{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T01:49:17Z","timestamp":1791510557633,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P23712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P23712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23KF0126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23KF0126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Drugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-025-01222-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T09:09:12Z","timestamp":1757408952000},"page":"1083-1107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Statins in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms, Resistance, and Precision Strategies for Neurovascular and Cognitive Protection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Muskaan","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6814-1748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivica","family":"Smokovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1610-3736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios G.","family":"Chatzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0601-924X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Spring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4428-9980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man Mohan","family":"Mehndiratta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5884-0606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roy G.","family":"Beran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9783-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonu M. M.","family":"Bhaskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"1222_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(24)00369-7","volume":"23","author":"GBD 2021 Stroke Risk Factor Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Stroke Risk Factor Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23(10):973\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(24)00369-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-025-01161-z","volume":"39","author":"R Biswas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Biswas R, Wijeratne T, Zelenak K, Huasen BB, Iacobucci M, Killingsworth MC, et al. Disparities in access to reperfusion therapy for acute ischemic stroke (DARTS): a comprehensive meta-analysis of ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographical factors. CNS Drugs. 2025;39(4):417\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-025-01161-z.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(24)00038-3","volume":"23","author":"GBD 2021 Nervous System Disorders Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Nervous System Disorders Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global burden of Disease study 2021. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23(4):344\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(24)00038-3.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2023-002296","volume":"9","author":"W Lv","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lv W, Wang A, Wang Q, Wang R, Xu Q, Wu S, et al. One-year direct and indirect costs of ischaemic stroke in China. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2024;9(4):380\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/svn-2023-002296.","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2021-0361","volume":"14","author":"S Strilciuc","year":"2021","unstructured":"Strilciuc S, Grad DA, Radu C, Chira D, Stan A, Ungureanu M, et al. The economic burden of stroke: a systematic review of cost of illness studies. J Med Life. 2021;14(5):606\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25122\/jml-2021-0361.","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002905","volume":"4","author":"C Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li C, Spencer G, Husain MJ, Nugent R, Auzenne D, Kostova D, et al. Barriers to accessibility of medicines for hyperlipidemia in low- and middle-income countries. PLoS Glob Public Health. 2024;4(2):e0002905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002905.","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-024-05757-1","volume":"103","author":"A Anand","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anand A, Hegde NC, Chhabra P, Purohit J, Kumar R, Gupta A, et al. Pharmacogenetic guided versus standard warfarin dosing for routine clinical care with its pharmacoeconomic impact: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Ann Hematol. 2024;103(6):2133\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00277-024-05757-1.","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"1222_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6983","volume":"368","author":"MS Phipps","year":"2020","unstructured":"Phipps MS, Cronin CA. Management of acute ischemic stroke. Br Med J. 2020;368:l6983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l6983.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"12","key":"1222_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159x18666200528143301","volume":"18","author":"T Okada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Okada T, Suzuki H, Travis ZD, Zhang JH. The stroke-induced blood-brain barrier disruption: current progress of inspection technique, mechanism, and therapeutic target. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2020;18(12):1187\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159x18666200528143301.","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"1222_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rudd A, Le TN, Nguyen NH. Stroke management in Vietnam. 1 ed. Key considerations for the implementation of healthcare services. Singapore: Springer; 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-96-0221-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-0221-6"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493019847334","volume":"15","author":"KL Lanct\u00f4t","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lanct\u00f4t KL, Lindsay MP, Smith EE, Sahlas DJ, Foley N, Gubitz G, et al. Canadian stroke best practice recommendations: mood, cognition and fatigue following stroke, 6th edition update 2019. Int J Stroke. 2020;15(6):668\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1747493019847334.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"1222_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106772","volume":"204","author":"Z He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He Z, Sun J. The role of the neurovascular unit in vascular cognitive impairment: current evidence and future perspectives. Neurobiol Dis. 2025;204:106772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106772.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"1222_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, Moore THM, Burke M, Davey Smith G, et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004816.pub5.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004816.pub5"},{"issue":"12","key":"1222_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(23)00277-6","volume":"22","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feigin VL, Owolabi MO. Pragmatic solutions to reduce the global burden of stroke: a World Stroke Organization-Lancet Neurology Commission. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22(12):1160\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(23)00277-6.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.116.308537","volume":"120","author":"A Oesterle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oesterle A, Laufs U, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of statins on the cardiovascular system. Circ Res. 2017;120(1):229\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circresaha.116.308537.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03492-6","volume":"97","author":"CA German","year":"2023","unstructured":"German CA, Liao JK. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of statin pleiotropic effects. Arch Toxicol. 2023;97(6):1529\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-023-03492-6.","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1222_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1102-1257","volume":"8","author":"P Libby","year":"2002","unstructured":"Libby P, Aikawa M. Stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques: new mechanisms and clinical targets. Nat Med. 2002;8(11):1257\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm1102-1257.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16020214","volume":"16","author":"N Khatiwada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khatiwada N, Hong Z. Potential benefits and risks associated with the use of statins. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16(2):214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics.16020214.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2025.112","volume":"45","author":"MS Shahid","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shahid MS, Bourgleh MS, Alharfi A, Albariqi S, Albalawi L, Alohali R, et al. High-dose statins for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Saudi Med. 2025;45(2):112\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5144\/0256-4947.2025.112.","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873231193288","volume":"8","author":"F Bach","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bach F, Skajaa N, Esen BO, Fuglsang CH, Horv\u00e1th-Puh\u00f3 E, S\u00f8rensen HT, et al. High-intensity versus moderate-intensity statin treatment for patients with ischemic stroke: nationwide cohort study. Eur Stroke J. 2023;8(4):1041\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23969873231193288.","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt-23-77","volume":"13","author":"J Bao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bao J, Zhang Y, Li Y, Guo J, He L. Low-to-moderate dose statins improve the functional outcome of acute ischemic stroke with conventional medication treatment. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2023;13(4):686\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/cdt-23-77.