zivadinov R, et al. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2024;403(10422):183\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01473-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"1205_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5382","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11193-w","volume":"269","author":"M Filippi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Filippi M, Amato MP, Centonze D, et al. Early use of high-efficacy disease-modifying therapies makes the difference in people with multiple sclerosis: an expert opinion. J Neurol. 2022;269(10):5382\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-022-11193-w.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1205_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.4905","volume":"76","author":"K Harding","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harding K, Williams O, Willis M, et al. Clinical outcomes of escalation vs early intensive disease-modifying therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(5):536\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.4905.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1205_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30067-3","volume":"19","author":"A He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He A, Merkel B, Brown JWL, et al. Timing of high-efficacy therapy for multiple sclerosis: a retrospective observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(4):307\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30067-3.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1205_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.20588","volume":"321","author":"JWL Brown","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brown JWL, Coles A, Horakova D, et al. Association of initial disease-modifying therapy with later conversion to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. JAMA. 2019;321(2):175\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2018.20588.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1205_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104794","volume":"76","author":"MJ Williams","year":"2023","unstructured":"Williams MJ, Okai AF, Cross AH, et al. Demographics and baseline disease characteristics of Black and Hispanic patients with multiple sclerosis in the open-label, single-arm, multicenter, phase IV CHIMES trial. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023;76: 104794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104794.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"1205_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e880","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013230","volume":"98","author":"HM Onuorah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Onuorah HM, Charron O, Meltzer E, et al. Enrollment of non-White participants and reporting of race and ethnicity in phase III trials of multiple sclerosis DMTs: a systematic review. Neurology. 2022;98(9):e880\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013230.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"1205_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241254283","volume":"30","author":"M Ponzano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ponzano M, Signori A, Bellavia A, et al. Race and ethnicity in multiple sclerosis phase 3 clinical trials: a systematic review. Mult Scler. 2024;30(8):934\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13524585241254283.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"9","key":"1205_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231189677","volume":"29","author":"RA Marrie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marrie RA, Chataway J, Bierer BE, et al. Enhancing diversity of clinical trial populations in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2023;29(9):1174\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13524585231189677.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"4","key":"1205_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2019-131","volume":"23","author":"DA Pimentel Maldonado","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pimentel Maldonado DA, Livingston T, Moreno A, et al. Perceptions and preferences regarding multiple sclerosis research among racial and ethnic groups. Int J MS Care. 2021;23(4):170\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7224\/1537-2073.2019-131.","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"1205_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-019-00159-2","volume":"8","author":"AF Okai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Okai AF, Amezcua L, Berkovich RR, et al. Efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab in patients of African descent with relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis: 8-year follow-up of CARE-MS I and II (TOPAZ study). Neurol Ther. 2019;8(2):367\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-019-00159-2.","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1205_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2019.15.1.20","volume":"15","author":"SH Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim SH, Park MS, Kim W, et al. Real-world effectiveness of disease-modifying therapies in Korean patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurol. 2019;15(1):20\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3988\/jcn.2019.15.1.20.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1205_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-024-01066-3","volume":"38","author":"L Costa-Frossard Franca","year":"2024","unstructured":"Costa-Frossard Franca L, Mecax Lallana V, Labiano-Fontcuberta A, et al. Real-world retrospective analysis of alemtuzumab outcomes in relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis: the LEMCAM study. CNS Drugs. 2024;38(3):231\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-024-01066-3.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"1205_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205521731986497","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217319864974","volume":"5","author":"T Kondo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kondo T, Kawachi I, Onizuka Y, et al. Efficacy of dimethyl fumarate in Japanese multiple sclerosis patients: interim analysis of randomized, double-blind APEX study and its open-label extension. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 2019;5(3):2055217319864974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2055217319864974.","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"1205_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285616661929","volume":"9","author":"L Zhovtis Ryerson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhovtis Ryerson L, Green R, Confident G, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of dimethyl fumarate in White-, African- and Hispanic-Americans with multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2016;9(6):454\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756285616661929.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"1205_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-014-0154-4","volume":"31","author":"AR Chinea Martinez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chinea Martinez AR, Correale J, Coyle PK, et al. Efficacy and safety of fingolimod in Hispanic patients with multiple sclerosis: pooled clinical trial analyses. Adv Ther. 2014;31(10):1072\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-014-0154-4.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"1205_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511435984","volume":"18","author":"T Saida","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saida T, Kikuchi S, Itoyama Y, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of fingolimod (FTY720) in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2012;18(9):1269\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458511435984.