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873241274213","volume":"10","author":"SE Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi SE, Bucci T, Huang JY, Yiu KH, Tsang CT, Lau KK, et al. Early statin use is associated with improved survival and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation and recent ischaemic stroke: a propensity-matched analysis of a global federated health database. Eur Stroke J. 2024;10(1):116\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23969873241274213.","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"1222_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.07.001","volume":"103","author":"C Cui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cui C, Dong S, Liu Q, Bao J, Gao L, Li Y, et al. Low-dose statins improve prognosis of patients with ischaemic stroke undergoing intra-arterial thrombectomy: a prospective cohort study. J Clin Neurosci. 2022;103:124\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.07.001.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02259-9","volume":"21","author":"C Cui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cui C, Li Y, Bao J, Dong S, Gao L, He L. Low dose statins improve prognosis of ischemic stroke patients with intravenous thrombolysis. BMC Neurol. 2021;21(1):220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-021-02259-9.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1222_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030089","volume":"52","author":"JL Dearborn-Tomazos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dearborn-Tomazos JL, Hu X, Bravata DM, Phadke MA, Baye FM, Myers LJ, et al. Deintensification or no statin treatment is associated with higher mortality in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2021;52(8):2521\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030089.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"14","key":"1222_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.035337","volume":"13","author":"H Fan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fan H, Wang Y, Zhang K, Liu T, Li X, Li Y, et al. Intensive versus moderate statin-based therapies in patients with mild ischemic stroke: a prospective multicenter cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024;13(14):e035337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.124.035337.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"1222_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.1433","volume":"81","author":"Y Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao Y, Jiang L, Pan Y, Chen W, Jing J, Wang C, et al. Immediate- or delayed-intensive statin in acute cerebral ischemia: the INSPIRES randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2024;81(7):741\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.1433.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1222_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1136\/jnis-2023-020619","volume":"16","author":"C Gong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gong C, Liu C, Wang Y, Chen L, Yuan J, Zhang J, et al. Effect of statin treatment on clinical outcomes in cardioembolic stroke with endovascular thrombectomy. J Neurointerv Surg. 2024;16(9):947\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnis-2023-020619.","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"issue":"18","key":"1222_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.123.030738","volume":"12","author":"JT Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim JT, Lee JS, Kim BJ, Kang J, Lee KJ, Park JM, et al. Statin treatment in patients with stroke with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels below 70 mg\/dL. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(18):e030738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/jaha.123.030738.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26895","volume":"95","author":"YS Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim YS, Jeong HG, Chang JY, Kim JY, Kim BJ, Bae HJ, et al. Effect of statin therapy on cardiovascular outcome in stroke patients with low baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Ann Neurol. 2024;95(5):876\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.26895.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2024-003230","volume":"10","author":"V Kyt\u00f6","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kyt\u00f6 V, \u00c5ivo J, Ruuskanen JO. Intensity of statin therapy after ischaemic stroke and long-term outcomes: a nationwide cohort study. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2025;10(1):142\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/svn-2024-003230.","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"issue":"19","key":"1222_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1984","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000009397","volume":"94","author":"HK Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park HK, Lee JS, Hong KS, Cho YJ, Park JM, Kang K, et al. Statin therapy in acute cardioembolic stroke with no guidance-based indication. Neurology. 2020;94(19):e1984\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000009397.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1222_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.12.028","volume":"72","author":"BK Vitturi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vitturi BK, Gagliardi RJ. The role of statins in cardioembolic stroke. J Clin Neurosci. 2020;72:174\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.12.028.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1222_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1298-5","author":"I Tramacere","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tramacere I, Boncoraglio G, Banzi R, Del Giovane C, Kwag K, Squizzato A, et al. Comparison of statins for secondary prevention in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-019-1298-5.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"1222_CR35","unstructured":"Stroke Foundation. Australian and New Zealand living clinical guidelines for stroke management. https:\/\/strokefoundation.org.au\/what-we-do\/for-health-professionals\/clinical-guidelines. Stroke Foundation; 2024."},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873221100032","volume":"7","author":"J Dawson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dawson J, B\u00e9jot Y, Christensen LM, De Marchis GM, Dichgans M, Hagberg G, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guideline on pharmacological interventions for long-term secondary prevention after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Eur Stroke J. 2022;7(3):1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23969873221100032.","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"1222_CR37","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. 2022. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK542436\/. Accessed 1 Apr 2025."},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2021.127","volume":"49","author":"DJ Gladstone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gladstone DJ, Lindsay MP, Douketis J, Smith EE, Dowlatshahi D, Wein T, et al. Canadian stroke best practice recommendations: secondary prevention of stroke update 2020. Can J Neurol Sci. 2022;49(3):315\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cjn.2021.127.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1222_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e364","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000375","volume":"52","author":"DO Kleindorfer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, Cockroft KM, Gutierrez J, Lombardi-Hill D, et al. 2021 Guideline for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2021;52(7):e364\u2013467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STR.0000000000000375.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"9","key":"1222_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930221090347","volume":"17","author":"S Miyamoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miyamoto S, Ogasawara K, Kuroda S, Itabashi R, Toyoda K, Itoh Y, et al. Japan Stroke Society guideline 2021 for the treatment of stroke. Int J Stroke. 2022;17(9):1039\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17474930221090347.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"1222_CR41","unstructured":"Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. National clinical guideline for stroke for the UK and Ireland. 2023. www.strokeguideline.org. Accessed 01 Apr 2025."},{"key":"1222_CR42","unstructured":"Prasad K, Srivastava MVP, Narayan S, Kumar MV, Lal V, Bhatia R, et al. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases & Stroke (NPCDCS): guidelines for prevention and management of stroke. 2019. https:\/\/strokesupport.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Guidelines-for-Prevention-and-Managment-of-Stroke-GOI-2019.pdf. Accessed 01 Apr 2025."},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2023-002998","volume":"8","author":"L Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu L, Li Z, Zhou H, Duan W, Huo X, Xu W, et al. Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases: executive summary and 2023 update. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2023;8(6):e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/svn-2023-002998.","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol."},{"key":"1222_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.968039","volume":"14","author":"T Jamshidnejad-Tosaramandani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jamshidnejad-Tosaramandani T, Kashanian S, Al-Sabri MH, Kro\u010dianov\u00e1 D, Clemensson LE, Gentreau M, et al. Statins and cognition: modifying factors and possible underlying mechanisms. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:968039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.968039.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1222_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10218","volume":"8","author":"R Alkahtani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alkahtani R. Molecular mechanisms underlying some major common risk factors of stroke. Heliyon. 2022;8(8):e10218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10218.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.24.1.35","volume":"24","author":"HP Adams Jr.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Adams HP Jr., Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Stroke. 1993;24(1):35\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.24.1.35.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"9735","key":"1222_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)60834-3","volume":"376","author":"MJ O\u2019Donnell","year":"2010","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, et al. Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study. Lancet. 2010;376(9735):112\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)60834-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.116.308398","volume":"120","author":"AK Boehme","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MS. Stroke risk factors, genetics, and prevention. Circ Res. 2017;120(3):472\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circresaha.116.308398.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"1222_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.103549","volume":"78","author":"U Khan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Khan U, Porteous L, Hassan A, Markus HS. Risk factor profile of cerebral small vessel disease and its subtypes. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(7):702\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2006.103549.","journal-title":"J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1222_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mergenthaler P, Dirnagl U, Kunz A. Ischemic stroke: basic pathophysiology and clinical implication. In: Pfaff DW, Volkow ND, Rubenstein JL, editors. Neuroscience in the 21st century: From Basic to Clinical. Cham: Springer; 2022. p. 3807\u201327.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-88832-9_97"},{"issue":"10","key":"1222_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-022-00859-0","volume":"38","author":"R Mao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mao R, Zong N, Hu Y, Chen Y, Xu Y. Neuronal death mechanisms and therapeutic strategy in ischemic stroke. Neurosci Bull. 2022;38(10):1229\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12264-022-00859-0.","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2012.00839.x","volume":"7","author":"C Xing","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xing C, Arai K, Lo EH, Hommel M. Pathophysiologic cascades in ischemic stroke. Int J Stroke. 2012;7(5):378\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2012.00839.x.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"1222_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-7-97","volume":"7","author":"SE Lakhan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lakhan SE, Kirchgessner A, Hofer M. Inflammatory mechanisms in ischemic stroke: therapeutic approaches. J Transl Med. 2009;7:97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1479-5876-7-97.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13493","volume":"144","author":"D Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma D, Spring KJ, Bhaskar SMM. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in acute ischemic stroke: immunopathology, management, and prognosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2021;144(5):486\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ane.13493.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"9","key":"1222_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159x16666180302115544","volume":"16","author":"E Sekerdag","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sekerdag E, Solaroglu I, Gursoy-Ozdemir Y. Cell death mechanisms in stroke and novel molecular and cellular treatment options. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(9):1396\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159x16666180302115544.","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-022-01090-9","volume":"14","author":"J Walther","year":"2023","unstructured":"Walther J, Kirsch EM, Hellwig L, Schmerbeck SS, Holloway PM, Buchan AM, et al. Reinventing the penumbra\u2014the emerging clockwork of a multi-modal mechanistic paradigm. Transl Stroke Res. 2023;14(5):643\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12975-022-01090-9.","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"1222_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.778740","volume":"8","author":"LMB Romero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Romero LMB, Vallejo-Vaz AJ, Grijalvo OM. Cerebrovascular disease and statins. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:778740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.778740.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46040182","volume":"46","author":"T Gasull","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gasull T, Arboix A. Molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of acute stroke: recent advances and controversies. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024;46(4):2926\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb46040182.","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.11.Jns12408","volume":"118","author":"RC Turner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Turner RC, Dodson SC, Rosen CL, Huber JD. The science of cerebral ischemia and the quest for neuroprotection: navigating past failure to future success. J Neurosurg. 2013;118(5):1072\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2012.11.Jns12408.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1222_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.624930","volume":"12","author":"A Markus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Markus A, Valerie S, Mira K. Promising biomarker candidates for cardioembolic stroke etiology. A brief narrative review and current opinion. Front Neurol. 2021;12:624930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.624930.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0779-7","volume":"15","author":"MD Mijajlovi\u0107","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mijajlovi\u0107 MD, Pavlovi\u0107 A, Brainin M, Heiss W, Quinn TJ, Ihle-Hansen HB, et al. Post-stroke dementia\u2014a comprehensive review. BMC Med. 2017;15(1):11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-017-0779-7.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-021-00270-y","volume":"57","author":"B Al Fawal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al Fawal B, Ibrahim A, Abd EM. Post-stroke dementia: frequency, predictors, and health impact. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg. 2021;57(1):15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41983-021-00270-y.","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e272","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000430","volume":"54","author":"N El Husseini","year":"2023","unstructured":"El Husseini N, Katzan IL, Rost NS, Blake ML, Byun E, Pendlebury ST, et al. Cognitive impairment after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2023;54(6):e272\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STR.0000000000000430.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijge.2017.07.004","volume":"11","author":"G-C Hu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hu G-C, Chen Y-M. Post-stroke dementia: epidemiology, mechanisms and management. Int J Gerontol. 2017;11(4):210\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijge.2017.07.004.","journal-title":"Int J Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.112.670844","volume":"44","author":"A Douiri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Douiri A, Rudd AG, Wolfe CD. Prevalence of poststroke cognitive impairment: South London Stroke Register 1995\u20132010. Stroke. 2013;44(1):138\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.112.670844.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-131580","volume":"40","author":"A Jacquin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jacquin A, Binquet C, Rouaud O, Graule-Petot A, Daubail B, Osseby GV, et al. Post-stroke cognitive impairment: high prevalence and determining factors in a cohort of mild stroke. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;40(4):1029\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-131580.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"24","key":"1222_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2257","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000008612","volume":"93","author":"JW Lo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lo JW, Crawford JD, Desmond DW, Godefroy O, Jokinen H, Mahinrad S, et al. Profile of and risk factors for poststroke cognitive impairment in diverse ethnoregional groups. Neurology. 2019;93(24):e2257\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000008612.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1159\/000335361","volume":"32","author":"H Ihle-Hansen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ihle-Hansen H, Thommessen B, Wyller TB, Engedal K, \u00d8kseng\u00e5rd AR, Stenset V, et al. Incidence and subtypes of MCI and dementia 1 year after first-ever stroke in patients without pre-existing cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2011;32(6):401\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000335361.","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325796","volume":"93","author":"L Craig","year":"2022","unstructured":"Craig L, Hoo ZL, Yan TZ, Wardlaw J, Quinn TJ. Prevalence of dementia in ischaemic or mixed stroke populations: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2022;93(2):180\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325796.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-201459","volume":"81","author":"E Zupanic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zupanic E, von Euler M, Winblad B, Xu H, Secnik J, Kramberger MG, et al. Mortality after ischemic stroke in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia and other dementia disorders. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;81(3):1253\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-201459.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"1222_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.25.10.1915","volume":"25","author":"TK Tatemichi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tatemichi TK, Paik M, Bagiella E, Desmond DW, Pirro M, Hanzawa LK. Dementia after stroke is a predictor of long-term survival. Stroke. 1994;25(10):1915\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.25.10.1915.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"11","key":"1222_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107337","volume":"32","author":"X Su","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su X, Pan D, Meng H, Lu W, Wang X, Liu Z, et al. Dementia increases the risk of death in stroke patients: a retrospective cohort-based risk score model study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2023;32(11):107337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107337.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"1222_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147772","volume":"25","author":"V Dammavalam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dammavalam V, Rupert D, Lanio M, Jin Z, Nadkarni N, Tsirka SE, et al. Dementia after ischemic stroke, from molecular biomarkers to therapeutic options. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(14):7772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25147772.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1222_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-020-00844-w","volume":"22","author":"N Ferri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferri N, Corsini A. Clinical pharmacology of statins: an update. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2020;22(7):26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11883-020-00844-w.","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2007.11.004","volume":"14","author":"CY Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang CY, Liu PY, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of statin therapy: molecular mechanisms and clinical results. Trends Mol Med. 2008;14(1):37\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2007.11.004.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-01025-0","volume":"30","author":"JC Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu JC, Lei SY, Zhang DH, He QY, Sun YY, Zhu HJ, et al. The pleiotropic effects of statins: a comprehensive exploration of neurovascular unit modulation and blood-brain barrier protection. Mol Med. 2024;30(1):256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10020-024-01025-0.","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8647-3","volume":"50","author":"WG Wood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wood WG, M\u03b0ller WE, Eckert GP. Statins and neuroprotection: basic pharmacology needed. Mol Neurobiol. 2014;50(1):214\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-014-8647-3.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"1222_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9476","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169476","volume":"23","author":"T Gasull","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gasull T, Arboix A. Molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of acute stroke: emphasis on biomarkers in the different stroke subtypes. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:9476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23169476.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1222_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105935","volume":"30","author":"M Kolmos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kolmos M, Christoffersen L, Kruuse C. Recurrent ischemic stroke\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;30(8):105935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105935.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720070050","volume":"21","author":"PJ Modrego","year":"2000","unstructured":"Modrego PJ, Pina MA, Mar Fraj M, Llorens N. Type, causes, and prognosis of stroke recurrence in the province of Teruel, Spain. A 5-year analysis. Neurol Sci. 2000;21(6):355\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s100720070050.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1222_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000502","author":"YS Ng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ng YS, Tan KHX, Chen C, Senolos GC, Koh GCH. How do recurrent and first-ever strokes differ in rehabilitation outcomes? Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000502.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e329","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000013118","volume":"98","author":"N Skajaa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Skajaa N, Adelborg K, Horv\u00e1th-Puh\u00f3 E, Rothman KJ, Henderson VW, Thygesen LC, et al. Risks of stroke recurrence and mortality after first and recurrent strokes in Denmark: a nationwide registry study. Neurology. 2022;98(4):e329\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000013118.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa061894","volume":"355","author":"P Amarenco","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A, Goldstein LB, Hennerici M, Rudolph AE, et al. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(6):549\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa061894.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2021.12.001","volume":"33","author":"I Escudero-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Escudero-Mart\u00ednez I, Morales-Caba L, Segura T. Atrial fibrillation and stroke: a review and new insights. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2023;33(1):23\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcm.2021.12.001.","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1222_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104400","volume":"28","author":"R Bhatia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bhatia R, Sharma G, Patel C, Garg A, Roy A, Bali P, et al. Coronary artery disease in patients with ischemic stroke and TIA. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019;28(12):104400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104400.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1159\/000525672","volume":"56","author":"Y Yin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yin Y, Zhang L, Marshall I, Wolfe C, Wang Y. Statin therapy for preventing recurrent stroke in patients with ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational cohort studies. Neuroepidemiology. 2022;56(4):240\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000525672.","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.122.040536","volume":"54","author":"J \u00c5ivo","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00c5ivo J, Ruuskanen JO, Tornio A, Rautava P, Kyt\u00f6 V. Lack of statin therapy and outcomes after ischemic stroke: a population-based study. Stroke. 2023;54(3):781\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.122.040536.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04790-y","volume":"42","author":"BK Vitturi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vitturi BK, Gagliardi RJ. The influence of statin withdrawal and adherence on stroke outcomes. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(6):2317\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-020-04790-y.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1222_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20200027","volume":"78","author":"BK Vitturi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vitturi BK, Gagliardi RJ. Effects of statin therapy on outcomes of ischemic stroke: a real-world experience in Brazil. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2020;78(8):461\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0004-282x20200027.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300060520926349","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520926349","volume":"48","author":"C Zhai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhai C, Hou K, Li R, Hu Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, et al. Efficacy of statin treatment based on cardiovascular outcomes in elderly patients: a standard meta-analysis and Bayesian network analysis. J Int Med Res. 2020;48(6):300060520926349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300060520926349.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"1222_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100624","author":"KK Ray","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ray KK, Haq I, Bilitou A, Manu MC, Burden A, Aguiar C, et al. Treatment gaps in the implementation of LDL cholesterol control among high- and very high-risk patients in Europe between 2020 and 2021: the multinational observational SANTORINI study. Lancet Reg Health. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100624.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e220163","DOI":"10.57264\/cer-2022-0163","volume":"12","author":"M Jaam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jaam M, Al-Naimi HN, Haddad MM, Abushanab D, Al-Badriyeh D. Comparative efficacy and safety among high-intensity statins. Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Comp Eff Res. 2023;12(3):e220163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57264\/cer-2022-0163.","journal-title":"J Comp Eff Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"1222_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.6560","volume":"321","author":"MS Ekker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ekker MS, Verhoeven JI, Vaartjes I, Jolink WMT, Klijn CJM, de Leeuw FE. Association of stroke among adults aged 18 to 49 years with long-term mortality. JAMA. 2019;321(21):2113\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2019.6560.