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"1205_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.07.014","volume":"25","author":"M Cascione","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cascione M, Tenenbaum N, Wendt J, et al. Treatment retention on fingolimod compared with injectable multiple sclerosis therapies in African\u2013American patients: a subgroup analysis of a randomized phase 4 study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018;25:50\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2018.07.014.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"1205_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.05.027","volume":"402","author":"A de Roquemaurel","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Roquemaurel A, Galli P, Landais A, et al. Fingolimod for the treatment of multiple sclerosis in French West Indies, a real-world study in patients from African ancestry. J Neurol Sci. 2019;402:180\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2019.05.027.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"1205_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.11.1681","volume":"62","author":"BA Cree","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cree BA, Al-Sabbagh A, Bennett R, et al. Response to interferon beta-1a treatment in African American multiple sclerosis patients. Arch Neurol. 2005;62(11):1681\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.62.11.1681.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1205_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000151856.10387.E2","volume":"64","author":"T Saida","year":"2005","unstructured":"Saida T, Tashiro K, Itoyama Y, et al. Interferon beta-1b is effective in Japanese RRMS patients: a randomized, multicenter study. Neurology. 2005;64(4):621\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.WNL.0000151856.10387.E2.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"1205_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.3111.2000347","volume":"31","author":"C Leon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Leon C, Violante A, Arriada N, et al. Interferon-beta 1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. First report of a Mexican population. Rev Neurol. 2000;31(11):1019\u201322.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1205_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.45","volume":"68","author":"BA Cree","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cree BA, Stuart WWH, Tornatore CS, et al. Efficacy of natalizumab therapy in patients of African descent with relapsing multiple sclerosis: analysis of AFFIRM and SENTINEL data. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(4):464\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneurol.2011.45.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1205_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-023-00461-0","volume":"12","author":"J Perumal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perumal J, Balabanov R, Balcer L, et al. Long-term effectiveness and safety of natalizumab in African American and Hispanic\/Latino Patients with early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: STRIVE data analysis. Neurol Ther. 2023;12(3):833\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-023-00461-0.","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"issue":"7, Supplement 1","key":"1205_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL-.0000000000205282","volume":"102","author":"L Amezcua","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amezcua L, Monson N, Williams M, et al. One year analysis of efficacy and safety data from Black\/African American and Hispanic\/Latino people with relapsing multiple sclerosis receiving ocrelizumab in the CHIMES trial. Neurology. 2024;102(7, Supplement 1):3651.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"13","key":"1205_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1854","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010376","volume":"95","author":"SL Hauser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hauser SL, Kappos L, Arnold DL, et al. Five years of ocrelizumab in relapsing multiple sclerosis: OPERA studies open-label extension. Neurology. 2020;95(13):e1854\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010376.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1205_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X-ANP-2020-0339","volume":"79","author":"JI Rojas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rojas JI, Fruns M, Romano A, et al. Real-world experience of ocrelizumab in multiple sclerosis patients in Latin America. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2021;79(4):305\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0004-282X-ANP-2020-0339.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1205_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/21556660.2021.1989193","volume":"10","author":"B Garcia-Canibano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia-Canibano B, Alroughani MS, Al-Abdullatif R, et al. Real-world experience of ocrelizumab in multiple sclerosis in an Arab population. J Drug Assess. 2021;10(1):106\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21556660.2021.1989193.","journal-title":"J Drug Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"1205_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51732","volume":"10","author":"X Montalban","year":"2023","unstructured":"Montalban X, Matthews PM, Simpson A, et al. Real-world evaluation of ocrelizumab in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2023;10(3):302\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.51732.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1205_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209610","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209610","volume":"103","author":"MJ Williams","year":"2024","unstructured":"Williams MJ, Cohen JD, Planchon LA, et al. Efficacy of ofatumumab and teriflunomide in patients with relapsing MS from racial\/ethnic minority groups: ASCLEPIOS I\/II subgroup analyses. Neurology. 2024;103(3):e209610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209610.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"1205_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2000.131","volume":"38","author":"HH Zhou","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhou HH, Liu ZQ. Ethnic differences in drug metabolism. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2000;38(9):899\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/CCLM.2000.131.","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"1205_CR66","unstructured":"N. I. o. D. a. D. a. K. Diseases. Overweight and obesity statistics. https:\/\/www.niddk.nih.gov\/health-information\/health-statistics\/overweight-obesity#:~:text=More%20than%202%20in%205%20non%2DHispanic%20white%20adults%20(42.2,race%20and%20Hispanic%2Dorigin%20groups. Accessed 16 Mar 2025."},{"issue":"5","key":"1205_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09248-6","volume":"266","author":"B Turner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turner B, Cree C, Kappos L, et al. Ocrelizumab efficacy in subgroups of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2019;266(5):1182\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-019-09248-6.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1205_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716548","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.716548","volume":"12","author":"JM Serra Lopez-Matencio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Serra Lopez-Matencio JM, P\u00e9rez Garc\u00eda Y, Meca-Lallana V, et al. Evaluation of natalizumab pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: toward individualized doses. Front Neurol. 