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"1222_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.9.2080","volume":"31","author":"GJ Hankey","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Broadhurst RJ, Forbes S, Burvill PW, Anderson CS, et al. Five-year survival after first-ever stroke and related prognostic factors in the Perth Community Stroke Study. Stroke. 2000;31(9):2080\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.31.9.2080.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"8","key":"1222_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493018798526","volume":"13","author":"R Singh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh R, Chen S, Ganesh A, Hill MD. Long-term neurological, vascular, and mortality outcomes after stroke. Int J Stroke. 2018;13(8):787\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1747493018798526.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20190172","volume":"78","author":"NE Furlan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Furlan NE, Souza JT, Bazan SGZ, Franco R, Luvizutto GJ, Gut AL, et al. Association between statin use and mortality risks during the acute phase of ischemic stroke in patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2020;78(3):158\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0004-282x20190172.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105586","volume":"30","author":"H Gardener","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gardener H, Rundek T, Lichtman J, Leifheit E, Wang K, Asdaghi N, et al. Adherence to acute care measures affects mortality in patients with ischemic stroke: the Florida Stroke Registry. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;30(3):105586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105586.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-021-01513-w","volume":"22","author":"J Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han J, Choi YK, Leung WK, Hui MT, Leung MKW. Long term clinical outcomes of patients with ischemic stroke in primary care\u2014a 9-year retrospective study. BMC Fam Pract. 2021;22(1):164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-021-01513-w.","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030755","volume":"52","author":"GJ Lefeber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lefeber GJ, Knol W, Souverein PC, Bouvy ML, de Boer A, Koek HL. Statins after ischemic stroke in the oldest. Stroke. 2021;52(4):1244\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030755.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8805152","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8805152","volume":"2024","author":"A Phan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Phan A, Indredavik B, Lydersen S, Morsund \u00c5H, Seljeseth YM, Ildstad F, et al. Estimates and predictors of mortality, stroke recurrence, and functional dependency 1-year after ischemic stroke: a prospective multicenter longitudinal cohort study in Central Norway. Acta Neurol Scand. 2024;2024(1):8805152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2024\/8805152.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"1222_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.744732","volume":"12","author":"C Mele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mele C, Maggioni G, Giordano A, Lunardon C, Balsamo F, Mazzone A, et al. A retrospective study on statins and post-stroke patients: what about functional outcome and follow-up in a stroke rehabilitation cohort? Front Neurol. 2021;12:744732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.744732.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1222_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.033133","volume":"52","author":"LL Dalli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dalli LL, Kim J, Cadilhac DA, Greenland M, Sanfilippo FM, Andrew NE, et al. Greater adherence to secondary prevention medications improves survival after stroke or transient ischemic attack: a linked registry study. Stroke. 2021;52(11):3569\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.033133.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"8","key":"1222_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003413","volume":"5","author":"AC Flint","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flint AC, Conell C, Klingman JG, Rao VA, Chan SL, Kamel H, et al. Impact of increased early statin administration on ischemic stroke outcomes: a multicenter electronic medical record intervention. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(8):e003413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.116.003413.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(23)00217-9","volume":"5","author":"J Filler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Filler J, Georgakis MK, Dichgans M. Risk factors for cognitive impairment and dementia after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2024;5(1):e31\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-7568(23)00217-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30442-3","volume":"18","author":"ST Pendlebury","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pendlebury ST, Rothwell PM. Incidence and prevalence of dementia associated with transient ischaemic attack and stroke: analysis of the population-based Oxford Vascular Study. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(3):248\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30442-3.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1222_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100962","volume":"57","author":"Z Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang Z, Wang H, Edwards D, Ding C, Yan L, Brayne C, et al. Association of blood lipids, atherosclerosis and statin use with dementia and cognitive impairment after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2020;57:100962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100962.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"9326","key":"1222_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(02)09327-3","volume":"360","author":"Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC\/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9326):7\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(02)09327-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9346","key":"1222_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(02)11600-x","volume":"360","author":"J Shepherd","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9346):1623\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(02)11600-x.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000210131","volume":"104","author":"RA Joundi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Joundi RA, Fang J, Austin PC, Smith EE, Yu AYX, Hachinski V, et al. Magnitude and time-course of dementia risk in stroke survivors: a population-wide matched cohort study. Neurology. 2025;104(1):e210131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000210131.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-022-00856-7","volume":"37","author":"Z Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang Z, Toh S, Li X, Edwards D, Brayne C, Mant J. Statin use is associated with lower risk of dementia in stroke patients: a community-based cohort study with inverse probability weighted marginal structural model analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2022;37(6):615\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-022-00856-7.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1222_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.12659\/msm.892554","volume":"21","author":"Y Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang Y, Yang S, Jia J. Factors related to long-term post-stroke cognitive impairment in young adult ischemic stroke. Med Sci Monit. 2015;21:654\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/msm.892554.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"7","key":"1222_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9343(00)00353-3","volume":"108","author":"MF Muldoon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Muldoon MF, Barger SD, Ryan CM, Flory JD, Lehoczky JP, Matthews KA, et al. Effects of lovastatin on cognitive function and psychological well-being. Am J Med. 2000;108(7):538\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9343(00)00353-3.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5271-7","volume":"257","author":"S Trompet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Trompet S, van Vliet P, de Craen AJM, Jolles J, Buckley BM, Murphy MB, et al. Pravastatin and cognitive function in the elderly. Results of the PROSPER study. J Neurol. 2010;257(1):85\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-009-5271-7.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1222_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.23.7.871.32720","volume":"23","author":"LR Wagstaff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wagstaff LR, Mitton MW, Arvik BM, Doraiswamy PM. Statin-associated memory loss: analysis of 60 case reports and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23(7):871\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1592\/phco.23.7.871.32720.","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"1222_CR115","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: important safety label changes to cholesterol-lowering statin drugs. 2016. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-drug-safety-communication-important-safety-label-changes-cholesterol-lowering-statin-drugs. Accessed 29 July 2025."},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.07.002","volume":"67","author":"MA Moskowitz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moskowitz MA, Lo EH, Iadecola C. The science of stroke: mechanisms in search of treatments. Neuron. 2010;67(2):181\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.07.002.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9915-1","volume":"54","author":"S Du","year":"2017","unstructured":"Du S, Wang X, Xiao L, Tu J, Zhu W, He T, et al. Molecular mechanisms of vascular dementia: what can be learned from animal models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion? Mol Neurobiol. 2017;54(5):3670\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-016-9915-1.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.116.308426","volume":"120","author":"M Dichgans","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dichgans M, Leys D. Vascular cognitive impairment. Circ Res. 2017;120(3):573\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circresaha.116.308426.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"1222_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2022.107306","volume":"218","author":"S Sriram","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sriram S, Mehkri Y, Quintin S, Lucke-Wold B. Shared pathophysiology: understanding stroke and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2022;218:107306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2022.107306.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"1222_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1012779","volume":"14","author":"K Elman-Shina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elman-Shina K, Efrati S. Ischemia as a common trigger for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:1012779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1012779.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"1222_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-004-0274-0","volume":"112","author":"PH Lee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee PH, Bang OY, Hwang EM, Lee JS, Joo US, Mook-Jung I, et al. Circulating beta amyloid protein is elevated in patients with acute ischemic stroke. J Neural Transm. 2005;112(10):1371\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-004-0274-0.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"issue":"10","key":"1222_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.06.028","volume":"36","author":"WD Brenowitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brenowitz WD, Nelson PT, Besser LM, Heller KB, Kukull WA. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and its co-occurrence with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other cerebrovascular neuropathologic changes. Neurobiol Aging. 2015;36(10):2702\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.06.028.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(20)30412-9","volume":"20","author":"A Serrano-Pozo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Serrano-Pozo A, Das S, Hyman BT. APOE and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: advances in genetics, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(1):68\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(20)30412-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-017-0570-2","volume":"9","author":"S Dong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dong S, Maniar S, Manole MD, Sun D. Cerebral hypoperfusion and other shared brain pathologies in ischemic stroke and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Transl Stroke Res. 2018;9(3):238\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12975-017-0570-2.","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"1222_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-023-01282-2","volume":"23","author":"DL Alsbrook","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alsbrook DL, Di Napoli M, Bhatia K, Biller J, Andalib S, Hinduja A, et al. Neuroinflammation in acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2023;23(8):407\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-023-01282-2.","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"1222_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.111.619593","volume":"42","author":"KJ Becker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Becker KJ, Kalil AJ, Tanzi P, Zierath DK, Savos AV, Gee JM, et al. Autoimmune responses to the brain after stroke are associated with worse outcome. Stroke. 2011;42(10):2763\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.111.619593.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/wco.0000000000000783","volume":"33","author":"KP Doyle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doyle KP, Buckwalter MS. Immunological mechanisms in poststroke dementia. Curr Opin Neurol. 2020;33(1):30\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/wco.0000000000000783.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00221-2","volume":"9","author":"HS Kwon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kwon HS, Koh S-H. Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes. Transl Neurodegener. 2020;9(1):42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40035-020-00221-2.","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-010-0718-6","volume":"120","author":"C Iadecola","year":"2010","unstructured":"Iadecola C. The overlap between neurodegenerative and vascular factors in the pathogenesis of dementia. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;120(3):287\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-010-0718-6.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.01.015","volume":"1862","author":"RN Kalaria","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalaria RN, Akinyemi R, Ihara M. Stroke injury, cognitive impairment and vascular dementia. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016;1862(5):915\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.01.015.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1159\/000538551","volume":"149","author":"F Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li F, Mei Y, Wu Q, Wu X. Drug target mendelian randomization study of PCSK9 and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition and atrial fibrillation. Cardiology. 2024;149(5):495\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000538551.","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"1222_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2024.100701","volume":"19","author":"M Safarova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Safarova M, Bimal T, Soffer DE, Hirsh B, Shapiro MD, Mintz G, et al. Advances in targeting LDL cholesterol: PCSK9 inhibitors and beyond. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2024;19:100701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpc.2024.100701.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"1222_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060666","volume":"146","author":"J Oldgren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oldgren J, \u00c5sberg S, Hijazi Z, Wester P, Bertilsson M, Norrving B, et al. Early versus delayed non\u2013vitamin k antagonist oral anticoagulant therapy after acute ischemic stroke in atrial fibrillation (TIMING): a registry-based randomized controlled noninferiority study. Circulation. 2022;146(14):1056\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060666.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-012-0291-7","volume":"15","author":"P Maningat","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maningat P, Gordon BR, Breslow JL. How do we improve patient compliance and adherence to long-term statin therapy? Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2013;15(1):291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11883-012-0291-7.","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.122.037717","volume":"54","author":"S Ross","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ross S, Krebs K, Par\u00e9 G, Milani L. Pharmacogenomics in stroke and cardiovascular disease: state of the art. Stroke. 2023;54(1):270\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.122.037717.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1222_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.575678","volume":"11","author":"PS Kee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kee PS, Chin PKL, Kennedy MA, Maggo SDS. Pharmacogenetics of statin-induced myotoxicity. Front Genet. 2020;11:575678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2020.575678.","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"1222_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.261","volume":"263","author":"E Waldmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Waldmann E, Bamberger C, Parhofer KG. Statin intolerance is the main indication for PCSK9 inhibition in clinical practice. Atherosclerosis. 2017;263:e80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.261.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"18","key":"1222_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.029707","volume":"12","author":"C LaFratte","year":"2023","unstructured":"LaFratte C, Peasah SK, Huang Y, Hall D, Patel U, Good CB. Association of PCSK9 inhibitor initiation on statin adherence and discontinuation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(18):e029707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.123.029707.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"15","key":"1222_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.3670","volume":"315","author":"DD Waters","year":"2016","unstructured":"Waters DD, Hsue PY, Bangalore S. PCSK9 inhibitors for statin intolerance? JAMA. 2016;315(15):1571\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.3670.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01125-5","volume":"7","author":"Y Duan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duan Y, Gong K, Xu S, Zhang F, Meng X, Han J. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-022-01125-5.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"1222_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-014-0085-7","volume":"7","author":"MA Churchward","year":"2014","unstructured":"Churchward MA, Todd KG. Statin treatment affects cytokine release and phagocytic activity in primary cultured microglia through two separable mechanisms. Mol Brain. 2014;7:85. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13041-014-0085-7.","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-020-08791-9","volume":"60","author":"K Koushki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koushki K, Shahbaz SK, Mashayekhi K, Sadeghi M, Zayeri ZD, Taba MY, et al. Anti-inflammatory action of statins in cardiovascular disease: the role of inflammasome and toll-like receptor pathways. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2021;60(2):175\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12016-020-08791-9.","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02465-3","volume":"19","author":"N Obadia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Obadia N, Andrade G, Leardini-Trist\u00e3o M, Albuquerque L, Garcia C, Lima F, et al. Tlr4 mutation protects neurovascular function and cognitive decline in high-fat diet-fed mice. J Neuroinflamm. 2022;19(1):104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-022-02465-3.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"1222_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7104934","volume":"2021","author":"B Alikiaii","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alikiaii B, Heidari Z, Bagherniya M, Askari G, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. The effect of statins on C-reactive protein in stroke patients: a systematic review of clinical trials. Mediat Inflamm. 2021;2021:7104934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/7104934.","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"1222_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107112","volume":"202","author":"H Gan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gan H, Ma Q, Hao W, Yang N, Chen Z-S, Deng L, et al. Targeting autophagy to counteract neuroinflammation: a novel antidepressant strategy. Pharmacol Res. 2024;202:107112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107112.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"1222_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24091748","author":"H Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo H, Cao H, Cui X, Zheng W, Wang S, Yu J, et al. Silymarin\u2019s inhibition and treatment effects for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Molecules. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules24091748.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy293","volume":"115","author":"J Tu\u00f1\u00f3n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tu\u00f1\u00f3n J, Badim\u00f3n L, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Cariou B, Daemen MJ, Egido J, et al. Identifying the anti-inflammatory response to lipid lowering therapy: a position paper from the working group on atherosclerosis and vascular biology of the European Society of Cardiology. Cardiovasc Res. 2019;115(1):10\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvy293.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"1222_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101639","volume":"53","author":"L Ding","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ding L, Mane R, Wu Z, Jiang Y, Meng X, Jing J, et al. Data-driven clustering approach to identify novel phenotypes using multiple biomarkers in acute ischaemic stroke: a retrospective, multicentre cohort study. eClinicalMedicine. 2022;53:101639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101639.","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1159\/000538485","volume":"54","author":"TJ Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim TJ, Lee JS, Yoon JS, Oh MS, Kim JW, Park SH, et al. The impact of statin treatment duration on the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus and recurrent vascular events in ischemic stroke patients: a linked data analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2025;54(2):147\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000538485.","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"18","key":"1222_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1615664","volume":"376","author":"MS Sabatine","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, Honarpour N, Wiviott SD, Murphy SA, et al. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(18):1713\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1615664.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"25_suppl_2","key":"1222_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a","volume":"129","author":"NJ Stone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, et al. 2013 ACC\/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults. Circulation. 2014;129(25_suppl_2):S1\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"23","key":"1222_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1802686","volume":"378","author":"RG Hart","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hart RG, Sharma M, Mundl H, Kasner SE, Bangdiwala SI, Berkowitz SD, et al. Rivaroxaban for stroke prevention after embolic stroke of undetermined source. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(23):2191\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1802686.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1222_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000147965.52712.fa","volume":"35","author":"P Amarenco","year":"2004","unstructured":"Amarenco P, Labreuche J, Lavall\u00e9e P, Touboul PJ. Statins in stroke prevention and carotid atherosclerosis: systematic review and up-to-date meta-analysis. Stroke. 2004;35(12):2902\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000147965.52712.fa.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"21","key":"1222_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0807646","volume":"359","author":"PM Ridker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(21):2195\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0807646.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1222_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e596","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000000678","volume":"140","author":"DK Arnett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, et al. 2019 ACC\/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;140(11):e596\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/cir.0000000000000678.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1222_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237249","author":"S Aygun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aygun S, Tokgozoglu L. Comparison of current international guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia. J Clin Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11237249.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1222_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-018-2482-9","volume":"74","author":"KA Nguyen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen KA, Li L, Lu D, Yazdanparast A, Wang L, Kreutz RP, et al. A comprehensive review and meta-analysis of risk factors for statin-induced myopathy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;74(9):1099\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-018-2482-9.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1222_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2017-0044","volume":"8","author":"F Sonvico","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sonvico F, Zimetti F, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS. Drug delivery to the brain: how can nanoencapsulated statins be used in the clinic? Ther Deliv. 2017;8(8):625\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4155\/tde-2017-0044.","journal-title":"Ther Deliv"},{"key":"1222_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6575","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.S119033","volume":"11","author":"A Clementino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Clementino A, Batger M, Garrastazu G, Pozzoli M, Del Favero E, Rondelli V, et al. The nasal delivery of nanoencapsulated statins\u2014an approach for brain delivery. Int J Nanomed. 2016;11:6575\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ijn.S119033.","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"key":"1222_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.11.033","volume":"365","author":"R Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang R, Wang X, Zhao H, Li N, Li J, Zhang H, et al. Targeted delivery of hybrid nanovesicles for enhanced brain penetration to achieve synergistic therapy of glioma. J Control Release. 2024;365:331\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.11.033.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.c19-00854","volume":"68","author":"T Tashima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tashima T. Smart strategies for therapeutic agent delivery into brain across the blood\u2013brain barrier using receptor-mediated transcytosis. Chem Pharm Bull. 2020;68(4):316\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/cpb.c19-00854.","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull"},{"key":"1222_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2024.110989","volume":"132","author":"SR Prins","year":"2025","unstructured":"Prins SR, Vermeer SE, Damoiseaux-Volman BA, Priester-Vink S, Van der Velde N, Van den Berg-Vos RM. Statins\u2019 effect on quality of life and functioning in older stroke patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci. 2025;132:110989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2024.110989.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1222_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111687","author":"P Vinci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vinci P, Panizon E, Tosoni LM, Cerrato C, Pellicori F, Mearelli F, et al. Statin-associated myopathy: emphasis on mechanisms and targeted therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222111687.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"7471","key":"1222_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12508","volume":"502","author":"LM Mangravite","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mangravite LM, Engelhardt BE, Medina MW, Smith JD, Brown CD, Chasman DI, et al. A statin-dependent QTL for GATM expression is associated with statin-induced myopathy. Nature. 