2021;12:716548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.716548.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1205_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241245296","volume":"30","author":"F Novak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Novak F, Bajwa HM, \u00d8stergaard K, et al. Extended interval dosing with ocrelizumab in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2024;30(7):847\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13524585241245296.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"12","key":"1205_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00735-5","volume":"18","author":"R Dobson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dobson R, Rice DR, D\u2019hooghe M, et al. Social determinants of health in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022;18(12):723\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-022-00735-5.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1205_CR71","first-page":"451","volume":"20","author":"RJ Buchanan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Buchanan RJ, Zuniga MA, Carrillo-Zuniga G, et al. Comparisons of Latinos, African Americans, and Caucasians with multiple sclerosis. Ethn Dis. 2010;20(4):451\u20137.","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"1205_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231185046","author":"CM Orlando","year":"2023","unstructured":"Orlando CM, P\u00e9rez CA, Agyei P, et al. Social determinants of health and disparate disability accumulation in a cohort of Black, Hispanic, and White patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13524585231185046.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"6","key":"1205_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002053","volume":"13","author":"LE Mokry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mokry LE, Ross S, Timpson NJ, et al. Obesity and multiple sclerosis: a mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med. 2016;13(6): e1002053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002053.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1205_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200334","volume":"12","author":"J Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu J, Alfredsson L, Olsson T, et al. Obesity affects disease activity and progression, cognitive functioning, and quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2025;12(1): e200334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200334.","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"1205_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285611425694","volume":"5","author":"DM Wingerchuk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wingerchuk DM. Smoking: effects on multiple sclerosis susceptibility and disease progression. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2012;5(1):13\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756285611425694.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"1205_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09677-3","volume":"267","author":"AK Hedstrom","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hedstrom AK, Olsson T, Kockum I, et al. Low sun exposure increases multiple sclerosis risk both directly and indirectly. J Neurol. 2020;267(4):1045\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-019-09677-3.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"14","key":"1205_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1191","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005257","volume":"90","author":"H Tremlett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tremlett H, Zhu F, Ascherio A, et al. Sun exposure over the life course and associations with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2018;90(14):e1191\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005257.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1205_CR78","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"A Langer-Gould","year":"2018","unstructured":"Langer-Gould A, Lucas R, Xiang AH, et al. MS sunshine study: sun exposure but not vitamin D Is associated with multiple sclerosis risk in Blacks and Hispanics. Nutrients. 2018;1:1.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6578","key":"1205_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8222","volume":"375","author":"K Bjornevik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bjornevik K, Cortese M, Healy BC, et al. Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein\u2013Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis. Science. 2022;375(6578):296\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abj8222.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"1205_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01167-9","volume":"20","author":"WH Robinson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Robinson WH, Younis S, Love ZZ, et al. Epstein\u2013Barr virus as a potentiator of autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2024;20(11):729\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41584-024-01167-9.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"13","key":"1205_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004412","volume":"89","author":"A Langer-Gould","year":"2017","unstructured":"Langer-Gould A, Wu J, Lucas R, et al. Epstein\u2013Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and multiple sclerosis susceptibility: a multiethnic study. Neurology. 2017;89(13):1330\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004412.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"16","key":"1205_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817002515","volume":"145","author":"V Gares","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gares V, Panico L, Castagne R, et al. The role of the early social environment on Epstein Barr virus infection: a prospective observational design using the Millennium Cohort Study. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(16):3405\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268817002515.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"1205_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2013.02.008","volume":"23","author":"JL Ford","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ford JL, Stowe RP. Racial-ethnic differences in Epstein\u2013Barr virus antibody titers among US children and adolescents. Ann Epidemiol. 2013;23(5):275\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2013.02.008.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1205_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e213332","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000213332","volume":"104","author":"L Amezcua","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amezcua L, Cardenas-Iniguez C, Orlando C, et al. Person-centered social determinants and neighborhood-level deprivation associated with disability in Hispanic people with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2025;104(3):e213332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000213332.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1205_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2023-004","volume":"26","author":"FBS Briggs","year":"2024","unstructured":"Briggs FBS, Trapl ES, Mateen FJ, et al. Common social and health disparities contribute to racial differences in ambulatory impairment in multiple sclerosis. Int J MS Care. 2024;26(1):36\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7224\/1537-2073.2023-004.","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"1205_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3664","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab342","volume":"144","author":"ES Vasileiou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vasileiou ES, Filippatou G, Maldonado DP, et al. Socioeconomic disparity is associated with faster retinal neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2021;144(12):3664\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awab342.