2013;502(7471):377\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12508.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1222_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint17040054","author":"SMM Bhaskar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhaskar SMM. Bridging the gap between research and clinical practice in treatment strategies and mechanisms of acute ischemic stroke. Neurol Int. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurolint17040054.","journal-title":"Neurol Int"},{"key":"1222_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.835136","volume":"13","author":"M Biswas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Biswas M, Sawajan N, Rungrotmongkol T, Sanachai K, Ershadian M, Sukasem C. Pharmacogenetics and precision medicine approaches for the improvement of COVID-19 therapies. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:835136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.835136.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2003.02060.x","volume":"57","author":"BM Cheung","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cheung BM, Lauder IJ, Lau CP, Kumana CR. Meta-analysis of large randomized controlled trials to evaluate the impact of statins on cardiovascular outcomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57(5):640\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2003.02060.x.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1222_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2023.02.009","volume":"59","author":"G He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He G, Yang G, Huang X, Luo D, Tang C, Zhang Z. SGLT2 inhibitors for prevention of primary and secondary cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Heart Lung. 2023;59:109\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2023.02.009.","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2020.02.004","volume":"5","author":"GD Lopaschuk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lopaschuk GD, Verma S. Mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: a state-of-the-art review. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2020;5(6):632\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacbts.2020.02.004.","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2018.09.023","volume":"24","author":"S Korani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Korani S, Korani M, Bahrami S, Johnston TP, Butler AE, Banach M, et al. Application of nanotechnology to improve the therapeutic benefits of statins. Drug Discov Today. 2019;24(2):567\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drudis.2018.09.023.","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"issue":"11","key":"1222_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.06.036","volume":"27","author":"ML Pan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pan ML, Hsu CC, Chen YM, Yu HK, Hu GC. Statin use and the risk of dementia in patients with stroke: a nationwide population-based cohort study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;27(11):3001\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.06.036.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"1222_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11795735251314881","volume":"17","author":"P Rajeswaran","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rajeswaran P, Huasen BB, Stanwell P, Killingsworth MC, Bhaskar SMM. Prevalence and outcomes of mild stroke patients undergoing reperfusion therapy: a meta-analysis and SAFE recommendations for optimal management. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis. 2025;17:11795735251314881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11795735251314881.","journal-title":"J Cent Nerv Syst Dis"},{"key":"1222_CR173","unstructured":"Bhaskar SMM. G20 Policy for health systems: promoting holistic outcomes and addressing vulnerabilities in healthcare 2023. https:\/\/www.global-solutions-initiative.org\/publication\/g20-policy-for-health-systems-promoting-holistic-outcomes-and-addressing-vulnerabilities-in-healthcare\/. Accessed 27 July 2025."},{"issue":"12","key":"1222_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2024.100957","volume":"3","author":"SMM Bhaskar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bhaskar SMM. Advancing understanding and addressing disparities in cardiomyopathy care in Southern Africa. JACC Adv. 2024;3(12):100957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacadv.2024.100957.","journal-title":"JACC Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15231","volume":"1541","author":"B Goh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goh B, Bhaskar SMM. The role of artificial intelligence in optimizing management of atrial fibrillation in acute ischemic stroke. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2024;1541(1):24\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.15231.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2020.1735821","volume":"42","author":"PF Hsieh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hsieh PF, Tung H, Lin CH. Statin effects on post-stroke epilepsy and mortality\u2014Taiwan population-based study. Neurol Res. 2020;42(5):422\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01616412.2020.1735821.","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.20996\/1819-6446-2012-8-1-4-16","volume":"8","author":"VV Yakusevich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yakusevich VV, Malygin AY, Lychenka SV, Petrochenko AS, Kabanov AV. The efficacy of high-dose simvastatin in acute period of ischemic stroke. Ration Pharmacother Cardiol. 2012;8(1):4\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20996\/1819-6446-2012-8-1-4-16.","journal-title":"Ration Pharmacother Cardiol."},{"key":"1222_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241310730","author":"TJ Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim TJ, Lee JS, Oh MS, Park S-H, Lee K, Yu K-H, et al. Risk of long-term post-stroke dementia using a linked dataset of patients with ischemic stroke without a history of dementia. Int J Stroke. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17474930241310730.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"}],"container-title":["CNS Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40263-025-01222-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40263-025-01222-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40263-025-01222-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:04:27Z","timestamp":1760173467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40263-025-01222-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"references-count":178,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-025-01222-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1172-7047","1179-1934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1172-7047","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1934","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The financial support for a separate project was received through the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) (principal investigator [PI]: S.M.M.B.), funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan (Grant no.: 23KF0126). S.M.M.B was awarded the JSPS International Fellowship, supported by MEXT and the Australian Academy of Science, for the period 2023\u20132025 (Grant no.: P23712).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"S.M.M.B. reports leadership or a fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group activity, paid or unpaid, with the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (Osaka, Japan) as visiting director (2023\u20132025); Rotary District 9675 (Sydney, Australia) as district chair for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion; the Global Health and Migration Hub Community, Global Health Hub Germany (Berlin, Germany) as chair, founding member, and manager; and editorial board memberships at PLOS One, BMC Neurology, Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Public Health, Journal of Aging Research, Neurology International, Diagnostics, and BMC Medical Research Methodology. Additionally, S.M.M.B. serves as a member of the College of Reviewers for the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Government of Canada; director of research for the World Headache Society (Bengaluru, India); a member of the Scientific Review Committee at Cardiff University Biobank (Cardiff, UK); chair of the Rotary Reconciliation Action Plan (RAP), Rotary District 9675 (NSW, Australia); healthcare and medical adviser for the Japan Connect (Osaka, Japan); and as an expert adviser\/reviewer for the Cariplo Foundation (Milan, Italy). These roles are unrelated to the submitted work. Other authors (M.G., K.J.S., I.S., D.M., M.M.M., and R.G.B.) report no conflicts of interest. The funding body has had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of findings, and manuscript preparation. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the affiliated\/funding organization\/s.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed at the corresponding author.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"S.M.M.B. conceived the study and contributed to its planning, drafting, and revision while supervising the Global Health Neurology Lab members. S.M.M.B. is the principal investigator for the Impact of Statin Therapy on the Risk of Stroke Recurrence, Mortality, and Dementia After Ischemic Stroke (ISMARDD) study. S.M.M.B. encouraged M.G. to investigate the topic and oversaw the synthesis of findings. M.G. and S.M.M.B. contributed to the literature review, data collection, initial draft, manuscript revisions, and overall discussion. K.J.S., I.S., D.G.C., M.M.M., and R.G.B. contributed to initial discussion, validation, intellectual content, and manuscript revisions. S.M.M.B. provided critical revisions, supervised the project, and approved the final manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final draft of the manuscript.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 contributions"}}]}}