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"24","key":"1205_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200791","volume":"98","author":"AF Okai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okai AF, Howard AM, Williams MJ, et al. Advancing care and outcomes for African American patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2022;98(24):1015\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200791.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1205_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002887","volume":"87","author":"G Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang G, Marrie RA, Salter AR, et al. Health insurance affects the use of disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2016;87(4):365\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002887.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1205_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s40801-023-00387-x","volume":"10","author":"CK Geiger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Geiger CK, Sheinson D, To TM, et al. Treatment patterns by race and ethnicity in newly diagnosed persons with multiple sclerosis. Drugs Real World Outcomes. 2023;10(4):565\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40801-023-00387-x.","journal-title":"Drugs Real World Outcomes"},{"issue":"12","key":"1205_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-333338","volume":"95","author":"J Das","year":"2024","unstructured":"Das J, Mallawaarachchi G, Grimshaw J, et al. Ethnicity and deprivation negatively impact the access to disease-modifying therapy for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a retrospective, single-centre study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2024;95(12):1132\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2024-333338.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1205_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.105094","volume":"80","author":"LMB Belotti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Belotti LMB, Di Martino M, Zenesini C, et al. Impact of adherence to disease-modifying drugs in multiple sclerosis: a study on Italian real-world data. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023;80: 105094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2023.105094.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1205_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2017.1374937","volume":"34","author":"MJ Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams MJ, Johnson K, Trenz HM, et al. Adherence, persistence, and discontinuation among Hispanic and African American patients with multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod or glatiramer acetate. Curr Med Res Opin. 2018;34(1):107\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03007995.2017.1374937.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"1205_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103915","volume":"63","author":"R Alonso","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alonso R, Correale MA, Cristiano C, et al. Evaluation of adherence to treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis from Latin America. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2022;63: 103915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103915.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"1205_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.12.043","volume":"28","author":"H Roddam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roddam H, Rog D, Janssen J, et al. Inequalities in access to health and social care among adults with multiple sclerosis: a scoping review of the literature. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;28:290\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2018.12.043.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"1205_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.651511","volume":"12","author":"R Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou R, Zeng Q, Yang H, et al. Status of immunotherapy acceptance in Chinese patients with multiple sclerosis: analysis of multiple sclerosis patient survival report 2018. Front Neurol. 2021;12: 651511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.651511.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1205_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105912","volume":"91","author":"SF Hunter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hunter SF, Lindsey JW, Osborne B, et al. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of diroximel fumarate in a cohort of Black patients with multiple sclerosis from the phase 3 EVOLVE-MS-1 study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;91: 105912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105912.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"1205_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103010","volume":"52","author":"BAC Cree","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cree BAC, Pradhan A, Pei J. Efficacy and safety of ocrelizumab vs interferon beta-1a in participants of African descent with relapsing multiple sclerosis in the Phase III OPERA I and OPERA II studies. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;52: 103010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103010.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"1205_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103248","volume":"56","author":"CA Perez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perez CA, Lincoln JA. Racial and ethnic disparities in treatment response and tolerability in multiple sclerosis: a comparative study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;56: 103248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103248.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"}],"container-title":["CNS Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40263-025-01205-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40263-025-01205-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40263-025-01205-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T15:28:41Z","timestamp":1757258921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40263-025-01205-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-025-01205-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1172-7047","1179-1934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1172-7047","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1934","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors report no funding relevant to this review.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Julia Li has nothing to disclose. Nandita Vas has nothing to disclose. Lilyana Amezcua has research support from NIH NINDS, Bristol Myer Squibb Foundation, and Race to Erase MS Foundation. She is a local PI for commercial trials funded by Genentech and Sanofi, Genzyme, and reports consulting fees from Biogen Idec, Novartis, Genentech, Alexion, TGI therapeutics, and EMD Serono. Dalia Rotstein has research support from MS Canada, the National MS Society, University of Toronto Division of Neurology, Guthy Jackson Foundation, Peter and Susan Gordon, and Amgen. She is a local PI for a study funded by Alexion. She has received consulting or speaker fees from Alexion, Amgen, Biogen, EMD Serono, Novartis, and Roche.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest\/competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"J.L.: literature review, writing, and draft revision. N.V.: literature review, writing, and draft revision. L.A.: conceptualization and draft revision. D.R.: conceptualization, literature search, writing, and draft revision.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}